References
- Ahmed, S., S. Fallah, B. Garrido, A. Gross, M. King, et al. 2007. “Use of Portable Audio Devices by University Students.” Canadian Acoustics. 35 (1): 35–52.
- Arenas, J., and A. Suter. 2014. “Comparison of Occupational Noise Legislation in the Americas: An Overview and Analysis.” Noise & Health 16 (72): 306–319. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/1463-1741.140511.
- Basjo, S., C. Moller, S. Widen, G. Jutengren, and K. Kahari. 2016. “Hearing Thresholds, Tinnitus, and Headphone Listening Habits in Nine-Year-Old Children.” International Journal of Audiology 55 (10): 587–596. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14992027.2016.1190871.
- Breinbauer, H. A., J. L. Anabalón, D. Gutierrez, R. Cárcamo, C. Olivares, and J. Caro. 2012. “Output Capabilities of Personal Music Players and Assessment of Preferred Listening Levels of Test Subjects: Outlining Recommendations for Preventing Music-Induced Hearing Loss.” The Laryngoscope 122 (11): 2549–2556. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.23596.
- Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety. 2007. “What are the Occupational Exposure Limits for Workplace Noise?” Accessed 26 June 2020. http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/phys_agents/exposure_can.html
- Carhart, R., and J. F. Jerger. 1959. “Preferred Method for Clinical Determination of Pure-Tone Thresholds.” Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 24 (4): 330–345. [Database] doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/jshd.2404.330.
- Chen, Y., X. Li, Z. Xu, Z. Li, P. Zhang, Y. He, F. Wang, et al. 2011. “Ear Diseases among Secondary School Students in Xi’an, China: The Role of Portable Audio Device Use, Insomnia, and Academic Stress.” BMC Public Health 11 (1): 445–451. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-445.
- Dodd-Murphy, J., and N. Mamlin. 2002. “Minimizing Minimal Hearing Loss in the Schools: What Every Classroom Teacher Should Know.” Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth 46 (2): 86–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10459880209603352.
- Emmett, S. D., and H. W. Francis. 2015. “The Socioeconomic Impact of Hearing Loss in US Adults.” Otology & Neurotology 36 (3): 545–550. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0000000000000562.
- Feder, K., L. Marro, S. E. Keith, and D. S. Michaud. 2013. “Audiometric Thresholds and Portable Digital Audio Player User Listening Habits.” International Journal of Audiology 52 (9): 606–616. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2013.798687.
- Feder, K., L. Marro, J. McNamee, and D. Michaud. 2019. “Prevalence of Loud Leisure Noise Activities among a Representative Sample of Canadians Aged 6-79 years.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 146 (5): 3934–3946. doi:https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5132949.
- Feder, K., D. Michaud, J. McNamee, E. Fitzpatrick, H. Davies, and T. Leroux. 2017. “Prevalence of Hazardous Occupational Noise Exposure, Hearing Loss, and Hearing Protection Usage among a Representative Sample of Working Canadians.” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 59 (1): 92–113. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000920.
- Fischer, C., and J. E. Lieu. 2014. “Unilateral Hearing Loss Is Associated with a Negative Effect on Language Scores in Adolescents.” International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 78 (10): 1611–1617. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.07.005.
- Fitzpatrick, E. M., I. Gaboury, A. Durieux-Smith, D. Coyle, J. Whittingham, and F. Nassrallah. 2019. “Auditory and Language Outcomes in Children with Unilateral Hearing Loss.” Hearing Research 372: 42–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2018.03.015.
- Fligor, B. J., S. Levey, and T. Levey. 2014. “Cultural and Demographic Factors Influencing Noise Exposure Estimates from Use of Portable Listening Devices in an Urban Environment.” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 57 (4): 1535–1547. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/2014_JSLHR-H-12-0420.
- Gilliver, M., J. Nguyen, E. F. Beach, and C. Barr. 2017. “Personal Listening Devices in Australia: Patterns of Use and Levels of Risk.” Seminars in Hearing 38 (4): 282–297. doi:https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1606324.
- Girard, S. A., M. Picard, A. C. Davis, M. Simard, R. Larocque, T. Leroux, F. Turcotte, et al. 2009. “Multiple Work-Related Accidents: Tracing the Role of Hearing Status and Noise Exposure.” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 66 (5): 319–324. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2007.037713.
- Hodgetts, W. E., R. Szarko, and J. Rieger. 2009. “What is the Influence of Background Noise and Exercise on the Listening Levels of iPod Users?” International Journal of Audiology 48 (12): 825–832. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/14992020903082104.
- Hoover, A., and S. Krishnamurti. 2010. “Survey of College Students’ MP3 Listening: Habits, Safety Issues, Attitudes and Education.” American Journal of Audiology 19 (1): 73–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/1059-0889(2010/08-0036).
- Hussain, T., C. Chou, E. Zettner, P. Torre, S. Hans, J. Gauer, et al. 2018. “Early Indication of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Young Adult Users of Personal Listening Devices.” Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and Laryngology 127 (10): 703–709. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0003489418790284.
- Itu-T H.870. 2018. International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector. Series H: Audiovisual and Multimedia Systems. Guidelines for Safe Listening Devices/Systems. Recommendation ITU-T H.870. Geneva, Switzerland.
- Jerger, J. 1970. “Clinical Experience with Impedance Audiometry.” Archives of Otolaryngology 92.4: 311–324.
- Jiang, W., F. Zhao, N. Guderley, and V. Manchaiah. 2016. “Daily Music Exposure Dose and Hearing Problems Using Personal Listening Devices in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review.” International Journal of Audiology 55 (4): 197–205. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2015.1122237.
- Keith, S. E., D. S. Michaud, and V. Chiu. 2008. “Evaluating the Maximum Playback Sound Levels from Portable Digital Audio Players.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 123 (6): 4227–4237. doi:https://doi.org/10.1121/1.2904465.
- Kennedy, C. R., D. C. McCann, M. J. Campbell, C. M. Law, M. Mullee, S. Petrou, P. Watkin, et al. 2006. “Language Ability after Early Detection of Permanent Childhood Hearing Impairment.” The New England Journal of Medicine 354 (20): 2131–2141. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa054915.
- Kim, M. G., S. M. Hong, H. J. Shim, Y. D. Kim, C. I. Cha, and S. G. Yeo. 2009. “Hearing Threshold of Korean Adolescents Associated with the Use of Personal Music Players.” Yonsei Medical Journal 50 (6): 771–776. doi:https://doi.org/10.3349/ymj.2009.50.6.771.
- Kujawa, S. G., and M. C. Liberman. 2006. “Acceleration of Age-Related Hearing Loss by Early Noise Exposure: Evidence of a Misspent Youth.” The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 26 (7): 2115–2123. doi:https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4985-05.2006.
- Kumar, A., K. Mathew, S. A. Alexander, and C. Kiran. 2009. “Output Sound Pressure Levels of Personal Music Systems and Their Effect on Hearing.” Noise & Health 11 (44): 132–140. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/1463-1741.53357.
- Le Clercq, C. M. P., A. Goedegebure, V. W. V. Jaddoe, H. Raat, R. J. Baatenburg de Jong, and M. P. van der Schroeff. 2018. “Association Between Portable Music Player Use and Hearing Loss among Children of School Age in The Netherlands.” JAMA Otolaryngology- Head & Neck Surgery 144 (8): 668–675. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2018.0646.
- Le Clercq, C. M. P., G. van Ingen, L. Ruytjens, and M. P. van der Schroeff. 2016. “Music-Induced Hearing Loss in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Otology & Neurotology : official Publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology 37 (9): 1208–1216. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/MAO.0000000000001163.
- Le Prell, C. G., B. N. Hensley, K. C. M. Campbell, J. W. I. Hall, and K. Guire. 2011. “Hearing Outcomes in a “Normally-Hearing” College-Student Population: Evidence of Hearing Loss.” International Journal of Audiology 50 (sup1): S21–S23. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2010.540722.
- Le Prell, C. G., C. Spankovich, E. Lobarinas, and S. K. Griffiths. 2013. “Extended High-Frequency Thresholds in College Students: Effects of Music Player Use and Other Recreational Noise.” Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 24 (8): 725–739. doi:https://doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.24.8.9.
- Levey, S., T. Levey, and B. J. Fligor. 2011. “Noise Exposure Estimates of Urban MP3 Player Users.” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research : JSLHR 54 (1): 263–277. doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0283).
- Li, C. M., X. Zhang, H. Hoffman, M. F. Cotch, C. L. Themann, and M. R. Wilson. 2014. “Hearing Impairment Associated with Depression in US adults, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2010.” JAMA Otolaryngology- Head & Neck Surgery 140 (4): 293–302. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2014.42.
- Lieu, J. E. 2004. “Speech-Language and Educational Consequences of Unilateral Hearing Loss in Children.” Archives of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery 130 (5): 524–530. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.130.5.524.
- Lieu, J. E. C., N. Tye-Murray, R. K. Karzon, and J. F. Piccirillo. 2010. “Unilateral Hearing Loss Is Associated with Worse Speech-Language Scores in Children.” Pediatrics 125 (6): e1348–e1355. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-2448.
- Marron, K. H., B. Sproat, D. Ross, S. Wagner, and H. Alessio. 2014. “Music Listening Behavior, Health, Hearing and Otoacoustic Emission Levels.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11 (8): 7592–7607. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110807592.
- McNeill, K., S. E. Keith, K. Feder, A. T. Konkle, and D. S. Michaud. 2010. “MP3 Player Listening Habits of 17 to 23 Year Old University Students.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 128 (2): 646–653. doi:https://doi.org/10.1121/1.3458853.
- Moeller, M. P., J. B. Tomblin, C. Yoshinaga-Itano, C. M. Connor, and S. Jerger. 2007. “Current State of Knowledge: Language and Literacy of Children with Hearing Impairment.” Ear and Hearing 28 (6): 740–753. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e318157f07f.
- Mostafapour, S. P., K. Lahargoue, and G. A. Gates. 1998. “Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in Young Adults: The Role of Personal Listening Devices and Other Sources of Leisure Noise.” The Laryngoscope 108 (12): 1832–1839. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-199812000-00013.
- Neitzel, R. L., and B. Roberts. 2019. “Noise Exposure Limit for Children in Recreational Settings: Review of Available Evidence.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 146 (5): 3922–3933. doi:https://doi.org/10.1121/1.5132540.
- NIOSH. 1998. Criteria for a Recommended Standard Occupational Noise Exposure Revised Criteria 1998. Cincinnati, OH: National Institutes of Occupational Safety and Health.
- Niskar, A. S., S. M. Kieszak, A. E. Holmes, E. Esteban, C. Rubin, and D. J. Brody. 2001. “Estimated Prevalence of Noise-Induced Hearing Threshold Shifts among Children 6 to 19 Years of Age: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994, United States.” Pediatrics 108 (1): 40–43. [Database] doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.108.1.40.
- Pellegrino, E., C. Lorini, G. Alodi, C. Buonamici, G. Garofalo, and G. Bonaccorsi. 2013. “Music-Listening Habits with MP3 Player in a Group of Adolescents: A Descriptive Survey.” Annali di Igiene : Medicina Preventiva e di Comunità 25: 367–376.
- Peng, J. H., Z. Z. Tao, and Z. W. Huang. 2007. “Risk of Damage to Hearing from Personal Listening Devices in Young Adults.” The Journal of Otolaryngology 36 (3): 181–185.
- Portnuff, C. 2016. “Reducing the Risk of Music-Induced Hearing Loss from Overuse of Portable Listening Devices: Understanding the Problems and Establishing Strategies for Improving Awareness in Adolescents.” Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics 7: 27–35.
- Portnuff, C. D., B. J. Fligor, and K. H. Arehart. 2011. “Teenage Use of Portable Listening Devices: A Hazard to Hearing?” Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 22 (10): 663–677. doi:https://doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.22.10.5.
- Portnuff, C. D., B. J. Fligor, and K. H. Arehart. 2013. “Self-Report and Long-Term Field Measures of MP3 Player Use: How Accurate is Self-Report?” International Journal of Audiology 52 (sup1): S33–S40. doi:https://doi.org/10.3109/14992027.2012.745649.
- Rao, J. N. K., C. F. J. Wu, and K. Yue. 1992. “Some Recent Work on Resampling Methods for Complex Surveys.” Survey Methodology. Statistics Canada, Catalogue 12-001) 18 (2): 209–217.
- Rust, K. F., and J. N. K. Rao. 1996. “Variance Estimation for Complex Surveys Using Replication Techniques.” Statistical Methods in Medical Research 5 (3): 283–310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/096228029600500305.
- Schlauch, R. S., and E. Carney. 2011. “Are False-Positive Rates Leading to an Overestimation of Noise-Induced Hearing Loss?” Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 54 (2): 679–692. [Database] doi:https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0132).
- Serra, M. R., E. C. Biassoni, U. Richter, G. Minoldo, G. Franco, S. Abraham, J. A. Carignani, S. Joekes, and M. R. Yacci. 2005. “Recreational Noise Exposure and Its Effects on the Hearing of Adolescents. Part I: An Interdisciplinary Long-Term Study.” International Journal of Audiology 44 (2): 65–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14992020400030010.
- Serra, M. R, J. P. Villalobo, M. R. Yacci, M. Abraham, E. C. Biassoni, C. Curet, M. Hinalaf, S. Joekes, M. Pavlik, and A. Righetti. 2014. “Hearing and Loud Music Exposure in 14-15 Year Old Adolescents.” Noise and Health 16 (72): 320–330. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/1463-1741.140512.
- Shah, S.,. B. Gopal, J. Reis, and M. Novak. 2009. “Hear Today, Gone Tomorrow: An Assessment of Portable Entertainment Player Use and Hearing Acuity in a Community Sample.” The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine 22 (1): 17–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2009.01.080033.
- Statistics Canada. 2015. Canadian Health Measures Survey Data User Guide: Cycle 3. http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb-bmdi/document/5071_D4_T9_V2-eng.htm
- Sulaiman, A. H., R. Husain, and K. Seluakumaran. 2014. “Evaluation of Early Hearing Damage in Personal Listening Device Users Using Extended High-Frequency Audiometry and Otoacoustic Emissions.” European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery 271 (6): 1463–1470.
- Sulaiman, A. H., R. Husain, and K. Seluakumaran. 2015. “Hearing Risk among Young Personal Listening Device Users: Effects at High-Frequency and Extended High-Frequency Audiogram Thresholds.” The Journal of International Advanced Otology 11 (2): 104–109. doi:https://doi.org/10.5152/iao.2015.699.
- Sulaiman, A. H., K. Seluakumaran, and R. Husain. 2013. “Hearing Risk Associated with the Usage of Personal Listening Devices among Urban High School Students in Malaysia.” Public Health 127 (8): 710–715. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2013.01.007.
- Taneja, V., S. K. Chadha, A. Gulati, and A. Sayal. 2015. “Personal Music Devices: An Assessment of User Profile and Potential Hazards.” Otolaryngol 5 (6): 214.
- Torre, P. 2008. “Young Adults' Use and Output Level Settings of Personal Music Systems.” Ear and Hearing 29 (5): 791–799. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/AUD.0b013e31817e7409.
- Twardella, D., U. Raab, C. Perez-Alvarez, T. Steffens, G. Bolte, and H. Fromme. 2017. “Usage of Personal Music Players in Adolescents and Its Association with Noise-Induced Hearing Loss: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Ohrkan Cohort Study Data.” International Journal of Audiology 56 (1): 38–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14992027.2016.1211762.
- Van Kamp, I., and H. Davies. 2013. “Noise and Health in Vulnerable Groups: A Review.” Noise & Health 15 (64): 153–159. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/1463-1741.112361.
- Vogel, I., J. Brug, C. P. Van der Ploeg, and H. Raat. 2011. “Adolescents Risky MP3-Player Listening and Its Psychosocial Correlates.” Health Education Research 26 (2): 254–264. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyq091.
- Vogel, I., H. Verschuure, C. P. van der Ploeg, J. Brug, and H. Raat. 2010. “ Estimating Adolescent Risk for Hearing Loss Based on Data from a Large School-Based Survey.” American Journal of Public Health 100 (6): 1095–1100. doi:https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.168690.
- Vogel, I., H. Verschuure, C. P. van der Ploeg, J. Brug, and H. Raat. 2009. “Adolescents and MP3 Players: Too Many Risks, Too Few Precautions.” Pediatrics 123 (6): e953–e958. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2008-3179.
- Wake, M., and Z. Poulakis. 2004. “Slight and Mild Hearing Loss in Primary School Children.” Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 40 (1-2): 11–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2004.00282.x.
- Wake, M., S. Tobin, B. Cone-Wesson, H.-H. Dahl, L. Gillam, L. McCormick, Z. Poulakis, et al. 2006. “Slight/Mild Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Children.” Pediatrics 118 (5): 1842–1851. doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-3168.
- Widen, S. E., S. Basjo, C. Moller, and K. Kahari. 2017. “Headphone Listening Habits and Hearing Thresholds in Swedish Adolescents.” Noise and Health 19 (88): 125–132. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/nah.NAH_65_16.
- Williams, W. 2005. “Noise Exposure Levels from Personal Stereo Use.” International Journal of Audiology 44 (4): 231–236. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14992020500057673.
- World Health Organization (WHO). 2019. New WHO-ITU Standard Aims to Prevent Hearing Loss among 1.1 Billion Young People. https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/12-02-2019-new-who-itu-standard-aims-to-prevent-hearing-loss-among-1.1-billion-young-people