Diagnostic Comorbidity in Psychotic Offenders and Their Criminal History: A Review of the Literature

REFERENCES

• Angermeyer , M. C. 2000 . Schizophrenia and violence . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 102 : 63 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appelbaum , P. S. , Robbins , P. C. and Monahan , J. 2000 . Violence and delusions: data from the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment . American Journal of Psychiatry , 157 : 566 – 572 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arseneault , L. , Moffitt , T. E. , Caspi , A. , Taylor , P. J. and Silva , P. A. 2000 . Mental disorders and violence in a total birth cohort: Results from the Dunedin Study . Archives of General Psychiatry , 57 : 979 – 986 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow , K. , Grenyer , B. and Ilkiw-Lavalle , O. 2000 . Prevalence and precipitants of aggression in psychiatric inpatient units . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 34 : 967 – 974 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter , R. , Rabe-Hesketh , S. and Parrott , J. 1999 . Characteristics, needs and reoffending in a group of patients with schizophrenia formerly treated in medium security . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry , 10 : 69 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen , S. , Gotzsche-Larsen , K. , Norrie , B. , Harder , L. and Luxhoi , A. 1996 . Patient violence in a psychiatric hospital in Denmark: Rate of violence and relation to diagnosis . Nordic Journal of Psychiatry , 50 : 233 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchard , J. J. , Brown , S. A. , Horan , W. P. and Sherwood , A. R. 2000 . Substance use disorders in schizophrenia: review, integration, and a proposed model . Clinical Psychology Review , 2 : 207 – 234 .
   Google Scholar
• Cantor-Graae , E. , Nordström , L. G. and McNeil , T. F. 2001 . Substance abuse in schizophrenia: A review of the literature and a study of correlates in Sweden . Schizophrenia Research , 48 : 69 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coid , B. , Lewis , S. W. and Revely , A. M. 1993 . A twin study of psychosis and criminality . British Journal of Psychiatry , 162 : 87 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , D. J. , Michie , C. , Hart , S. D. and Clark , D. A. 2004 . Reconstructing psychopathy: Clarifying the significance of antisocial and socially deviant behaviour in the diagnosis of psychopathy personality disorder? . Journal of Personality Disorders , 18 : 337 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbett , M. , Duggan , C. and Larkin , E. 1998 . Substance misuse and violence: A comparison of special hospital inpatients diagnosed with either schizophrenia or personality disorder . Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health , 8 : 311 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Crocker , A. , Mueser , K. T. , Drake , R. E. , Clark , R. E. , McHugo , G. J. , Ackerson , T. H. and Alterman , A. I. 2005 . Antisocial personality, psychopathy, and violence in persons with dual disorders: A longitudinal analysis . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 32 : 452 – 476 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuffel , B. J. , Shunway , M. , Chouljian , T. L. and MacDonald , T. 1994 . A longitudinal study of substance use and community violence in schizophrenia . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 182 : 704 – 708 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolan , M. and Davies , G. 2006 . Psychopathy and institutional outcome in patients with schizophrenia in forensic settings in the UK . Schizophrenia Research , 81 : 277 – 281 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eronen , M. , Angermeyer , M. C. and Schulze , B. 1998 . The psychiatric epidemiology of violent behaviour . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 33 : S13 – S23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eronen , M. , Tiihonen , J. and Hakola , P. 1996 . Schizophrenia and homicidal behavior . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 22 : 83 – 89 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eronen , M. , Tiihonen , J. and Hakola , P. 1997 . Psychiatric disorders and violent behavior . International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice , 1 : 179 – 188 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foley , S. R. , Kelly , B. D. , Clarke , M. , McTigue , O. , Gervin , M. Kamali , M. 2005 . Incidence and clinical correlates of aggression and violence at presentation in patients with first episode psychosis . Schizophrenia Research , 72 : 161 – 168 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fresán , A. , Apiquian , R. , Fuente-Sandoval , C. , de , la , Loyzaga , C. , Garcia-Anaya , M. , Meyenberg , N. and Nicolini , H. 2005 . Violent behavior in schizophrenic patients: Relationship with clinical symptoms . Aggressive Behavior , 31 : 511 – 520 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glancy , G. D. and Regehr , C. 1992 . The forensic psychiatric aspects of schizophrenia . The Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 15 : 575 – 589 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goethals , K. R. , Buitelaar , J. K. and van Marle , H. J. C. 2007 . Psychotic symptoms and prior use of psychiatric services in psychotic offenders detained under the Dutch Entrustment Act (TBS): An exploratory study , Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar
• Goethals , K. R. , Buitelaar , J. K. and van Marle , H. J. C. 2008 . The role of substance abuse in psychotic versus personality disordered offenders detained under the Dutch Entrustment Act (TBS): An exploratory study . International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction , 6 : 389 – 401 .
   Google Scholar
• Hare , R. D. 1991 . The Hare Psychopathy Checklist Revised , Multi-Health Systems .
   Google Scholar
• Hodgins , S. 1992 . Mental disorder, intellectual deficiency, and crime: Evidence from a birth cohort . General Psychiatry , 49 : 476 – 483 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgins , S. and Côté , G. 1993a . The criminality of mentally disordered offenders . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 20 : 115 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgins , S. and Côté , G. 1993b . Major mental disorders and antisocial personality disorder: A criminal combination . The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law , 21 : 155 – 160 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hodgins , S. , Hiscoke , U. L. and Freese , R. 2003 . The antecedents of aggressive behavior among men with schizophrenia: A prospective investigation of patients in community treatment . Behavioral Sciences and the Law , 21 : 523 – 546 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgins , S. , Lapalme , M. and Toupin , J. 1999 . Criminal activities and substance use of patients with major affective disorders and schizophrenia: A 2-year follow-up . Journal of Affective Disorders , 55 : 187 – 202 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgins , S. , Mednick , S. A. , Brennan , P. A. , Schulsinger , F. and Enberg , M. 1996 . Mental disorder and crime. Evidence from a Danish birth cohort . Archives of General Psychiatry , 53 : 489 – 496 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoptman , M. J. , Yates , K. F. , Patalinjug , M. B. , Wack , R. C. and Convit , A. 1999 . Clinical prediction of assaultive behavior among male psychiatric patients at a maximum-security forensic facility . Psychiatric Services , 50 : 1461 – 1466 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay , S. R. , Fiszbein , A. and Opler , L. A. 1987 . The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 13 : 261 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kay , S. R. , Wolkenfeld , F. and Murrill , L. M. 1988 . Profiles of aggression among psychiatric patients: I. Nature and prevalence . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders , 176 : 539 – 546 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindqvist , P. and Allebeck , P. 1990 . Schizophrenia and crime: A longitudinal follow-up of 644 schizophrenics in Stockholm . British Journal of Psychiatry , 157 : 345 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles , H. , Johnson , S. , Amponsah-Afuwape , S. , Finch , E. , Leese , M. and Thornicroft , G. 2003 . Characteristics of subgroups of individuals with psychotic illness and a comorbid substance use disorder . Psychiatric Services , 54 : 554 – 561 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modestin , J. and Ammann , R. 1995 . Mental disorders and criminal behaviour . British Journal of Psychiatry , 166 : 667 – 675 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modestin , J. and Ammann , R. 1996 . Mental disorder and criminality: Male schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 22 : 69 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modestin , J. and Würmle , O. 2005 . Criminality in men with major mental disorder with and without comorbid substance abuse . Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , 59 : 25 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt , T. E. and Caspi , A. 2001 . Childhood predictors differentiate life-course persistent and adolescence-limited antisocial pathways among males and females . Development and Psychopathology , 13 : 355 – 375 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monahan , J. and Steadman , H. 1994 . Violence and mental disorder: Developments in risk assessment , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moran , P. , Walsh , E. , Tyrer , P. , Burns , T. , Creed , F. and Fahy , T. 2003 . Impact of comorbid personality disorder on violence in psychosis: Report from the UK700 trial . British Journal of Psychiatry , 182 : 129 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran , P. and Hodgins , S. 2004 . The correlates of comorbid antisocial personality disorder in schizophrenia . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 30 : 791 – 802 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munkner , R. , Haastrup , S. , Jorgensen , T. , Andreasen , A. H. and Kramp , P. 2003 . Taking cognizance of mental illness in schizophrenics and its association with crime and substance-related diagnoses . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 107 : 111 – 117 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muntaner , C. , Wolyniec , P. , McGrath , J. and Pulver , A. E. 1998 . Arrest among psychotic inpatients: Assessing the relationship to diagnosis, gender, number of admissions, and social class . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 33 : 274 – 282 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nedopil , N. , Hollweg , M. , Hartmann , J. and Jaser , R. 1995 . Comorbidity of psychopathy with major mental disorders . Issues in Criminological and Legal Psychology , 24 : 115 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Nijman , H. , Cima , M. and Merckelbach , H. 2003 . Nature and antecedents of psychotic patients’ crimes . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology , 14 : 1 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan , K. A. , Czobor , P. , Roy , B. B. , Platt , M. M. , Shope , C. B. , Citrome , L. L. and Volavka , J. 2003 . Characteristics of assaultive behavior among psychiatric inpatients . Psychiatric Services , 54 : 1012 – 1016 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolan , K. A. , Volavka , J. , Mohr , P. and Czobor , P. 1999 . Psychopathy and violent behaviour among patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder . Psychiatric Services , 50 : 787 – 792 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otto , R. K. 2000 . Assessing and managing violence risk in outpatient settings . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 56 : 1239 – 1262 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Panhuis , P. J. A. 1997 . De psychotische patiënt in de TBS. Van kwaad tot erger. [The psychotic patient detained under the Dutch Entrusment Act. From bad to worse.] , Dissertation, Leiden University. Gouda Quint .
   Google Scholar
• van Panhuis , P. J. A. and Dingemans , P. M. 2000 . Geweld en psychotische ziekte (Violence and psychotic disorder) . Tijdschrift voor Psychiatrie , 11 : 793 – 802 .
   Google Scholar
• Phillips , P. 2000 . Substance misuse, offending and mental illness: A review . Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing , 7 : 483 – 489 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Putkonen , A. , Kotilainen , I. , Joyal , C. C. and Tiihonen , J. 2004 . Comorbid personality disorders and substance use disorders of mentally ill homicide offenders: A structured clinical study on dual and triple diagnoses . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 30 : 59 – 72 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Räsänen , P. , Tiihonen , J. , Isohanni , M. , Rantakallio , P. , Lehtonen , J. and Moring , J. 1998 . Schizophrenia, alcohol abuse, and violent behavior: A 26-year follow-up study of an unselected birth cohort . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 24 : 437 – 441 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen , K. and Levander , S. 1996 . Symptoms and personality characteristics of patients in a maximum security psychiatric unit . International Journal of Law and Psychiatry , 19 : 27 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen , K. , Levander , S. and Sletvold , H. 1995 . Aggressive and non-aggressive schizophrenics: Symptom profile and neuropsychological differences . Psychology, Crime and Law , 2 : 119 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice , M. E. and Harris , G. T. 1995 . Psychopathy, schizophrenia, alcohol abuse, and recidivism . International Journal of Law and Psychiatry , 18 : 333 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , J. and Hucker , S. 1994 . Schizophrenia and substance abuse . British Journal of Psychiatry , 165 : 13 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soliman , A. E. and Reza , H. 2001 . Risk factors and correlates of violence among acutely ill adult psychiatric inpatients . Psychiatric Services , 52 : 75 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soyka , M. 2000 . Substance misuse, psychiatric disorder and violent and disturbed behaviour . British Journal of Psychiatry , 176 : 345 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer , R. L. and Williams , J. B. 1986 . Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R – Patient Version (SCID-P) , New York : New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research .
   Google Scholar
• Steele , J. , Darjee , R. and Thomson , L. D. G. 2003 . Substance dependence and schizophrenia in patients with dangerous, violent and criminal propensities: a comparison of comorbid and non-co-morbid patients in a high-security setting . Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology , 14 : 569 – 584 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinert , T. , Hermer , K. and Faust , V. 1996 . Comparison of aggressive and non-aggressive schizophrenic inpatients matched for age and sex . European Journal of Psychiatry , 10 : 100 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinert , T. , Voellner , A. and Faust , V. 1998 . Violence and schizophrenia: Two types of criminal offenders . European Journal of Psychiatry , 12 : 153 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinert , T. , Wiebe , C. and Gebhardt , R. P. 1999 . Aggressive behavior against self and others among first-admission patients with schizophrenia . Psychiatric Services , 50 : 85 – 90 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinert , T. , Wölfle , M. and Gebhardt , R. P. 2000 . Measurement of violence during in-patient treatment and association with psychopathology . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 102 : 107 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stompe , T. , Ortwein-Swoboda , G. and Schanda , H. 2004 . Schizophrenia, delusional symptoms, and violence: the threat/control override concept reexamined . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 30 : 31 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , J. , Estroff , S. , Swartz , M. , Borum , R. , Lachicotte , W. , Zimmer , C. and Wagner , R. 1997 . Violence and severe mental disorder in clinical and community populations: The effects of psychotic symptoms, comorbidity, and lack of treatment . Psychiatry , 60 : 1 – 22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , J. W. , Borum , R. , Swartz , M. S. and Monahan , J. 1996 . Psychotic symptoms and disorders and the risk of violent behaviour in the community . Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health , 6 : 309 – 329 .
   Google Scholar
• Swartz , M. S. , Swanson , J. W. , Hiday , V. A. , Borum , R. , Wagner , H. R. and Burns , B. J. 1998 . Violence and severe mental illness: The effects of substance abuse and nonadherence to medication . American Journal of Psychiatry , 155 : 226 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor , P. J. , Leese , M. , Williams , D. , Butwell , M. , Daly , R. and Larkin , E. 1998 . Mental disorder and violence: A special (high security) hospital study . British Journal of Psychiatry , 172 : 218 – 226 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tengström , A. 2001 . Long-term predictive validity of historical factors in two risk assessment instruments in a group of violent offenders with schizophrenia . Nordic Journal of Psychiatry , 55 : 243 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tengström , A. , Grann , M. , Langström , N. and Kullgren , G. 2000 . Psychopathy (PCL-R) as a predictor of violent recidivism among criminal offenders with schizophrenia . Law and Human Behavior , 24 : 45 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tengström , A. , Hodgins , S. and Kullgren , G. 2001 . Men with schizophrenia who behave violently: The usefulness of an early- versus late-start offender typology . Schizophrenia Bulletin , 27 : 205 – 218 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teplin , L. A. , Abram , K. M. and McClelland , G. M. 1994 . Does psychiatric disorder predict violent crime among released jail detainees? A six-year longitudinal study . American Psychologist , 49 : 335 – 342 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiihonen , J. , Isohanni , M. , Räsänen , P. , Koiranen , M. and Moring , J. 1997 . Specific major mental disorders and criminality: A 26-year prospective study of the 1966 Northern Finland birth cohort . American Journal of Psychiatry , 154 : 840 – 845 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villeneuve , D. B. and Quinsey , V. L. 1995 . Predictors of general and violent recidivism among mentally disordered inmates . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 22 : 397 – 410 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh , E. , Buchanan , A. and Fahy , T. 2002 . Violence and schizophrenia: Examining the evidence . British Journal of Psychiatry , 180 : 490 – 495 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessely , S. 1998 . The Camberwell study of crime and schizophrenia . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology , 33 : S24 – S28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessely , S. C. , Castle , D. , Douglas , A. J. and Taylor , P. J. 1994 . The criminal careers of incident cases of schizophrenia . Psychological Medicine , 24 : 483 – 502 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar