The power of sister crops: intercropping courgette and common bean changes floral morphology and increases diversity of flower visitors

References

• Altieri, M.A. 1999. “The Ecological Role of Biodiversity in Agroecosystems.” In Invertebrate Biodiversity as Bioindicators of Sustainable Landscapes, edited by M.G. Paoletti, 19–31. Amsterdam, NE: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Ballaré, C.L., and J.J. Casal. 2000. “Light Signals Perceived by Crop and Weed Plants.” Field Crops Research 67 (2): 149–160. doi:10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00090-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burdon, R.C., R.A. Raguso, A. Kessler, and A.L. Parachnowitsch. 2015. “Spatiotemporal Floral Scent Variation of Penstemon Digitalis.” Journal of Chemical Ecology 41 (7): 641–650. doi:10.1007/s10886-015-0599-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartar, R.V. 2009. “Resource-tracking by Bumble Bees: What Explains Local Responses to Density of Bergamot (Monarda Fistulosa) Flowers?” Ecoscience 16 (4): 470–475. doi:10.2980/16-4-3209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caruso, C.M., and A.L. Parachnowitsch. 2016. “Do Plants Eavesdrop on Floral Scent Signals?” Trends in Plant Science 21 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2015.09.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers, J.M., and T.J. Hastie. 1992. “Statistical Models.” In Chapter 2 of Statistical Models in S, edited by J.M. Chambers and T.J. Hastie, 15–44. Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Córdoba, S.A., and A.A. Cocucci. 2011. “Flower Power: Its Association with Bee Power and Floral Functional Morphology in Papilionate Legumes.” Annals of Botany 108 (5): 919–931. doi:10.1093/aob/mcr196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dafni, A., and P.G. Kevan. 1997. “Flower Size and Shape: Implications in Pollination.” Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 45 (2–3): 201–211. doi:10.1080/07929978.1997.10676684.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dauber, J., J.C. Biesmeijer, D. Gabriel, W.E. Kunin, E. Lamborn, B. Meyer, A. Nielsen, et al. 2010. “Effects of Patch Size and Density on Flower Visitation and Seed Set of Wild Plants: A pan-European Approach.” Journal of Ecology 98 (1): 188–196. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01590.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudley, S.A. 2015. “Plant Cooperation.” AoB Plants 7: plv113. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plv113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebeling, A., A.M. Klein, and T. Tscharntke. 2011. “Plant–flower Visitor Interaction Webs: Temporal Stability and Pollinator Specialization Increases along an Experimental Plant Diversity Gradient.” Basic and Applied Ecology 12 (4): 300–309. doi:10.1016/j.baae.2011.04.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elisante, F., P. Ndakidemi, S.E. Arnold, S.R. Belmain, G.M. Gurr, I. Darbyshire, G. Xie, and P.C. Stevenson. 2020. “Insect Pollination Is Important in a Smallholder Bean Farming System.” PeerJ 8: e10102. doi:10.7717/peerj.10102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, T.S., W.F. Morris, and W.G. Wilson. 2004. “When Can Two Plant Species Facilitate Each Other’s Pollination?” Oikos 105 (1): 197–207. doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12845.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox, J., and S. Weisberg. 2019. An R Companion to Applied Regression. Third ed. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Galetto, L., and G. Bernardello. 2004. “Floral Nectaries, Nectar Production Dynamics and Chemical Composition in Six Ipomoea Species (Convolvulaceae) in Relation to Pollinators.” Annals of Botany 94 (2): 269–280. doi:10.1093/aob/mch137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghazoul, J. 2006. “Floral Diversity and the Facilitation of Pollination.” Journal of Ecology 94 (2): 295–304. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01098.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glaettli, M., and S.C. Barrett. 2008. “Pollinator Responses to Variation in Floral Display and Flower Size in Dioecious Sagittaria Latifolia (Alismataceae).” New Phytologist 179 (4): 1193–1201. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02532.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gliessman, S.R. 1983. “Allelopathic Interactions in crop-weed Mixtures.” Journal of Chemical Ecology 9 (8): 991–999. doi:10.1007/BF00982206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulson, D. 2003. “Effects of Introduced Bees on Native Ecosystems.” Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34: 1–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grindeland, J.M., N. Sletvold, and R.A. Ims. 2005. “Effects of Floral Display Size and Plant Density on Pollinator Visitation Rate in a Natural Population of Digitalis Purpurea.” Functional Ecology 19 (3): 383–390. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.00988.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez-Martínez, A., A. Tolon-Becerra, and X.B. Lastra-Bravo. 2012. “Biological Control of Spodoptera Frugiperda Eggs Using Telenomus Remus Nixon in MAIZE-BEAN-SQUASH Polyculture.” American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences 7 (3): 285–292. doi:10.3844/ajabssp.2012.285.292.
   Google Scholar
• Harder, L.D. 1983. “Flower Handling Efficiency of Bumble Bees: Morphological Aspects of Probing Time.” Oecologia 57 (1–2): 274–280. doi:10.1007/BF00379591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harder, L.D., A. GutiA©rrez-MartAnez, A. Tolon-Becerra, and X B. Lastra-Bravo. 1986. “Effects of Nectar Concentration and Flower Depth on Flower Handling Efficiency of Bumble Bees.” Oecologia 69 (2): 309–315. doi:10.1007/BF00377639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, J.P. 2008. “Evolving the Three Sisters: The Changing Histories of Maize, Bean, and Squash in New York and the Greater Northeast.” Current Northeast Paleoethnobotany II 512: 87–99.
   Google Scholar
• Hartig, F. 2017. “DHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (multi-level/mixed) Regression Models.” R package version 0.1. 5.
   Google Scholar
• Hegland, S.J., and L. Boeke. 2006. “Relationships between the Density and Diversity of Floral Resources and Flower Visitor Activity in a Temperate Grassland Community.” Ecological Entomology 31 (5): 532–538. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.2006.00812.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holly, M. 1990. “Handsome Lake’s Teachings: The Shift from Female to Male Agriculture in Iroquois Culture. An Essay in Ethnophilosophy.” Agriculture and Human Values 7 (3–4): 80–94. doi:10.1007/BF01557313.
   Google Scholar
• Ibarra-Perez, F.J., D. Barnhart, B. Ehdaie, K.M. Knio, and J.G. Waines. 1999. “Effects of Insect Tripping on Seed Yield of Common Bean.” Crop Science 39 (2): 428–433. doi:10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183X0039000200022x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, M.A., M.C. Egigu, A. Kasurinen, A. Yahya, and J.K. Holopainen. 2010. “Diversity of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Flowering and Vegetative Branches of Yeheb, Cordeauxia Edulis (Caesalpiniaceae), a Threatened Evergreen Desert Shrub.” Flavour and Fragrance Journal 25 (2): 83–92. doi:10.1002/ffj.1971.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPBES. 2016. “Report of the Plenary of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services on the Work of Its Fourth Session; Document IPBES/4/19.”
   Google Scholar
• Isbell, F., P.R. Adler, N. Eisenhauer, D. Fornara, K. Kimmel, C. Kremen, D.K. Letourneau, et al. 2017. “Benefits of Increasing Plant Diversity in Sustainable Agroecosystems.” Journal of Ecology 105 (4): 871–879. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12789.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishii, H.S. 2005. “Analysis of Bumblebee Visitation Sequences within Single Bouts: Implication of the Overstrike Effect on short-term Memory.” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 57: 599–610.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishii, H.S. 2006. “Floral Display Size Influences Subsequent Plant Choice by Bumble Bees.” Functional Ecology 20 (2): 233–238. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01106.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, S.D., C.I. Peter, L.A. Nilsson, and J. Ågren. 2003. “Pollination Success in a Deceptive Orchid Is Enhanced by Co-occurring Rewarding Magnet Plants.” Ecology 84 (11): 2919–2927. doi:10.1890/02-0471.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaczorowski, R.L., M.C. Gardener, and T.P. Holtsford. 2005. “Nectar Traits in Nicotiana Section Alatae (Solanaceae) in Relation to Floral Traits, Pollinators, and Mating System.” American Journal of Botany 92 (8): 1270–1283. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.8.1270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, A.M., B.E. Vaissiere, J.H. Cane, I. Steffan-Dewenter, S.A. Cunningham, C. Kremen, and T. Tscharntke 2007. “Importance of Pollinators in Changing Landscapes for World Crops”. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274:303–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knuth, P. 1906. Handbook of Flower Pollination, 3 Volumes. Oxford: Clarendon.
   Google Scholar
• Moreti, A., R.M.B.D. Silva, E.C.A.D. Silva, M.L.T.M.F. Alves, and E.A. Schammass. 1994. “Polinização do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) efetuada por Apis mellifera L.” Boletim de Industria Animal 51: 119–124.
   Google Scholar
• Mt. Pleasant, J. 2016. “Food Yields and Nutrient Analyses of the Three Sisters: A Haudenosaunee Cropping System.” Ethnobiology Letters 7: 87–98.
   Google Scholar
• Mt. Pleasant, J. 2006. “The Science behind the ‘Three Sisters’ Mound System: An Agronomic Assessment of an Indigenous Agricultural System in the Northeast.” In Histories of Maize: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize, edited by J.E. Staller, R.H. Tykot, and B.F. Benz, 529–538. Burlington, MA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mt. Pleasant, J., and R.F. Burt. 2010. “Estimating Productivity of Traditional Iroquoian Cropping Systems from Field Experiments and Historical Literature.” Journal of Ethnobiology 30 (1): 52–79. doi:10.2993/0278-0771-30.1.52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nerson, H., H.S. Paris, and E.P. Paris. 2000. “Fruit Shape, Size and Seed Yield in CUCURBITA PEPO.” Acta Horticulturae 510 (510): 227–230. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.510.36.
   Google Scholar
• Nieh, J.C., K. Kruizinga, L.S. Barreto, F.A.L. Contrera, and V.L. Imperatriz-Fonseca. 2005. “Effect of Group Size on the Aggression Strategy of an Extirpating Stingless Bee, Trigona Spinipes.” Insectes Sociaux 52 (2): 147–154. doi:10.1007/s00040-004-0785-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ninkovic, V., D. Markovic, and M. Rensing. 2021. “Plant Volatiles as Cues and Signals in Plant Communication.” Plant, Cell & Environment 44 (4): 1030–1043. doi:10.1111/pce.13910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oksanen, J., F. Blanchet, M. Friendly, R. Kindt, P. Legendre, D. McGlinn, P. Minchin, R. O’Hara, G. Simpson, and P. Solymos 2019. “Vegan: Community Ecology Package.” R package version 2.5.4.
   Google Scholar
• Oliver, T.H., M.S. Heard, N.J. Isaac, D.B. Roy, D. Procter, F. Eigenbrod, R. Freckleton, et al. 2015. “Biodiversity and Resilience of Ecosystem Functions.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 30 (11): 673–684. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2015.08.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postma, J.A., and J.P. Lynch. 2012. “Complementarity in Root Architecture for Nutrient Uptake in Ancient maize/bean and maize/bean/squash Polycultures.” Annals of Botany 110 (2): 521–534. doi:10.1093/aob/mcs082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potts, S.G., B. Vulliamy, A. Dafni, G. Ne’eman, and P. Willmer. 2003. “Linking Bees and Flowers: How Do Floral Communities Structure Pollinator Communities?” Ecology 84 (10): 2628–2642. doi:10.1890/02-0136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretty, J., C. Toulmin, and S. Williams. 2011. “Sustainable Intensification in African Agriculture.” International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 9 (1): 5–24. doi:10.3763/ijas.2010.0583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2019. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Ramos, D.D.L., M.M. Bustamante, F.D.D.S.E. Silva, and L.G. Carvalheiro. 2018. “Crop Fertilization Affects Pollination Service provision–Common Bean as a Case Study.” PloS One 13 (11): e0204460. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risch, S.J., and M.K. Hansen. 1982. “Plant Growth, Flowering Phenologies, and Yields of Corn, Beans and Squash Grown in Pure Stands and Mixtures in Costa Rica.” Journal of Applied Ecology 19 (3): 901–916. doi:10.2307/2403292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sargent, R.D., C. Goodwillie, S. Kalisz, and R.H. Ree. 2007. “Phylogenetic Evidence for a Flower Size and Number Trade-off.” American Journal of Botany 94 (12): 2059–2062. doi:10.3732/ajb.94.12.2059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, R.F., G.B. Rabeschini, G.L. Peinado, L.G. Cosmo, L.H. Rezende, R.K. Murayama, and M. Pareja. 2018. “The Ecology of Plant Chemistry and multi-species Interactions in Diversified Agroecosystems.” Frontiers in Plant Science 9: 1713. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.01713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suso, M.J., P.J. Bebeli, and R.G. Palmer. 2015. “Reproductive Biology of Grain Legumes.” In Grain Legumes. Handbook of Plant Breeding, edited by A. De Ron, 365–399. Vol. 10. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Torices, R., J.M. Gómez, and J.R. Pannell. 2018. “Kin Discrimination Allows Plants to Modify Investment Towards Pollinator Attraction.” Nature Communications 9 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04378-3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiner, J. 2004. “Allocation, Plasticity and Allometry in Plants.” Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 6 (4): 207–215. doi:10.1078/1433-8319-00083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wien, H.C., (edited by.). 1997. “The Cucurbits: Cucumber, Melon, Squash and Pumpkin”. In The Physiology of Vegetable Crops, 345–386. Oxford, New York: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Wróblewska, A. 1991. “Attractiveness of Phaseolus L. Flowers for Pollinating Insects.” Acta Horticulturae 288 (288): 321–325. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.1991.288.51.
   Google Scholar
• Ye, Z.M., W.K. Dai, X.F. Jin, R.W. Gituru, Q.F. Wang, and C.F. Yang. 2014. “Competition and Facilitation among Plants for Pollination: Can Pollinator Abundance Shift the plant–plant Interactions?” Plant Ecology 215 (1): 3–13. doi:10.1007/s11258-013-0274-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C., J.A. Postma, L.M. York, and J.P. Lynch. 2014. “Root Foraging Elicits Niche complementarity-dependent Yield Advantage in the Ancient ‘Three Sisters’ (maize/bean/squash) Polyculture.” Annals of Botany 114 (8): 1719–1733. doi:10.1093/aob/mcu191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar