References
- Aidan D., Lestang P., Avan P., Bonfils P. Characteristics of transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOES) in neonates. Acta Otolaryngol 1997; 117(1)25–30
- American Speech-Language-Hearing Association 1978. Guidelines for manual pure-tone audiometry. ASHA, 20, 297–301.
- ANSI. 1989. Specifications for instruments to measure aural acoustic impedance and admittance (aural acoustic immittance). ANSI S3.39–1989. New York: American National Standards Institute.
- Bell A.C., Adair L.S., Popkin B.M. Ethnic differences between body mass index and hypertension. Am J Epidemiol 2002; 155(4)346–353
- Bilger R.C., Matthies M.L., Hammel D.R., Demorest M.E. Genetic implications of gender differences in the prevalence of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions. J Speech Hear Res 1990; 33: 418–432
- Bray P.J. 1989. Click-evoked otoacoustic emissions and the development of a clinical otoacoustic hearing test instrument. Doctoral dissertation, University of London.
- Chan J.C., McPherson B. Spontaneous and transient evoked otoacoustic emissions: A racial comparison. J Audiol Med 2001; 10: 20–32
- Chang S.O., Jang Y.J., Rhee C.K. Effects of middle ear effusion on transient evoked otoacoustic emissions in children. Auris Nasus Larynx 1998; 3: 243–47
- Corso J. Aging and auditory thresholds in men and women. Arch Environ Health 1963; 6: 350–356
- Don M., Ponton C., Eggermont J.J., Masuda A. Gender differences in cochlear response time: An explanation for gender amplitude differences in the unmasked auditory brainstem response. J Acoust Soc Am 1995; 94: 2135–2146
- Garber S.R., Turner C.W., Creel D., Witkop C.J., Jr. Auditory system abnormalities in human albinos. Ear Hear 1982; 3(4)207–10
- Greenhouse S.W., Geisser S. On methods in the analysis of profile data. Psychometrika 1959; 24: 95–112
- Kemp D.T., Chum R.A. Properties of the generator of stimulated acoustic emissions. Hear Res 1980; 2: 312–232
- Khalfa S., Morlet T., Micheyl C., Morgon A., Collet L. Evidence of peripheral hearing asymmetry in humans: Clinical implications. Acta Otolaryngol 1997; 117(2)192–6
- Koivunen P., Uhari M., Laitakari K., Alho O., Luotonen J. Otoacoustic emissions and tympanometry in children with otitis media. Ear Hear 2000; 21, 3: 212–217
- Kulawiec J.T., Orlando M.S. The contribution of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions to click-evoked otoacoustic emissions. Ear Hear 1995; 16(5)515–20
- Margolis R.H., Goycoolea H.G. Multifrequency tympanometry in normal adults. Ear Hear 1993; 6: 408–413
- Margolis R.H., Heller J.W. Screening tympanometry: Criteria for medical referral. Audiology 1987; 4: 197–208
- Martin G.K., Probst R., Lonsbury-Martin B.L. Otoacoustic emissions in human ears: Normative findings. Ear Hear 1990; 11: 106–120
- McFadden D. A speculation about the parallel ear asymmetries and sex differences in hearing sensitivity and otoacoustic emissions. Hear Res 1993; 68(2)143–51
- McFadden D., Loehlin J.C. On the heritability of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions: A twins study. Hear Res 1995; 85(1–2)181–98
- Middlebrooks J.C., Makous J.C, Green D.M. Directional sensitivity of sound-pressure levels in the human ear canal. J Acoust Soc Am 1989; 86(1)89–108
- Morlet T., Perrin E., Durrant J.D., Lapillonne A., Ferber C., et al. Development of cochlear active mechanisms in humans differs between gender. Neurosci Lett 1996; 220: 49–52
- Moulin A., Collet L., Veuillet E., Morgon A. Interrelations between transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions, spontaneous otoacoustic emissions, and acoustic distortion products in normally hearing subjects. Hear Res 1993; 65(1–2)216–33
- Owens J.J., McCoy M.J., Lonsbury-Martin B.L., Martin G.K. Influence of otitis media on evoked otoacoustic emissions in children. Semin Hear 1992; 3: 53–66
- Penner M.J., Glotzbach L., Huang T. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions: Measurement and data. Hear Res 1993; 68(2)229–37
- Plinkert P.K., Bootz F., Vossiek T. Influence of static middle ear pressure on transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions and distortion products. Ear Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1994; 2: 95–9
- Prieve B.A., Falter S.R. COAEs and SSOAEs in adults with increased age. Ear Hear 1995; 16(5)521–8
- Probst R. Otoacoustic emissions: “An overview. Advances in Otorhinolaryngology. Vol. 44. New Aspects of Cochlear Mechanics and Inner Ear Pathophysiology, C.R. Pflatz. Karger, Basel 1990; 1–91
- Relkin E.M. Introduction to analysis of the middle-ear. Physiology of the Ear, F. Jahn, J. Santos-Sacchi. Academic Press, New York 1988; 103–124
- Robinette M. Clinical observations with transient evoked otoacoustic emissions with adults. Semin Hear 1992; 13: 23–36
- Robinson P.M., Haughton P.M. Modification of evoked oto-acoustic emissions by changes in pressure in the external ear. Br J Audiol 1991; 2: 131–133
- Rosowski J.J. The effects of external- and middle-ear filtering on auditory threshold and noise-induced hearing loss. J Acoust Soc Am 1991; 90: 124–135
- Roup C.M., Wiley T.L., Safady S.H., Stoppenbach D.T. Tympanometric screening norms for adults. Am J Audiol 1998; 7: 55–60
- Rushton J.P. Cranial capacity related to sex, rank, and race in a strati?ed random sample of 6325 U.S. military personnel. Intelligence 1992; 16: 401–413
- Sato H., Sando I., Takahashi H. Sexual dimorphism and development of the human cochlea. Acta Otolaryngol 1991; 111: 1037–1040
- Saunders J.C., Duncan R.K., Doan D.E., Werner Y.L. The middle-ear of reptiles and birds. Comparative Hearing: Non Mammals, R. J. Dooling, N. Popper, R.R. Fay. Springer-Verlag, New York 1998
- Schloth E., Zwicker E. Mechanical and acoustical influences on spontaneous oto-acoustic emissions. Hear Res 1983; 3: 285–93
- Schmuziger N., Probst R., Smurzynski J. Otoacoustic emissions and extended high-frequency hearing sensitivity in young adults. Int J Audiol 2005; 44: 24–30
- Shahnaz N., Davies D. Immittance norms for Caucasian and Chinese young adults. Ear Hear 2006; 1: 75–90
- Shahnaz N., Polka L. Standard and multifrequency tympanometry in normal and otosclerotic ears. Ear Hear 1997; 18: 268–280
- Shahnaz N. & Bork K. 2006. In press. Wideband reflectance norms for Caucasian and Chinese young adults. Ear Hear (Dec 2006).
- Shanks J.E., Lilly D.J. An evaluation of tympanometric estimates of ear canal volume. J Sp Hear Res 1981; 24(4)557–566
- Shriver M.D., Parra E.J. Comparison of narrow-band reflectance spectroscopy and tristimulus colorimetry for measurements of skin and hair color in persons of different biological ancestry. Am J Phys Anthropol 2000; 112: 17–27
- Sininger Y., Cone-Wesson B., Abdala C. Gender distinctions and lateral asymmetry in the low-level auditory brainstem response of the human neonate. Hear Res 1998; 126: 58–66
- Statistics Canada (web site). January 19, 2004. Available at http://www.statcan.ca/english/concepts/definitions/race01.htm. Accessed January 21, 2004.
- Steel K.P., Palmer A. Basic mechanisms of hearing and hearing impairment. Genetics and Hearing Impairment, A. Martini, A. Reed, D. Stephens. Singular Publishing Group, San Diego 1996; 3–117
- Stover L., Norton S.J. The effects of aging on otoacoustic emissions. J Acoust Soc Am 1993; 94(5)2670–81
- Strickland E.A., Burns E.M., Tubis A. Incidence of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions in children and infants. J Acoust Soc Am 1985; 78: 931–935
- Tavartkiladze G.A., Gvelesiani T.G., Gunenkov A.V. Age effects on transient and distortion product otoacoustic emissions. Otoacoustic Emissions from Maturation to Aging. Book 1 in Series of Audiology, F. Grandori, L. Collett, P. Ravazzani. BC Decker, London 1999; 83–90
- Trine M.B., Hirsch J.E., Margolis R.H. The effect of middle ear pressure on transient evoked otoacoustic emissions. Ear Hear 1993; 6: 40–7
- Wan I.K., Wong L.L. Tympanometric norms for Chinese young adults. Ear Hear 2002; 5: 416–421
- Werner Y.L., Igic P.G. The middle-ear of gekkonoid lizards: Interspecific variation of structure in relation to body size and to auditory sensitivity. Hear Res 2002; 167(1–2)33–45
- Werner Y.L., Montgomery L.G., Safford S.D., Igic P.G., Saunders J.C. How body size affects middle-ear structure and function and auditory sensitivity in gekkonoid lizards. J Exp Biol 1998; 201: 487–502
- Whitehead M.L., Kamal N., Lonsbury-Martin B.L., Martin G.K. Spontaneous otoacoustic emissions in different racial groups. Scand Audiol 1993; 22: 3–10
- Wiley T.L., Cruickshanks K.J., Nondahl D.M., Tweed T.S. Aging and middle ear resonance. J Am Acad Audiol 1999; 10: 173–179