Tourism destination water management strategies: An eco‐efficiency modelling approach

References

• Andereck , K.L. Environmental consequences of tourism: a review of recent research . Linking tourism, the environment, and sustainability: topical volume of compiled papers from a special session of the annual meeting of the National Recreation and Park Association . 1994 . Edited by: McCool , S.F. and Watson , A.E. pp. 77 – 81 . General Technical Report INT‐GTR‐323. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station
   Google Scholar
• Armstrong , E.J. and Butler , R. 1996 . A review of effluent re‐use in Coffs Harbour: Desalination versus effluent re‐use at Opal Cove Resort . Desalination , 106 : 285 – 290 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayres , R.U. 1998 . Toward a zero‐emissions economy . Environmental Science and Technology , 32 (15) : 366 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becken , S. , Frampton , C. and Simmons , D. 2001 . Energy consumption patterns in the accommodation sector—the New Zealand case . Ecological Economics , 39 : 371 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becken , S. and Simmons , D. 2002 . Understanding energy consumption patterns of tourist attractions and activities in New Zealand . Tourism Management , 23 : 343 – 354 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becken , S. , Simmons , D. and Frampton , C. 2003 . Energy use associated with different travel choices . Tourism Management , 24 : 267 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bode , S. , Hapke , J. and Zisler , S. 2003 . Need and options for a regenerative energy supply in holiday facilities . Tourism Management , 24 : 257 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cernetig , M. August 30 2006 . “ Water crisis closes Torino businesses: Resort town forced to ration drinking water, turn away visitors ” . In Vancouver Sun August 30 , B1 Westcoast
   Google Scholar
• Cleveland , C.J. and Ruth , M. 1999 . Indicators of dematerialization and the materials intensity of use . Journal of Industrial Ecology , 2 (3) : 15 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Connecticut Institute of Water Resources . 2001 . Report of the advisory committee on potential best management practices for golf course management , Storrs, CT : Connecticut Institute of Water Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Davidson , R. and Maitland , R. 1997 . Tourism destinations , London, , UK : Hodder & Stoughton .
   Google Scholar
• Deng , S.M. and Burnett , J. 2000 . A study of energy performance of hotel buildings in Hong Kong . Energy and Buildings , 31 : 7 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSimone , L.D. and Popoff , F. 1997 . Eco‐efficiency: The Business Link to Sustainable Development , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Draper , D. 1997 . Touristic development and water sustainability in Banff and Canmore, Alberta, . Canada. Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 5 (3) : 183 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Essex , S. , Kent , M. and Newnham , R. 2004 . Tourism development in Mal‐lorca: Is water supply a constraint? . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 12 (1) : 4 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , D.T. and Robinson , J.B. 1993 . To what end? A conceptual framework for the analysis of energy use . Energy Studies Review , 5 (1) : 1 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Goodland , R. and Daly , H. 1996 . Environmental sustainability: Universal and non‐negotiable . Ecological Applications , 6 (4) : 1002 – 1017 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossling , S. 2000 . Sustainable tourism development in developing countries: Some aspects of energy use . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 8 (5) : 410 – 425 .
   Google Scholar
• Gossling , S. 2001 . The consequences of tourism for sustainable water use on a tropical island: Zanzibar, Tanzania . Journal of Environmental Management , 61 : 179 – 191 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossling , S. 2002 . Global environmental consequences of tourism . Global Environmental Change , 12 : 283 – 302 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greater Vancouver Regional District . 2002 . Strategic assessment of green building opportunities in Greater Vancouver , Vancouver, BC : GVRD . Prepared by the Sheltair Group
   Google Scholar
• Holden , A. 2000 . Environment and tourism , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hinterberger , F. and Schmidt‐Bleek , F. 1999 . Dematerialization, MIPS and Factor 10: Physical sustainability indicators as a social device . Ecological Economics , 29 : 53 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter , C. and Green , H. 1995 . Tourism and the environment: A sustainable relationship? , New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , J. and Williams , P.W. 2007 . Modelling tourism destination energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions: Whistler, British Columbia, Canada. Accepted for publication in the . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 15 (1) : 67 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Kent , M. , Newnham , R. and Essex , S. 2002 . Tourism and sustainable water supply in Mallorca: A geographical analysis . Applied Geography , 22 : 351 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klenosky , D.B. , Gengler , C.E. and Mulvey , M.S. 1993 . Understanding the factors influencing ski destination choice: A means‐end analytic approach . Journal of Leisure Research , 25 (4) : 362 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaelis , P. and Jackson , T. 2000 . Material and energy flow through the UK iron and steel sector. Part 2: 1994–2019 . Resources, Conservation and Recycling , 29 (3) : 209 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mill , G.A. and Theophilou , J.A. 1995 . Effluent re‐use in a tourist resort—Lar‐naca sewage treatment and irrigation project—Cyprus . Water Science and Technology , 32 (9–10) : 115 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mountain Agenda . 1998 . Mountains of the world: Water towers for the 21st century , Berne, Switzerland : Mountain Agenda, Institute of Geography, University of Berne .
   Google Scholar
• Pigram , J.J. 1995 . “ Resource constraints on tourism: water resources and sustainability ” . In Change in tourism: People, places, processes , Edited by: Butler , R. and Pearce , D. 208 – 228 . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Pine , J. and Gilmore , J.H. 1999 . The experience economy , Boston : Harvard Business School Press .
   Google Scholar
• Price , M.F. , Moss , L.A.G. and Williams , P.W. 1997 . “ Tourism and amenity migration ” . In Mountains of the world: A global priority, , Edited by: Messerli , B. and Ives , J.D. 249 – 280 . London : Parthenon .
   Google Scholar
• Prentice , R.C. , Witt , S.F. and Hamer , C. 1998 . Tourism as experience: The case of heritage parks . Annals of Tourism Research , 25 (1) : 1 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees , W.E. 1995 . Achieving sustainability: Reform or transformation? . Journal of Planning Literature , 9 (4) : 343 – 358 .
   Google Scholar
• Reijnders , L. 1998 . The factor X debate: Setting targets for eco‐efficiency . Journal of Industrial Ecology , 2 (1) : 13 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Resort Municipality of Whistler . 1999 . Whistler environmental strategy: Discussion paper , Whistler, BC : RMOW .
   Google Scholar
• Resort Municipality of Whistler . 2003 . Water consumption report 2003 , Whistler, BC : RMOW .
   Google Scholar
• Resort Municipality of Whistler . 2004 . “ Draft report ” . In The comprehensive sustainability plan , Whistler, BC : RMOW .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , J.B. 1982 . Bottom‐up methods and low‐down results: changes in the estimation of future energy demands . Energy , 7 (7) : 627 – 635 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , S. 1987 . Impact of the ski industry on the Rio Hondo watershed . Annals of Tourism Research , 14 : 88 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruth , M. 1998 . Dematerialization in five US metals sectors: Implications for energy use and CO2 emissions . Resources Policy , 24 (1) : 1 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , S.L.J. 1994 . The tourism product . Annals of Tourism Research , 21 (3) : 582 – 595 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solley , W.B. 1997 . Preliminary estimates of water use in the United States (Open‐File Report , 97 – 645 . Reston, VA : U.S. Geological Survey .
   Google Scholar
• Soroczan , C. 2002 . Report on rainwater harvesting and grey water reuse for potable and non‐potable uses , Ottawa : Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Stipanuk , D.M. and Hoffman , H. 1996 . Hospitality facilities management and design , East Lansing, MI : Educational Institute of the American Hotel and Motel Association .
   Google Scholar
• Stonich , S.C. 1998 . Political ecology of tourism . Annals of Tourism Research , 25 (1) : 25 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeting , J.E.N. , Bruner , A.G. and Rosenfeld , A.B. 1999 . The green host effect: An integrated approach to sustainable tourism and resort development , Washington, DC : Conservation International .
   Google Scholar
• Vance , M. and Williams , RW. 2005 . A system based approach to sustainability planning in resort destinations: Whistler 2020 . Integra , 4/5 : 20 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Viner , D. 2006 . Tourism and its interactions with climate change . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 14 (4) : 317 – 323 .
   Google Scholar
• Waldron , D. 1993 . “ Addressing water resource issues in the development of Whistler ” . In Whistler and water: Building a city in the mountains—Proceedings , Edited by: Chantler , A.G. 7 – 20 . Cambridge, ON : Canadian Water Resources Association .
   Google Scholar
• Williamson , D. 1993 . “ Is development in Whistler sustainable? ” . In Whistler and Water: Building a City in the Mountains—Proceedings , Edited by: Chantler , A.G. 31 – 39 . Cambridge, ON : Canadian Water Resources Association .
   Google Scholar
• von Weizsäcker , E. , Lovins , A.B. and Lovins , L.H. 1997 . Factor four: Doubling wealth—halving resource use , London, , UK : Earthscan Publications .
   Google Scholar