Validation of the OpCost logging cost model using contractor surveys

References

• Ackerman P, Belbo H, Eliasson L, de Jong A, Lazdins A, Lyons J. 2014. The COST model for calculation of forest operations costs. Int J Forest Eng. 25:75–81.
   Google Scholar
• Acuna M, Kellogg LD. 2013. Evaluation of alternative cut-to-length harvesting technology for native forest thinning in Australia. Int J Forest Eng. 20:17–25.
   Google Scholar
• Adebayo AB, Han HS, Johnson L. 2007. Productivity and cost of cut-to-length and whole-tree harvesting in a mixed-conifer stand. Forest Prod J. 57:59–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agee J, Skinner C. 2005. Basic principles of forest fuel reduction treatments. Forest Ecol Manag. 211:83–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aquilino WS. 2009. Telephone versus face-to-face interviewing for household drug use surveys. Int J Addict. 271:71–91.
   Google Scholar
• Aubuchon R. 1982. Compendium of cable yarding production equations. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University.
   Google Scholar
• Barbour RJ, Fried JS, Daugherty PJ, Fight R. 2008. Predicting the potential mix of wood products available from timbershed scale fire hazard reduction treatments. For Policy Econ. 10:400–407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker RM, Keefe RF, Anderson NM. 2017. Use of real‐time GNSS-RF data to characterize the swing movements of forestry equipment. Forests. 8:44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behjou F, Majnounian B. 2009. Productivity and cost of manual felling with a chainsaw in Caspian forests. J Forest Sci. 55:96–100.
   Google Scholar
• Bell CK, Keefe RF. 2014. FVS-OpCost: a new forest operations cost simulator linked with FVS. 37th Council on Forest Engineering Annual Meeting; Moline, IL.
   Google Scholar
• Berhongaray G, El Kasmioui O, Ceulemans R. 2013. Comparative analysis of harvesting machines on an operational high-density short rotation woody crop (SRWC) culture: one-process versus two-process harvest operation. Biomass Bioenerg. 58:333–342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biesecker R, Fight R. 2006. My fuel treatment planner: a user guide. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station; Portland, Oregon. PNW-GTR-663. 31 p.
   Google Scholar
• Bolding MC, Landford BL. 2001. Forest fuel reduction and energywood production using a small chipper/CTL harvesting system. In: Proceedings of the 24th annual Council on Forest Engineering meeting: Appalachian hardwoods; managing change; Snowshoe, West Virginia; p. 65–70.
   Google Scholar
• Bolding MC, Lanford BL, Hall MWS. 2002. Productivity of a Ponsse Ergo harvester working on Steep Terrain. In: Proceedings, 25th Annual Council on Forest Engineering Meeting, Auburn, Alabama.
   Google Scholar
• Bolding MC, Lanford BL, Kellogg LD. 2003. Forest fuel reduction: current methods and future possibilities. In: Proceedings of the 2003 Council on Forest Engineering; 7–10 September 2003; Bar Harbor, Maine p. 7–10.
   Google Scholar
• Boswell B. 1998. Vancouver Island mechanized thinning trials. Technical Note. Forest Eng Research Inst of Canada. Pointe-Claire, British Columbia.
   Google Scholar
• Boswell B. 2001. Partial cutting with a cable yarding system in coastal British Columbia. Forest Eng Institute Can Res Note. 2:20.
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2015. Logging Workers: Occupational Employment Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/ooh/farming-fishing-and-forestry/logging-workers.htm. Last accessed 12 April 2017
   Google Scholar
• Cawrse D, Keyser C, Keyser T, Sanchez A, Smith-Mateja E, Van Dyke M. 2010. Forest vegetation simulator: model validation protocols. Fort Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service.
   Google Scholar
• Chein I. 1981. Appendix: an introduction to sampling. In: L.H. Kidder (Ed.); Selitz, Wrightsman and Cook’s Research Methods in Social Relations (4th Ed.) 423–440. Thousand Oaks, California. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Christian LE, Brackley AM. 2007. Helicopter logging productivity on harvesting operations in southeast Alaska, using ecologically based silvicultural prescriptions. West J of Appl Forestry. 22:142–147.
   Google Scholar
• Cuchet E. 2004. Performance of a logging residue bundler in the temperate forests of France. Biomass Bioenerg. 27:31–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daugherty PJ, Fried JS. 2007. Jointly optimizing selection of fuel treatments and siting of forest biomass-based energy production facilities for landscape-scale fire hazard reduction. INFOR. 45:353–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillman D. 2000. Mail and internet surveys: the tailored design method. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Dixon G. 2002. Essential FVS: A user’s guide to the forest vegetation simulator. Fort Collins (CO): USDA Forest Service.
   Google Scholar
• Dodson E, Hayes S, Meek J, Keyes CR. 2015. Montana logging machine rates. Int J Forest Eng. 26:85–95.
   Google Scholar
• Drews ES, Hartsough BR, Doyal JA, Kellogg LD. 2001. Harvester-forwarder and harvester-yarder systems for fuel reduction treatments. J Forest Engin. 12:81–91.
   Google Scholar
• Dykstra D, Hartsough B, Stokes B. 2009. Updating FRCS, the fuel reduction cost simulator for national biomass assessments. In: Proceedings of Environmentally Sound Forest Operations, 32nd Annual Meeting of the Council on Forest Engineering. Davis, California; University of California
   Google Scholar
• Dykstra DP. 1976. Production rates and cost for yarding by cable, balon, and helicopter compared for clearcutings and partial cutings. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University.
   Google Scholar
• Eliasson L. 1999. Simulation of thinning with a single-grip harvester. Forest Sci. 45:26–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher JG. 1986. Logging with a hydraulic excavator: a case study. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University.
   Google Scholar
• Flatten L 1991. The use of small helicopters for commercial thinning in steep, Mountainous Terrain [ MF thesis]. Corvallis (OR): Oregon State University.
   Google Scholar
• Fried JS, Gilless KJ. 1989. Notes: expert opinion estimation of fireline production rates. For Sci. 35:870–877.
   Google Scholar
• Fried JS, Loreno S, Sharma B, Starrs C, Stewart W. 2016. Inventory based landscape-scale simulation to assess effectiveness and feasibility of reducing fire hazards and improving forest sustainability in California with BioSum. Alternative and Renewable Fuel and Vehicle Technology Program – Final Project Report to the California Energy Commission. USFS PNW Research Station, Portland, OR 214 p.
   Google Scholar
• Fried JS, Potts LD, Loreno SM, Christensen GA, Barbour RJ. 2017. Inventory-based landscape scale simulation of management effectiveness and economic feasibility with BioSum. J Forest. 114. (In press)
   Google Scholar
• Ghaffariyan MR, Naghdi R, Ghajar I, Nikooy M. 2012. Time prediction models and cost evaluation of cut-to-length (CTL) harvesting method in a mountainous forest. Small-Scale For. 12:181–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilless JK, Fried JS. 2000. Generating beta random variables from probabilistic estimates of fireline production time. Ann Operations Res. 95:205–215.
   Google Scholar
• Goodman JS. 1996. Assessing the non-random sampling effects of subject attrition in longitudinal research. J Manag. 22:627–652.
   Google Scholar
• Goyder J. 1985. Face-to-face interviews and mailed questionnaires: the net difference in response rate. Public Opin Q. 49:234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartsough B, Fight R, Noordijk P 2006. Users guide for FRCS: fuel reduction cost simulator software. PNW-GTR-668. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station; Portland, Oregon. 23 p.
   Google Scholar
• Hartsough BR, Drews ES, McNeel JF, Durston TA, Stokes BJ. 1997. Comparison of mechanized systems for thinning Ponderosa pine and mixed conifer stands. Forest Prod J. 47:59–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartsough BR, Xiaoshan Z. 2001. Harvesting cost model for small trees in natural stands in the interior Northwest. For Prod J. 51:54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartsough BR, Zhang X, Fight RD. 2001. Harvesting cost model for small trees in natural stands in the interior Northwest. For Prod J. 51:54–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiesl P. 2013. Productivity standards for whole-tree and cut-to-length harvesting systems in Maine. Orono (ME): University of Maine.
   Google Scholar
• Hiesl P, Benjamin JG. 2012. Cycle time analysis of harvesting equipment from an early commercial thinning treatment in Maine. In: Proceedings of the 35th Council on Forest Engineering. New Bern, North Carolina.
   Google Scholar
• Holbrook AL, Green MC, Krosnick JA. 2003. Telephone versus face-to-face interviewing of national probability samples with long questionnaires. Public Opin Q. 67:79–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huyler NK, LeDoux CB. 1997. Cycle-time equation for the Koller K300 cable yarder operating on steep slopes in the Northeast. NE-705. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson RA, Keefe RF, Smith AMS, Metlen S, Saul DA, Newman SM, Laninga TJ, Inman D. 2016. Multi-spatial analysis of forest residue utilization for bioenergy. Biofuel Bioprod Bior. 10:560–575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain TB, B attaglia, MA., Han, HS, Graham, RT., Keyes, CR., Fried, JS., Sandquist, JE 2012. A comprehensive guide to fuel management practices for dry mixed conifer forests in the northwestern United States. RMRS-GTR-292. USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station; Fort Collins, Colorado. 331 p.
   Google Scholar
• Jiroušek R, Klvač R, Skoupý A. 2007. Productivity and costs of the mechanised cut-to-length wood harvesting system in clear-felling operations. J Forest Sci. 10:476–482.
   Google Scholar
• Kärhä K, Rönkkö E, Gumse S-I. 2004. Productivity and cutting costs of thinning harvesters. Int J Forest Eng. 15:43–56.
   Google Scholar
• Keefe R, Anderson N, Hogland J, Muhlenfeld K. 2014. Woody biomass logistics. In: Karlen, Douglas, ed. Cellulosic Energy Cropping Systems. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley and Sons. p. 251–279.
   Google Scholar
• Keegan III C, Niccolucci M, Fiedler C, Jones J, Regel R. 2002. Harvest cost collection approaches and associated equations for restoriation treaments on national forests. Forest Prod J. 52:96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klepac J, Rummer B, Thompson J 2006. Evaluation of a cut-to-length system implementing fuel reduction treatments on the Coconino National Forest in Arizona. The 29th Council on Forest Engineering Conference; p. 405–414.
   Google Scholar
• Klepac J, Rummer R, Thompson J. 2011. Harvesting small trees for bio-energy. In: Proceedings of the 34th Council on Forest Engineering Annual Meeting; Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, June 2011. 11 p.
   Google Scholar
• Kline JD. 2011. Issues in evaluating the costs and benefits of fuel treatments to reduce wildfire in the nation’s forests. PNW-RN-542. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Research Station; Portland, Oregon. 46 p.
   Google Scholar
• Kluender RA, Stokes BJ. 1996. Felling and skidding productivity and harvesting cost in southern pine forests. In: Proceedings: certification–Environmental implications for forestry operations; p. 35–39.
   Google Scholar
• LeDoux CB. 1987. Estimating yarding costs for the clearwater cable yarder. NE-RP-609. USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station; Broomall, Pennsylvania. 4 p.
   Google Scholar
• Lortz D, Kluender R, McCoy W. 1997. Manual felling time and productivity in southern pine forests. Forest Prod J. 47:59–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews DM. 1942. Cost control in the logging industry. McGraw-Hill. New York, New York and London, UK. 374 p.
   Google Scholar
• McHugh CW. 2006. Considerations in the use of models available for fuel treatment analysis. In: Andrews, PL, Butler, BW, comps. 2006. Fuels Management-How to Measure Success: Conference Proceedings. 28-30 March 2006; Portland, Oregon. RMRS-P-41. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Fort Collins, Colorado. p. 81–105.
   Google Scholar
• Mitro M. 2001. Ecological model testing: verification, validation, or neither. Bull Ecol Soc Am. 82:235–250.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, N. 1984. The accuracy of quantity surveyors' cost estimating. Constr Manage Econ. 2: 57–75.
   Google Scholar
• Miyata ES. 1980. Determining fixed and operating costs of logging equipment. General Technical Report NC-55. St. Paul (MN). USDA Forest Service North Central Experiment Station
   Google Scholar
• Numinen T, Korpunen H, Uusitalo J. 2006. Time consumption analysis of the mechanized cut-to-length harvesting system. Silva Fennica. 40:335–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen ED, Kellogg LD. 1983. Comparison of time-study techniques for evaluating logging production. Trans ASAE. 26:1665–1668.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce DW, Turner RK. 1990. Economics of natural resources and the environment. JHU Press. Baltimore, Maryland. 392 p.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson A. 2014. Equivalence: provides tests and graphics for assessing tests of equivalence. R package version 0.7.2. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=equivalence. Last accessed 4 May 2016. 22 p.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson A, Froese R. 2004. Model validation using equivalence tests. Ecol Model. 176:349–358.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Røpke I. 2004. The early history of modern ecological economics. Ecol Econ. 50:293–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rykiel E. 1996. Testing ecological models: the meaning of validation. Ecol Model. 90:229–244.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saralecos JD, Keefe RF, Tinkham WT, Brooks RH, Johnson LR. 2015. Operational influences affecting sawlog weight and volume relationships in the Intermountain West. For Prod J. 65:198–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sessions J, Boston K. 2013. Optimization of road spacing for log length shovel logging on gentle terrain. Int J of Forest Eng. 17:67–75.
   Google Scholar
• Sirén M, Aaltio H. 2003. Productivity and costs of thinning harvesters and harvester-forwarders. Int J Forest Eng. 14:39–48.
   Google Scholar
• Singleton Jr RA, Straits BC, Straits MM. 1993. Approaches to social research (2nd. ed.). Oxford University Press; New York, New York. 572 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Spinelli R, Cuchet E, Roux P. 2007. A new feller-buncher for harvesting energy wood: results from a European test programme. Biomass Bioenerg. 31:205–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinelli R, Magagnotti N. 2010. A tool for productivity and cost forecasting of decentralised wood chipping. Forest Pol Econ. 12:194–198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinelli R, Magagnotti N. 2014. Determining long-term chipper usage, productivity and fuel consumption. Biomass Bioenerg. 66:442–449.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stage AR. 1973. Prognosis model for stand development. INT-173. UDSA Forest Service Intermountain Range and Forest Experiment Station; Ogden, Utah.
   Google Scholar
• Tittle, CR. 1980. Sanctions and Social Deviance - The Question of Deterrence. Praeger Publishers; Westport, Connecticut. 365 p.
   Google Scholar
• Vanclay JK, Skovsgaard JP. 1997. Evaluating forest growth models. Eco Model. 98:1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser R, Spinelli R. 2012. Determining the shape of the productivity function for mechanized felling and felling-processing. J Forest R. 17:397–402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waltz AEM, Stoddard MT, Kalies EL, Springer JD, Huffman DW, Meador AS. 2014. Effectiveness of fuel reduction treatments: assessing metrics of forest resiliency and wildfire severity after the Wallow Fire, AZ. Forest Ecol Manag. 334:43–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Haarlaa R. 2002. Production analysis of an excavator-based harvester: a case study in Finnish forest operations. Forest Prod J. 52:85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Long C, McNeel J. 2004. Production and cost analysis of a feller-buncher and grapple skidder in central Appalachian hardwood forests. Forest Prod J. 54:159–167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiskittel A, Hann D, Vanclay Jr. JK. 2011. Forest growth and yield modeling. New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar