Skill level and normative evaluations among summer recreationists at alpine ski areas

References

• Basman , C.M. , Manfredo , M.J. , Barro , S.C. , Vaske , J.J. and Watson , A. 1996 . Norm accessibility: An exploratory study of backcountry and front‐country recreational norms . Leisure Sciences , 18 : 177 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bricker , K.S. and Kerstetter , D.L. 2000 . Level of specialization and place attachment: An exploratory study of Whitewater recreationists . Leisure Sciences , 22 : 233 – 257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Columbia Assets & Land Corporation . 2000 . 1998/99 ski season review , Victoria : BC Assets & Land Corporation . Unpublished Government Document
   Google Scholar
• Bryan , H. 1977 . Leisure value systems and recreational specialization: The case of trout fishermen . Journal of Leisure Research , 9 : 174 – 187 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carothers , P. , Vaske , J.J. and Donnelly , M.P. 2001 . Social values versus interpersonal conflict among hikers and mountain bikers . Leisure Sciences , 23 : 47 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavez , D.J. 1999 . “ Mountain biking—A rapidly growing sport ” . In Outdoor recreation in American life: A national assessment of demand and supply trends , Edited by: Cordell , K. 245 – 246 . Champaign, IL : Sagamore .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , J. 1988 . Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences , (2nd ed.) , Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Cole , J.S. and Scott , D. 1999 . Segmenting participation in wildlife watching: A comparison of casual wildlife watchers and serious birders . Human Dimensions of Wildlife , 4 : 44 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Donnelly , M.P. , Vaske , J.J. and Graefe , A.R. 1986 . Degree and range of recreation specialization: Toward a typology of boating related activities . Journal of Leisure Research , 18 : 81 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly , M.P. , Vaske , J.J. , Whittaker , D. and Shelby , B. 2000 . Toward an understanding of norm prevalence: A comparative analysis of 20 years of research . Environmental Management , 25 : 403 – 414 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewert , A. and Hollenhorst , S. 1994 . Individual and setting attributes of the adventure recreation experience . Leisure Sciences , 16 : 177 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freimund , W.A. , Vaske , J.J. , Donnelly , M.P. and Miller , T. 2002 . Using video surveys to access dispersed backcountry visitors’ norms . Leisure Sciences , 24 : 349 – 362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill , A. 1996 . Rooms with a view: Informal settings for public dialogue . Society & Natural Resources , 9 : 633 – 643 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill , A. 2000 . From growth machine to growth management: The dynamics of resort development in Whistler, British Columbia . Environment & Planning A , 32 : 1083 – 1103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill , A. and Hartmann , R. 1992 . Mountain resort development: Proceedings of the Vail conference , Burnaby : Centre for Tourism Policy and Research, Simon Fraser University .
   Google Scholar
• Gill , A. and Williams , P.W. 1994 . Managing growth in mountain tourism communities . Tourism Management , 15 : 212 – 220 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godde , P.M. , Price , M.F. and Zimmermann , F.M. 2000 . Tourism and development in mountain regions , New York : CABI .
   Google Scholar
• Good , R. and Grenier , P. 1994 . Some environmental impacts of recreation in the Australian Alps . Australian Parks & Recreation , 30 : 20 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Graefe , A.R. , Donnelly , M.P. and Vaske , J.J. Crowding and specialization: A reexamination of the crowding model . Proceedings of the national wilderness research conference: Current research . pp. 333 – 338 . Oregon : Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest & Range Experiment Station . USDA General Technical Report INT‐212
   Google Scholar
• Graefe , A.R. , Kuss , F.R. and Vaske , J.J. 1990 . Visitor impact management: The planning framework , Washington, DC : National Parks & Conservation Association .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , T.E. and Roggenbuck , J.W. 2002 . Response format effects in questions about norms: Implications for the reliability and validity of the normative approach . Leisure Sciences , 24 : 325 – 338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heberlein , T.A. and Dunwiddie , P. 1979 . Systematic observation of use levels, campsite selection and visitor characteristics at a high mountain lake . Journal of Leisure Research , 11 : 307 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heywood , J.L. and Murdock , W.E. 2002 . Social norms in outdoor recreation: Searching for the behavior‐condition link . Leisure Sciences , 24 : 283 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollenhorst , S. , Schuett , M.A. , Olson , D. and Chavez , D. 1995 . An examination of the characteristics, preferences, and attitudes of mountain bike users of the national forests . Journal of Park & Recreation Administration , 13 : 41 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Hudson , S. and Shephard , G. 1998 . Measuring service quality at tourist destinations: An application of importance‐performance analysis to an alpine ski resort . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , 7 : 61 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Inglis , G. , Johnson , V. and Ponte , F. 1999 . Crowding norms in marine settings: A case study of snorkeling on the Great Barrier Reef . Environmental Management , 24 : 369 – 381 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson , J.M. 1965 . “ Structural characteristics of norms ” . In Current studies in social psychology , Edited by: Steiner , I.D. and Fishbein , M.F. 301 – 309 . New York : Holt, Rinehart, Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Johnston , W.E. and Eisner , G.H. 1972 . Variability in use among ski areas: A statistical study of the California market region . Journal of Leisure Research , 4 : 43 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , S. and Shelby , B. 1998 . Norms for behavior and conditions in two national park campgrounds in Korea . Environmental Management , 22 : 277 – 285 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klenosky , D.B. , Gengler , C.E. and Mulvey , M.S. 1993 . Understanding the factors influencing ski destination choice: A means‐ends analytic approach . Journal of Leisure Research , 25 : 362 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lime , D. 1990 . “ Image capture technology: An exciting new tool for wilderness managers! ” . In Managing America's enduring wilderness: Proceedings of the conference , Edited by: Lime , D. 549 – 552 . Minneapolis : Tourism Center, University of Minnesota .
   Google Scholar
• McFarlane , B.L. 2001 . Comments on recreation specialization: A critical look at the construct . Journal of Leisure Research , 33 : 348 – 350 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , R.E. 1985 . Crowding norms in backcountry settings: A review and synthesis . Journal of Leisure Research , 17 : 75 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , R.E. 1999 . Studies in outdoor recreation: Search and research for satisfaction , (2nd ed.) , Corvallis : Oregon State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Manning , R.E. 2001 . Visitor experience and resource protection: A framework for managing the carrying capacity of national parks . Journal of Park & Recreation Administration , 19 : 93 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Manning , R.E. , Lawson , S.R. , Newman , P. , Laven , D. and Valliere , W. 2002 . Methodological issues in measuring crowding‐related norms in outdoor recreation . Leisure Sciences , 24 : 339 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , R.E. , Lime , D.W. , Freimund , W.A. and Pitt , D.G. 1996 . Crowding norms at frontcountry sites: A visual approach to setting standards of quality . Leisure Sciences , 18 : 39 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning , R.E. , Valliere , W.A. , Wang , B. and Jacobi , C. 1999 . Crowding norms: Alternative measurement approaches . Leisure Sciences , 21 : 97 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , S.R. , McCool , S.F. and Lucas , R.C. 1989 . Wilderness campsite impacts: Do managers and visitors see them the same? . Environmental Management , 13 : 623 – 629 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , C.A. and Graefe , A.R. 2000 . Degree and range of specialization across related hunting activities . Leisure Sciences , 22 : 195 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needham , M.D. 2002 . The “other” season at ski hills: Applying the Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) to a study of summer alpine recreation on and adjacent to Whistler Mountain, British Columbia , Canada : University of Victoria . Unpublished master's thesis
   Google Scholar
• Needham , M.D. and Rollins , R.B. 2003 . The lure of summer: A study at Whistler shows what visitors love about the mountains . Ski Area Management , 42 : 28 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Needham , M.D. and Rollins , R.B. 2005 . Interest group standards for recreation and tourism impacts at ski areas in the summer . Tourism Management , 26 : 1 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needham , M.D. , Wood , C.J.B. and Rollins , R.B. 2004 . Understanding summer visitors and their experiences at the Whistler Mountain ski area, Canada . Mountain Research & Development , 24 : 234 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ormiston , D. , Gilbert , A. and Manning , R.E. 1998 . Indicators and standards of quality for ski resort management . Journal of Travel Research , 36 : 35 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Pickering , C.M. and Buckley , R.C. 2003 . Swarming to the summit: Managing tourists at Mt Kosciuszko, Australia . Mountain Research & Development , 23 : 230 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickering , C.M. , Harrington , J. and Worboys , G. 2003 . Environmental impacts of tourism on the Australian Alps protected areas: Judgments of protected area managers . Mountain Research & Development , 23 : 247 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price , M.F. 1983 . Management planning in the Sunshine area of Canada's Banff National Park . Parks , 7 : 6 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Ramthun , R. 1995 . Factors in user group conflict between hikers and mountain bikers . Leisure Sciences , 17 : 159 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , G. 1996 . Skilled consumption and UK ski holidays . Tourism Management , 17 : 25 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saarinen , J. 1998 . Cultural influences on wilderness encounter responses: A case study from Finland . International Journal of Wilderness , 4 : 28 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Salz , R.J. , Loomis , D.K. and Finn , K.L. 2001 . Development and validation of a specialization index and testing of specialization theory . Human Dimensions of Wildlife , 6 : 239 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• Saremba , J. and Gill , A. 1991 . Value conflicts in mountain park settings . Annals of Tourism Research , 18 : 455 – 472 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreyer , R.M. , Lime , D.W. and Williams , D.R. 1984 . Characterizing the influences of past experience on recreation behavior . Journal of Leisure Research , 16 : 34 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , D. and Shafer , C.S. 2001 . Recreation specialization: A critical look at the construct . Journal of Leisure Research , 33 : 319 – 343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafer , C.S. and Hammitt , W.E. 1995 . Purism revisited: Specifying recreational conditions of concern according to resource intent . Leisure Sciences , 17 : 15 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. and Harris , R. 1985 . Comparing methods for determining visitor evaluations of ecological impacts: Site visits, photographs, and written descriptions . Journal of Leisure Research , 17 : 57 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. and Heberlein , T.A. 1986 . Carrying capacity in recreation settings , Corvallis : Oregon State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. , Vaske , J.J. and Donnelly , M.P. 1996 . Norms, standards, and natural resources . Leisure Sciences , 18 : 103 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shelby , B. , Vaske , J.J. and Harris , R. 1988 . User standards for ecological impacts at wilderness campsites . Journal of Leisure Research , 20 : 245 – 256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Socher , K. 1992 . The influence of tourism on the quality of life in the evolution of the inhabitants of the Alps . Revue de Tourism , 47 : 17 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Stankey , G.H. , Cole , D.N. , Lucas , R.C. , Peterson , M.E. , Frissell , S. and Washburne , R.F. 1985 . The Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) System for wilderness planning , USDA Forest Service General Technical Report INT‐176 Utah : Intermountain Forest & Range Station .
   Google Scholar
• Sutton , S.G. and Ditton , R.B. 2001 . Understanding catch‐ and‐ release behavior among US Atlantic bluefin tuna anglers . Human Dimensions of Wildlife , 6 : 49 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Symmonds , M. , Hammitt , W. and Quisenberry , V. 2000 . Managing recreational trail environments for mountain bike user preferences . Environmental Management , 25 : 549 – 564 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarrant , M. , Cordell , K. and Kibler , T. 1997 . Measuring perceived crowding for high‐density river recreation: The effects of situational conditions and personal factors . Leisure Sciences , 19 : 97 – 112 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thapa , B. and Graefe , A.R. 2003 . Level of skill and its relationship to recreation conflict and tolerance among adult skiers and snowboarders . World Leisure , 45 : 13 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Vaske , J.J. , Beaman , J. , Stanley , R. and Grenier , M. 1996 . Importance performance and segmentation: Where do we go from here? . Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing , 5 : 225 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Vaske , J.J. , Carothers , P. , Donnelly , M.P. and Baird , B. 2000 . Recreation conflict among skiers and snowboarders . Leisure Sciences , 22 : 297 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaske , J.J. , Donnelly , M.P. and Petruzzi , J.P. 1996 . Country of origin, encounter norms, and crowding in a frontcountry setting . Leisure Sciences , 18 : 161 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaske , J.J. , Donnelly , M.P. and Shelby , B. 1993 . Establishing management standards: Selected examples of the normative approach . Environmental Management , 17 : 629 – 643 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaske , J.J. , Dyar , R. and Timmons , N. 2004 . Skill level and recreation conflict among skiers and snowboarders . Leisure Sciences , 26 : 215 – 225 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaske , J.J. , Gliner , J.A. and Morgan , G.A. 2002 . Communicating judgments about practical significance: Effect size, confidence intervals and odds ratios . Human Dimensions of Wildlife , 7 : 287 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Vaske , J.J. , Shelby , B. , Graefe , A.R. and Heberlein , T.A. 1986 . Backcountry encounter norms: Theory, method, and empirical evidence . Journal of Leisure Research , 18 : 137 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virden , R.J. and Schreyer , R. 1988 . Recreation specialization as an indicator of environmental preference . Environment & Behavior , 20 : 721 – 739 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellman , J.D. , Roggenbuck , J.W. and Smith , A.C. 1982 . Recreation specialization and the norms of depreciative behavior among canoeists . Journal of Leisure Research , 14 : 323 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , P. , Dossa , K. and Fulton , A. 1994 . Tension on the slopes: Managing conflict between skiers and snowboarders . Journal of Applied Recreation Research , 19 : 191 – 213 .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , T.F. 1987 . The analysis of environmental impacts resulting from summer recreation in the Cairngorm ski area, Scotland . Journal of Environmental Management , 25 : 271 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , J.M. , Williams , D.R. and Roggenbuck , J.W. The role of involvement in identifying users’ preferences for social standards in the Cohutta Wilderness . Proceedings of the 1990 southeastern recreation research conference . Edited by: Hope , D. pp. 173 – 183 . USDA Southeastern Forest Experiment Station .
   Google Scholar