“It’s the small stuff you can’t see”: Stories of mental wellness, community, and leisure told by new arrivants of colour to a mid-sized, South-Western Ontario city

References

• Abdul-Karim, A. B. (2018). Barriers to foreign credential recognition, Access to regulated professions and successful integration into the Canadian labour market (25034) [ Master’s thesis, University of Manitoba]. MSpace.
   Google Scholar
• Alini, E. (2020, June 27). What it’s like to rent as a Black Canadian: ‘I don’t even have a chance’. Global News. https://globalnews.ca/news/7082858/renting-while-black-canada/
   Google Scholar
• Ali, F., Ryu, K., & Hussain, K. (2016). Influence of experiences on memories, satisfaction and behavioral intentions: A study of creative tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 33(1), 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2015.1038418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andermann, L. (2010). Culture and the social construction of gender: Mapping the intersection with mental health. International Review of Psychiatry, 22(5), 501–512. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2010.506184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, L. S. (2020). Leisure education from an ecological perspective: Inclusion and advocacy in community leisure. Leisure/Loisir. 44(3), 353–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2020.1780934
   Google Scholar
• Anderssen, E. (2012, February 4). The good life? Globe &Mail. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A278928445/HWRC?u=wate34930&sid=bookmark-HWRC&xid=1a5db808
   Google Scholar
• Aneshensel, C. S. (1992). Social Stress: Theory and Research. Annual Review of Sociology, 18(1), 15–38. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.000311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, M. (2007). Visual Data in Qualitative Research. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857020260
   Google Scholar
• Barker, A. J. (2015). The transit of empire: Indigenous critiques of colonialism. 5. 2. 186–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/2201473X.2014.920191.
   Google Scholar
• Bartel, E. (2018). Exploring the settlement trajectories of refugee newcomers in Southern Ontario [ Master’s thesis, University of Waterloo]. UWSpace.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, J. S. (2002). Narrative inquiry: More than just telling stories. TESOL Quarterly, 36(2), 207–213. https://doi.org/10.2307/3588331
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Zvi, Y. (2018). Native land talk: Indigenous and arrivant rights theories. Dartmouth College Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bowen, K. S., Uchino, B. N., Birmingham, W., Carlisle, M., Smith, T. W., & Light, K. C. (2014). The stress-buffering effects of functional social support on ambulatory blood pressure. Health Psychology, 33(11), 1440–1443. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrd, B. (2019). Weather with you: Settler colonialism, antiblackness, and the grounded relationalities of resistance. Journal of the Critical Ethnic Studies Association, 5(1–2), 207–215. https://doi.org/10.5749/jcritethnstud.5.1-2.0207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, G. (2017). Narrative inquiry and the problem of representation: ‘giving voice’, making meaning. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 40(1), 36–52. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727x.2015.1034097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chuong, K. (2014). Report for the City of Guelph: Engaging post-secondary students in municipal government. Institute for Community Engaged Scholarship. https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/9041/Chuong_StudentsinMunicipalGov_2014.pdf;sequence=4
   Google Scholar
• Cianfarani, S., & Pampanini, V. (2021). The impact of stress on health in childhood and adolescence in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. Hormone Research in Paediatrics, 94(5–6), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000517460
   Google Scholar
• Clandinin, D. J. (2016). Engaging in narrative inquiry. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003240143
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., & McKay, G. (2020). Social support, stress and the buffering hypothesis: A theoretical analysis. Handbook of Psychology and Health (Volume IV), 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003044307-10
   Google Scholar
• Copes, H., Tchoula, W., Brookman, F., & Ragland, J. (2018). Photo-elicitation interviews with vulnerable populations: Practical and ethical considerations. Deviant Behavior, 39(4), 475–494. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2017.1407109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crum, A. J., Akinola, M., Martin, A., & Fath, S. (2017). The role of stress mindset in shaping cognitive, emotional, and physiological responses to challenging and threatening stress. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 30(4), 379–395. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2016.1275585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CTV News. (2021, January 14). Population of Waterloo Region’s cities has grown by over 50K since 2016: StatCan. CTV News. https://kitchener.ctvnews.ca/population-of-waterloo-region-s-cities-has-grown-by-over-50k-since-2016-statcan-1.5267166
   Google Scholar
• De la Barre, S., Stone, G., McKeown, J., & Schroeder, J. (2020). Thinking about leisure during a global pandemic. World Leisure Journal, 62(4), 306–310. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078055.2020.1825264
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmonds, E. C., Martin, A. S., Palmer, B. W., Eyler, L. T., Rana, B. K., & Jeste, D. V. (2018). Positive mental health in schizophrenia and healthy comparison groups: Relationships with overall health and biomarkers. Aging & Mental Health, 22(3), 354–362. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2016.1251572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulkner, M., Gerstenblatt, P., Lee, A., Vallejo, V., & Travis, D. (2016). Childcare providers: Work stress and personal well-being. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 14(3), 280–293. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718x14552871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fincher, R., Iveson, K., Leitner, H., & Preston, V. (2014). Planning in the multicultural city: Celebrating diversity or reinforcing difference? Progress in Planning, 92, 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2013.04.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortune, D., & Whyte, C. (2011). Re-imagining institutional spaces: The communitizing potential of leisure. Leisure/Loisir, 35(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2011.549193
   Google Scholar
• Franzini, L., Elliott, M. N., Cuccaro, P., Schuster, M., Gilliland, M. J., Grunbaum, J. A., & Tortolero, S. R. (2009). Influences of physical and social neighborhood environments on children’s physical activity and obesity. American Journal of Public Health, 99(2), 271–278. http://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.128702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallant, K., Hutchinson, S., White, C. M., Hamilton-Hinch, B., Litwiller, F., Lauckner, H., & Burns, R. (2020). Reaching out to welcome in: Guidelines for socially inclusive recreation settings and programs for people with mental health challenges. Leisure/Loisir, 44(3), 327–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2020.1780933
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, A., Filia, K., Killackey, E., & Cotton, S. (2019). The social inclusion of young people with serious mental illness: A narrative review of the literature and suggested future directions. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 53(1), 15–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867418804065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glover, T. D. (2003). Taking the narrative turn: The value of stories in leisure research. Loisir Et societe/Society and Leisure, 26(1), 145–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/07053436.2003.10707610
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of Canada. (2020). Choose a city. https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/new-immigrants/prepare-life-canada/choose-city.html#shr-pg0
   Google Scholar
• Government of Canada. (2021). Applying for a permanent resident card (pr card). https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/services/application/application-forms-guides/guide-5445-applying-permanent-resident-card-card-first-application-replacement-renewal-change-gender-identifier.html#shr-pg0
   Google Scholar
• Guo, S., & Shan, H. (2013). The politics of recognition: Critical discourse analysis of recent PLAR policies for immigrant professionals in Canada. International Journal of Lifelong Education, 32(4), 464–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2013.778073
   Google Scholar
• Harper, D. (2002). Talking about pictures: A case for photo elicitation. Visual Studies, 17(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/14725860220137345
   Google Scholar
• Hindley, D. (2020). “More than just a run in the park”: An exploration of parkrun as a shared leisure space. Leisure Sciences, 42(1), 85–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2017.1410741
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho, Y. C. J., & Chang, D. (2021). To whom does this place belong? Whiteness and diversity in outdoor recreation and education. Annals of Leisure Research, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2020.1859389
   Google Scholar
• Hogarth, K., & Fletcher, W. L. (2018). A Space for Race: Decoding Racism, Multiculturalism, and Post-Colonialism in the Quest for Belonging in Canada and Beyond. Oxford University Press, Incorporated.
   Google Scholar
• Holba, A. M. (2014). In defense of leisure. Communication Quarterly, Vol. 62(2), 179–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/01463373.2014.890117
   Google Scholar
• Holt, N., Bremner, A., Sutherland, E., Vliek, M., Passer, M., & Smith, R. (2019). Psychology: The Science of Mind and Behaviour. McGraw Hill Higher Education Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Huber, M., Knottnerus, J. A., Green, L., Horst, H. V. D., Jadad, A. R., Kromhout, D., & Smid, H. (2011). How should we define health? British Medical Journal, 343. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4163
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, A. (2008). Operating Under Erasure: Race/Language/Identity. Comparative and International Education, 37(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.5206/cie-eci.v37i2.9119
   Google Scholar
• Jamal, A. C. (2018). Coworking spaces in mid-sized cities: A partner in downtown economic development. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 50(4), 773–788. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18760857
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jibeen, T., & Khalid, R. (2010). Predictors of psychological well-being of Pakistani immigrants in Toronto, Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 34(5), 452–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2010.04.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. (2012). Exploring the experience of intergroup contact and the value of recreation activities in facilitating positive intergroup interactions of immigrants. Leisure Sciences, 34(1), 72–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2012.633856
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleiber, D. A., Hutchinson, S. L., & Williams, R. (2002). Leisure as a Resource in Transcending Negative Life Events: Self-Protection, Self-Restoration, and Personal Transformation. Leisure Sciences, 24, 219–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400252900167
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwag, K. H., Martin, P., Russell, D., Franke, W., & Kohut, M. (2011). The impact of perceived stress, social support, and home-based physical activity on mental health among older adults. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 72(2), 137–154. https://doi.org/10.2190/ag.72.2.c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapenta, F. (2011). Some theoretical and methodological views on photo-elicitation. The SAGE Handbook of Visual Research Methods, 1, 201–213. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446268278.n11
   Google Scholar
• Layland, E. K., Stone, G. A., Mueller, J. T., & Hodge, C. J. (2018). Injustice in mobile leisure: A conceptual exploration of Pokémon Go. Leisure Sciences, 40(4), 288–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2018.1426064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh-Hunt, N., Bagguley, D., Bash, K., Turner, V., Turnbull, S., Valtorta, N., & Caan, W. (2017). An overview of systematic reviews on the public health consequences of social isolation and loneliness. Public Health, 152, 157–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2017.07.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd, K., O’Brien, W., & Riot, C. (2016). Mothers with young children: Caring for the self through the physical activity space. Leisure Sciences, 38(2), 85–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2015.1076362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louw, J. S., Kirkpatrick, B., & Leader, G. (2020). Enhancing social inclusion of young adults with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review of original empirical studies. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 33(5), 793–807. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundström, S., Jormfeldt, H., Hedman Ahlström, B., & Skärsäter, I. (2020). Mental health nurses’ experience of physical health care and health promotion initiatives for people with severe mental illness. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29(2), 244–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markusoff, J. (2021, May 17). Nowhere to buy. Maclean’s. https://www.macleans.ca/longforms/canadian-real-estate-market-housing-2021/
   Google Scholar
• Massey, J., Field, S., & Chan, Y. (2014). Partnering for economic development: How town-gown relations impact local economic development in small and medium cities. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 44(2), 152–169. https://doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v44i2.183813
   Google Scholar
• Mata-Codesal, D., Peperkamp, E., & Tiesler, N. (2015). Migration, migrants and leisure: Meaningful leisure? Leisure Studies, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2015.992620
   Google Scholar
• McIntire, J. (2020). Boys Will Be Boys, and Girls Will Be Girls: Leisure’s Role in Challenging and Reinforcing Normed Ideologies of Gendered Expression (Publication no. 27994887) [ Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, I. H., Schwartz, S., & Frost, D. M. (2008). Social patterning of stress and coping: Does disadvantaged social statuses confer more stress and fewer coping resources? Social Science & Medicine, 67(3), 368–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, G., Dupuis, S. L., Kontos, P., Jonas-Simpson, C., & Gray, J. (2020). Disrupting dehumanising and intersecting patterns of modernity with a relational ethic of caring. International Practice Development Journal, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.19043/ipdj.101.002
   Google Scholar
• Morency, J.-D., Malenfant, E. C., & MacIsaac, S. (2017, January 25). Immigration and Diversity: Population Projections for Canada and its Regions, 2011 to 2036. From https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/91-551-x/91-551-x2017001-eng.htm
   Google Scholar
• Mowatt, R. A., French, B. H., & Malebranche, D. A. (2013). Black/female/body hypervisibility and invisibility: A Black feminist augmentation of feminist leisure research. Journal of Leisure Research, 45(5), 644–660. https://doi.org/10.18666/jlr-2013-v45-i5-4367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murad, S., & Versey, H. S. (2020). Barriers to leisure-time social participation and community integration among Syrian and Iraqi refugees. Leisure Studies, 40(3), 378–391. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2020.1862281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng, E. (2011). The healthy immigrant effect and mortality rates. Statistics Canada Health Reports (Catalogue no. 82-003-XPE), 22(4), 25–29. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Julie-Bernier-2/publication/221849196_Strategies_for_handling_normality_assumptions_in_multi-level_modeling_A_case_study_estimating_trajectories_of_Health_Utilities_Index_Mark_3_scores/links/540728840cf2bba34c1e9087/Strategies-for-handling-normality-assumptions-in-multi-level-modeling-A-case-study-estimating-trajectories-of-Health-Utilities-Index-Mark-3-scores.pdf#page=27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, L., Hinrichsen, C., Madsen, K. R., Nelausen, M. K., Meilstrup, C., Koyanagi, A., & Santini, Z. I. (2021). Participation in social leisure activities may benefit mental health particularly among individuals that lack social connectedness at work or school. Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 25(4), 341–351. https://doi.org/10.1108/mhsi-06-2021-0026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okeke-Ihejirika, P., Salami, B., & Karimi, A. (2019). African immigrant women’s transition and integration into Canadian society: Expectations, stressors, and tensions. Gender, Place & Culture, 26(4), 581–601. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369x.2018.1553852
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oncescu, J., & Neufeld, C. (2020). Bridging low-income families to community leisure provisions: The role of leisure education. Leisure Loisir, 44(3), 375–396. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2020.1780931
   Google Scholar
• Phinney, A., & Moody, E. M. (2011). Leisure connections: Benefits and challenges of participating in a social recreation group for people with early dementia. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 35(2), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/01924788.2011.572272
   Google Scholar
• Polkinghorne, D. E. (1995). Narrative configuration in qualitative analysis. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 8(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/0951839950080103
   Google Scholar
• Powrie, B., Copley, J., Turpin, M., Ziviani, J., & Kolehmainen, N. (2020). The meaning of leisure to children and young people with significant physical disabilities: Implications for optimising participation. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 83(2), 67–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308022619879077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Praznik, J., & Shields, J. (2018). An anatomy of settlement services in Canada: A guide. Building Migrant Resilience in Cities. https://bmrc-irmu.info.yorku.ca/files/2018/07/An-Anatomy-of-Settlement-Services-in-Canada_BMRCIRMU.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pressman, S. D., Cohen, S., Miller, G. E., Barkin, A., Rabin, B. S., & Treanor, J. J. (2005). Loneliness, social network size, and immune response to influenza vaccination in college freshmen. Health Psychology, 24, 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.24.3.297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam, R. D. (2000). Bowling alone: America’s declining social capital. Culture and politics (pp. 223–234). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-62397-6_12
   Google Scholar
• Quirke, L. (2014). Searching for Joy: The Importance of Leisure in Newcomer Settlement. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 16(2), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-014-0388-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Region of Waterloo. (2016). Census Bulletin. https://www.regionofwaterloo.ca/en/regional-government/resources/Census/Census-Bulletin-7-Ethnic-Originis-visible-minorities-ACCESS.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Region of Waterloo. (2021). Education and Schools. https://www.regionofwaterloo.ca/en/living-here/education-and-schools.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Richard, V. M., & Lahman, M. K. (2015). Photo-elicitation: Reflexivity on method, analysis, and graphic portraits. International Journal of Research & Method in Education, 38(1), 3–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727x.2013.843073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romeo, R. D. (2017). The impact of stress on the structure of the adolescent brain: Implications for adolescent mental health. Brain Research, 1654, 185–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ron, Y., & Nimrod, G. (2018). Digital negotiation: Online leisure in coping with gender stereotypes. Leisure Sciences, 40(4), 251–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2018.1426506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.69.4.719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sala, G., Jopp, D., Gobet, F., Ogawa, M., Ishioka, Y., Masui, Y., & Gondo, Y. (2019). The impact of leisure activities on older adults’ cognitive function, physical function, and mental health. PloS one, 14(11), e0225006. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salami, B., Yaskina, M., Hegadoren, K., Diaz, E., Meherali, S., Rammohan, A., & Ben-Shlomo, Y. (2017). Migration and social determinants of mental health: Results from the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 108(4), 362–367.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serido, J., Almeida, D. M., & Wethington, E. (2004). Chronic stressors and daily hassles: Unique and interactive relationships with psychological distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/002214650404500102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankar, A., McMunn, A., Banks, J., & Steptoe, A. (2011). Loneliness, social isolation, and behavioral and biological health indicators in older adults. Health Psychology, 30, 377–385. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022826
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simplican, S. C., Leader, G., Kosciulek, J., & Leahy, M. (2015). Defining social inclusion of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities: An ecological model of social networks and community participation. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 38, 18–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeekes, A., Verkuyten, M., Çelebi, E., Acartürk, C., & Onkun, S. (2017). Social identity continuity and mental health among Syrian refugees in Turkey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(10), 1317–1324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1424-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sodowsky, G. R., & Plake, B. S. (1991). Psychometric properties of the American-International relations scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 51(1), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164491511020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souto-Manning, M. (2014). Critical narrative analysis: The interplay of critical discourse and narrative analyses. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 27(2), 159–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2012.737046
   Google Scholar
• Spigel, B., & Bathelt, H. (2019). Questioning cultural narratives of economic development: An investigation of Kitchener-Waterloo. The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien, 63(2), 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/cag.12512
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2016). Labour force characteristics of immigrants by educational attainment, annual. https://doi.org/10.25318/1410008701-eng
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2017). Focus on Geography Series, 2016 Census. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/as-sa/fogs-spg/Facts-can-eng.cfm?Lang=Eng&GK=CAN&GC=01&TOPIC=1
   Google Scholar
• Stead, R., Shanahan, M. J., & Neufeld, R. W. (2010). “I’ll go to therapy, eventually”: Procrastination, stress and mental health. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(3), 175–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P., & Wardle, J. (2013). Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(15), 5797–5801. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2021.1976723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suto, M. J. (2013). Leisure participation and well-being of immigrant women in Canada. Journal of Occupational Science, 20(1), 48–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/14427591.2012.732914
   Google Scholar
• Tate, S. A., & Page, D. (2018). Whiteliness and institutional racism: Hiding behind (un) conscious bias. Ethics and Education, 13(1), 141–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/17449642.2018.1428718
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tebbe, E. A., & Moradi, B. (2016). Suicide risk in trans populations: An application of minority stress theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(5), 520–533. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira, C. (2009). New immigrant settlement in a mid-sized city: A case study of housing barriers and coping strategies in Kelowna, British Columbia. The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien, 53(3), 323–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.2009.00266.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira, C., & Drolet, J. L. (2018). Settlement and housing experiences of recent immigrants in small- and mid-sized cities in the interior of British Columbia (Canada). Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 33(1), 19–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10901-017-9550-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tirone, S., Livingston, L. A., Jordan Miller, A., & Smith, E. L. (2010). Including immigrants in elite and recreational sports: The experiences of athletes, sport providers and immigrants. Leisure/Loisir, 34(4), 403–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/14927713.2010.542887
   Google Scholar
• Tirone, S., & Pedlar, A. (2000). Understanding the Leisure Experiences of a Minority Ethnic Group: South Asian Teens and Young Adults in Canada. Loisir Et Société/Society and Leisure, 23(1), 145–169. https://doi.org/10.1080/07053436.2000.10715607
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomas, G. (2021). Understanding Filipino immigrants’ lived experiences of leisure and its roles in identity in times of un/underemployment. Healthy Populations Journal, 1(1), 72–76. https://doi.org/10.15273/hpj.v1i1.10583
   Google Scholar
• Torres, L., Driscoll, M. W., & Voell, M. (2012). Discrimination, acculturation, acculturative stress, and Latino psychological distress: A moderated mediational model. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 18(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tracy, S. J. (2013). Qualitative Research Methods: Collecting Evidence, Crafting Analysis, Communicating Impact. Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (n.d(a)). Definitions. https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/definitions
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (n.d.b). Universal Declaration of Human Rights. https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/#:~:text=Article%2024.,and%20periodic%20holidays%20with%20pay
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (n.d.). Migrant/Migration. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/migrant/
   Google Scholar
• Vengris, J. (2006). Recreation access for children and youth of Hamilton’s diverse communities: Opening doors, expanding opportunities. Social Planning & Research Council of Hamilton, 47. https://www.sprc.hamilton.on.ca/wp-content/uploads/2006/05/Recreation-Access-for-Children-and-Yuoth-of-Hamiltons-Diverse-Communities-Opening-Doors-Expanding-Opportunities-May-2006.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Walker, C. (2018). Are we there yet? A study of public space in midtown Kitchener-Waterloo [ Master’s thesis, University of Waterloo]. UWSpace.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C., & Burris, M. A. (1997). Photovoice: Concept, methodology, and use for participatory needs assessment. Health Education & Behaviour, 24(3), 369–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019819702400309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, L., & Palacios, E. L. (2017). The social and spatial patterning of life stress among immigrants in Canada. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 19(3), 665–673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0538-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheaton, B., & Montazer, S. (2010). Stressors, stress, and distress. A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health: Social Contexts, Theories, and Systems, 171–199. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511984945.013
   Google Scholar
• White, C. M., Hutchinson, S., Gallant, K., & Hamilton-Hinch, B. (2020). Beyond the barriers: First-voice perspectives on facilitators of leisure participation. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 39(1), 119–131. https://doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-2020-008
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, L., Bhattacharyya, P., Bucklaschuk, J., Shen, J., Chowdhury, I. A., & Edkins, T. (2016). Understanding job status decline among newcomers to Canada. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 48(3), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2016.0023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, A. (2019). A sorry state of affairs: Chinese arrivants. Indigenous Hosts, and Settler Colonial Apologies.
   Google Scholar
• Zuberi, D., Ivemark, B., & Ptashnick, M. (2018). Lagging behind in suburbia: Suburban versus urban newcomers’ employment settlement service outcomes in Metro Vancouver, Canada. The Social Science Journal, 55(4), 443–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar