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Original Articles

Post-cold war Nato and international relations theory: The case for neo-classical realism

Pages 81-110 | Published online: 07 Nov 2008

NOTES

  • Legro , Jeffrey W. and Moravcsik , Andrew . 1999 . Is anybody still a realist? . International Security , 24 ( 2 ) Fall : 9 – 9 .
  • The traditional realist literature on alliances has focused, however, on alliance origins, while discarding the issue of alliance persistence after an initial catalysing threat had disappeared McCalla Robert B. NATO's persistence after the Cold War International Organization Summer 1996 50 3 446 446
  • Legro , Jeffrey W. and Moravcsik , Andrew . Is anybody still a realist? 5 – 5 .
  • Krasner , Stephen D. 1991 . Global Communication and National Power: Life on the Pareto frontier . World Politics , 43 ( 3 ) April : 336 – 366 .
  • See Waltz Kenneth International Politics is not Foreign Policy Security Studies Autumn 1996 6 1 54 57 Colin Elman ‘Cause, Effect, and Consistency : A Response to Kenneth Waltz’, Security Studies, Vol. 6, no. 1 (Autumn 1996), pp.58–61.
  • Waltz , Kenneth . 2000 . Structural Realism after the Cold War . International Security , 25 ( 1 ) Summer : 39 – 39 .
  • Mearsheimer , John J. 1990 . Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War . International Security , 15 ( 1 ) Summer : 5 – 56 .
  • Waltz , Kenneth . 1979 . Theory of International Politics , 109 – 109 . New York : McGraw-Hill .
  • Waltz , Kenneth . Structural Realism after the Cold War 18 – 18 .
  • McCalla , Robert B. 1996 . NATO's persistence after the Cold War . International Organization , 50 ( 3 ) Summer : 451 – 451 .
  • Hellmann , Gunther and Wolf , Reinhard . 1993 . Neorealism, neoliberal institutionalism, and the future of NATO . Security Studies , 3 ( 3 ) : 19 – 19 .
  • Waltz , Kenneth . 1993 . The emerging structure of international politics . International Security , 18 ( 2 ) Fall : 76 – 76 .
  • Mearsheimer , John J. 1990 . Back to the Future: Instability in Europe after the Cold War . International Security , 15 ( l ) Summer : 5 – 56 .
  • Mearsheimer , John J. and Walt , Stephen . 2003 . An Unnecessary War . Foreign Policy , Jan./February : 51 – 59 .
  • Dempsey , Judy . 2002 . If Bush does not make clear that NATO can be involved in critical issues, the alliance will atrophy . The Financial Times , Nov. 20
  • For an introductory reading on the debate about the enlargement of NATO see NATO's Eastern Dilemmas Haglund David G. MacFarlane Stephen N. Sokolsky Joel J. Westview Press Boulder 1994 James. M. Goldgeier, Not whether but when (Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 1999); Ronald Asmus, Opening NATO's Doors (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002); Zoltan Barany. The Future of NATO Expansion: Four Case Studies (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
  • Mandelbaum , Michael . 1995 . Preserving the New Peace: the Case against NATO expansion . Foreign Affairs , 74 ( 3 ) May–June : 9 – 13 .
  • Waltz , Kenneth . Structural Realism after the Cold War 23 – 23 .
  • Reiter , Dan . 2001 . Why NATO enlargement does not spread democracy . International Security , 25 ( 4 ) Spring : 55 – 55 .
  • Waltz , Kenneth . The emerging structure of International Polities 23 – 24 .
  • Maull , Hanns W. The future of NATO Contribution to the Conference “New Europe, Old Europe and the New Transatlantic agenda”, held on 6 September 2003 in Warsaw
  • Waltz , Kenneth . Structural Realism after the Cold War 5 – 41 .
  • Jervis , R. 1999 . Realism, Neoliberalism, and Co-operation: Understanding the Debate . International Security , 24 ( 1 ) Summer : 54 – 54 .
  • See Checkel Jeffrey T. The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory World Politics January 1998 2 327 327
  • Keohane , Robert . 1993 . “ Institutionalist Theory, Realist Challenge ” . In Neorealism and Neoliberalism , Edited by: Baldwin , David . 285 – 285 . New York : Columbia University Press . insee also Fergus Carr, Europe: The Cold Divide, (London, Macmillan: 1998), p. 281.
  • Sperling , James and Kirchner , Emil . 1998 . Economic security and the problem of co-operation in post Cold-War Europe . Review of International Studies , : 223 – 223 .
  • Jervis , Robert . Realism, Neoliberalism, and Co-operation: Understanding the Debate 51 – 51 .
  • Asmus , R.D. , Kluger , R.L. and Larrabee , F.L. 1993 . Building a New NATO . Foreign Affairs , 72 ( 4 ) Sept./Oct. : 23 – 23 .
  • Skålnes , Lars S. 1998 . From the inside out: NATO expansion and international relations theory . Security Studies , 7 ( 4 ) Summer : 44 – 87 .
  • Rauchhaus , Robert W. 2001 . : 3 – 19 .
  • The decision sheet agreed on 16 Feb. 2003 by the Defence Planning Committee can be consulted at www.nato.int/docu/pr/2003/p030216e.htm (www.nato.int/docu/pr/2003/p030216e.htm)
  • The 'Study on NATO enlargement' is available at http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/enl-9501.htm (http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/enl-9501.htm)
  • See Sjursen Helene On the identity of NATO International Affairs 20 4 694 694 see also Frank Schimmelfennig, ‘NATO enlargement: A constructivist explanation’ Security Studies, Vol. 8, no.2. Winter 1999, p.217.
  • Adler , Emanuel . 2002 . “ Constructivism in International Relations ” . In Handbook of International Relations , Edited by: Carlsnaes , Walter , Risse , Thoms and Simmons , Beth A. 100 – 101 . London : Sage . in
  • Carlsnaes , Walter . “ Foreign policy ” . In Handbook of International Relations Edited by: Carlsnaes , Walter , Risse , Thomas and Simmons , Beth A. 342 – 342 . in
  • Carlsnaes , Walter . “ Foreign policy ” . In Handbook of International Relations Edited by: Carlsnaes , Walter , Risse , Thomas and Simmons , Beth A. 341 – 341 . in
  • Walker , Rob B.J. Realism, Change, and International Political Theory . International Studies Quarterly , 31 ( l ) 76 – 77 .
  • Wendt , Alexander . 1999 . Social Theory of International Politics , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • For a debate about the simplification of the rationalist-constructivist divide in terms of ‘material’ versus ‘ideational’ see Fearon James Wendt Alexander Rationalism v. Constructivism: A Sceptical View Handbook of International Relations Carlsnaes Walter Risse Thomas Simmons Beth A. 58 60 in
  • Frank Schimmelfennig NATO enlargement: A constructivist explanation 211 211
  • Frank Schimmelfennig NATO enlargement: A constructivist explanation 217 217
  • Risse-Kappen , Thomas . 1996 . “ Collective Identity in a Democratic Community: The Case of NATO ” . In The culture of national security: Norms and Identity in World Politics , Edited by: Katzenstein , Peter J. 357 – 399 . New York : Columbia University Press . in
  • The text of the Washington treaty is available at http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/treaty.htm (http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/treaty.htm)
  • Quoted in Sjursen Helene On the identity of NATO 689 689
  • Schimmelfennig , Frank . NATO enlargement: A constructivist explanation 198 – 200 .
  • See the ‘Study on NATO enlargement’; see also Goldgeier J.M. Not whether but when: the US decision to enlarge NATO 56 56
  • Epstein , Rachel A. 2004/2005 . NATO Enlargement and the Spread of Democracy: Evidence and Expectations . Security Studies , 14 ( 1 ) Autumn : 63 – 105 .
  • For a positive evaluation of the work of the NATO-Russia Council see Fritch P. Building Hope on Experience NATO Review Autumn 2003 (http://www.nato.int/docu/review/2003/issue3/english/art3.html)
  • For a social-constructivist evaluation of West Germany's adhesion to the alliance as an example of international socialisation see Hampton Mary N. NATO, Germany and the United States: Creating Positive Identity in Trans-Atlantia Security Studies Winter 1998 8 2/3 235 269 99–Spring 1999
  • Larrabee , F. Stephen . 2003 . The Baltic states and NATO membership . Testimony Presented to the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations , April 3http://www.rand.org/publications/CT/CT204/CT204.pdf, pp.4–6
  • Sjursen , Helene . On the identity of NATO 695 – 695 .
  • Schimmelfennig , Frank . NATO enlargement: A constructivist explanation 213 – 213 .
  • See Rose Gideon Neo-classical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy World Politics Oct. 1998 51 1 144 172 1998
  • See Taliaferro Jeffrey W. Security Seeking under Anarchy International Security 25 3 157 158 J.W. Legro and A.Moravcsik, ‘Is anybody still a realist?’, pp. 5–9
  • Zakaria , Fareed . Realism and Domestic Politics: A Review Essay 128 – 128 .
  • Rose , Gideon . Neo-classical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy 161 – 161 .
  • Taliaferro , Jeffrey W. Security Seeking under Anarchy 132 – 132 .
  • Legro , Jeffrey W. and Moravcsik , Andrew . Is anybody still a realist? 6 – 6 .
  • For a discussion of the variation in state strategies in defensive realism see Lynn-Jones Sean M. Offense-Defense Theory and its Critics Security Studies Summer 1995 4 4 660 691
  • Examples of defensive realism include: Snyder Jack Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition Cornell University Press Ithaca 1991) Robert Jervis, ‘Realism, Neo-liberalism, and Co-operation’, pp.42–63; Stephen M. Walt, Origins of Alliances (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987); Thomas J. Christensen, ‘Perceptions and Alliances in Europe, 1865–1940’, International Organization, Vol. 51, no. 4, (Winter 1997), pp. 65–97; Stephen Van Evera, ‘Offense, Defense, and the Causes of War’, International Security, Vol. 22, no. 1, (Spring 1998), pp. 5–43; Charles L. Glaser, ‘Political Consequences of Military Strategy: Expanding and Refining the Spiral and Deterrence Models’, World Politics, Vol. 44, no. 4, (July 1992) pp. 497–538; Charles L. Glaser, ‘The Security Dilemma Revisited’, World Politics, Vol. 50, no. 1, (Oct. 1997), pp. 171–201.
  • See Taliaferro Jeffrey W. Security Seeking under Anarchy 134 134
  • Art , Robert J. 1996 . Why Western Europe needs the United States and NATO . Political Science Quarterly , 111 ( 1 ) Spring
  • See Stuart Douglas T. Symbol and (Very Little) Substance in the US Debate over NATO Enlargement Will NATO Go East? The Debate Over Enlarging The Atlantic Alliance Haglund David G. Queen's University Centre for International Affairs Kingston, Ontario 1996 118 118 in
  • Van Eekelen , Willem . 1992 . WEU's post Maastricht agenda . NATO Review , April : 13 – 17 .
  • The strategic concept adopted by the alliance at its Rome summit in 1991 is available at www.nato.int/docu/comm/49-95/c911107a.htm.
  • David , Charles P. 2001 . Alice in Wonderland meets Frankenstein: Constructivism, Realism and Peacebuilding in Bosnia . Contemporary Security Policy , 22 ( 1 ) Apr. : 2 – 7 .
  • Rauchhaus , Robert W. Marching NATO Eastward: Can International Relations Theory Keep Pace? 3 – 19 .
  • The argument that NATO's operation in Bosnia provided some kind of legitimisation for the bombing campaign against the FRY is put forward by Crawford Beverly The Bosnian Road to NATO enlargement Contemporary Security Policy Aug. 2000 21 2 39 59
  • See Brzezinski Zbigniew Lake Anthony For a New World, a New NATO New York Times June 1997 30
  • Castle , Stephen . 2002 . Can NATO reinvent itself as a powerful force in the modern world . The Independent , November 21
  • The text of the NATO-Russia Founding Act is available at http://www.nato.int/docu/basictxt/fndact-a.htm.
  • See Goldgeier James M. NATO expansion: the Anatomy of a Decision Washington Quarterly Winter 1998 21 1 94 95
  • See Asmus Ronald D. Rebuilding the Atlantic Alliance Foreign Affairs Sept./Oct. 2003 82 5 20 31
  • The transcript of the President's address to faculty and students of the Warsaw University is available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/06/20010615-1.html (http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2001/06/20010615-1.html)
  • Reiter , Dan . Why NATO enlargement does not spread democracy 55 – 55 .
  • See Hanns W. Maull, 'The future of NATO'; Aliboni Roberto Neo-Nationalism and Neo-Atlanticism in Italian Foreign Policy The International Spectator January–March 2003 1 88 88

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