Violence Risk Assessment of Civil Psychiatric Patients with the HCR-20: Does Gender Matter?

References

• Andrews, D. A., Guzzo, L., Raynor, P., Rowe, R. C., Rettinger, L. J., Brews, A., & Wormith, J. S. (2012). Are the major risk/need factors predictive of both female and male reoffending? A test with the eight domains of the level of service/case management inventory. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 56, 113–133. doi: 10.1177/0306624×10395716.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder, R. L., & McNiel, D. E. (1990). The relationship of gender to violent behavior in acutely disturbed psychiatric patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 51, 110–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choe, J. Y., Teplin, L. A., & Abram, K. M. (2008). Perpetration of violence, violent victimization, and severe mental illness: Balancing public health concerns. Psychiatric Services, 59, 153–164. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.59.2.153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coid, J., Yang, M., Ullrich, S., Zhang, T., Sizmur S., Roberts, C., & Rogers, R. D. (2009). Gender differences in structured risk assessment: Comparing the accuracy of five instruments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 7, 337–348. doi: 10.1037/a0015155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daffern, M., & Howells, K. (2007). The prediction of imminent aggression and self-harm in personality disordered patients of a high security hospital using the HCR-20 clinical scale and the dynamic appraisal of situational aggression. International Journal of Forensic mental Health, 6(2), 137–143. doi: 10.1037/t01167-000.
   Google Scholar
• Daniel, A. E., & Flemming, J. (2005). Serious suicide attempts in a state correctional system and strategies to prevent suicide. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 33, 227–247.
   Google Scholar
• de Vogel, V., & de Ruiter, C. (2005). The HCR-20 in personality disordered female offenders: A comparison with a matched sample of males. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 12, 226–240. doi: 10.1002/cpp.452.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vogel, V., & de Vries Robbé, (2011, June). Risk assessment in female forensic psychiatric patients. First results with new gender-sensitive risk assessment guidelines. Paper presented at the 11th conference of the International association of Forensic Mental Health Services, Barcelona, Spain.
   Google Scholar
• de Vogel, V., de Vries Robbé, M., van Kalmthout, W., & Place, C. (2012). Female Additional Manual (FAM). Additional guidelines to the HCR-20 for assessing risk for violence in women. English version. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Van der Hoeven Kliniek.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas, K. S., Hart, S. D., Webster, C. D., & Belfrage, H. (2013). HCR-20^V3, Historical-Clinical- Risk Management 20 (Version 3) Violence Risk Assessment Guidelines. Burnaby, Canada: Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas, K. S., & Kropp, P. R. (2002). A prevention-based paradigm for violence risk assessment: Clinical and research applications. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29(5), 617–658. doi: 10.1177/009385402236735.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, K. S., Ogloff, J. R. P., Nicholls, T. L. & Grant, I. (1999). Assessing risk for violence among psychiatric patients: The HCR-20 violence risk assessment scheme and the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 917–930.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas, K. S., Ogloff, J. R. P., & Hart, S. D. (2003). Evaluation of a model of violence risk assessment among forensic psychiatric patients. Psychiatric Services, 54, 1372–1379. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.54.10.1372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, K. S., & Reeves, K. (2010). The HCR-20 violence risk assessment scheme: Overview and review of the research. In R. K. Otto & K. S. Douglas (Eds.), Handbook of violence risk assessment (pp. 147–185). New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, W. P., Marte, R. M., Betts, S., & Silliman, B. (2001). Adolescent suicide risk and peer-related violent behaviours and victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16(12), 1330–1348. doi:10.1177/088626001016012006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazel, S., Singh J. P., Doll, H., & Grann, M (2012). Use of risk assessment instruments to predict violence and antisocial behaviour in 73 samples involving 24 827 people: systematic review and meta-analysis. British Medical Journal, 345:e4692. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e4692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Mansilla, A., Rosenfeld, B., & Cruise, K. R. (2011). Violence risk assessment and women: Predictive accuracy of the HCR-20 in a civil psychiatric sample. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 29, 623–633. doi:10.1002/bsl.1005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Mansilla, A., Rosenfeld, B., & Nicholls, T. L. (2009). Risk assessment: Are current methods applicable to women? International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 8, 50–61. doi:10.1080/14999010903014747.
   Google Scholar
• Graham-Kevan, N. (2007). Power and control in relationship aggression. In J. Hamel & T. L. Nicholls (Eds.), A handbook of gender-inclusive theory and treatment: Family Interventions in domestic violence (pp. 87–108). New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, N. S., Hill, C., McGleish, A., Timmons, D., MacCulloch, M. J., Snowden R. J. (2003). Prediction of violence and self-harm in mentally disordered offenders: a prospective study of the efficacy of HCR–20, PCL–R and psychiatric symptomology. Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 71, 443–451. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guy, L. S. (2008). Performance indicators of the structured professional judgment approach for assessing risk for violence to others: A meta-analytic survey. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, S. D., Cox, D. N., & Hare, R. D. (1995). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL: SV). Toronto, Canada: Multi-health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, S. D., Douglas, K. S., & Webster, C. D. (2001). Risk management using the HCR-20: A general overview focusing on historical factors. In K. S. Douglas, C. D. Webster, S. D. Hart, D. Eaves, & J. R. P. Ogloff (Eds.), HCR-20 violence risk management companion guide (pp. 27–40). Burnaby, Canada/Tampa, FL: Simon Fraser University, Mental Health, Law, & Policy Institute/University of South Florida, Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, Florida Mental Health Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Heilbrun, K., Dematteo, D., Fretz, R., Erickson, J., Yasuhara, K., & Anumba, N. (2008). How specific are gender-specific rehabilitation needs? An empirical analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 1382–1397. doi:10.1177/0093854808323678.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillbrand, M. (2001). Homicide-suicide and other forms of co-occurring aggression against self and against others. Professional Psychology: Research & Practice, 32, 626–635. doi:10.1037/0735-7028.32.6.626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levene, K. S., Augimeri, L. K., Pepler, D. J., Walsh, M. M., Webster, C. D., & Koegl, C. J. (2001). Early assessment risk list for girls: EARL-21G. Version 1: Consultation version. Toronto, Canada: Earlscourt Child and Family Centre. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.32.6.626.
   Google Scholar
• Lidz, W., Mulvey E. P., & Gardner, W. (1993). The accuracy of predictions of violence to others. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 269(8), 1007–1011. doi:10.1001/jama.1993.03500080055032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manchak, S. M., Skeem, J. L., Douglas, K. S., Siranosian, M. (2009). Does gender moderate the predictive utility of the level of service inventory—Revised (LSI-R) for Serious Violent Offenders? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(5), 425–442. doi: 10.1177/0093854809333058.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeown, A. (2010). Female offenders: Assessment of risk in forensic settings. Aggression and Violent Behavior. [Online] Retrived from http://www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.lib.sfu.ca/science?_ob=ArticleListURL&_ method=list&_ArticleListID=1466423167&_sort=r&_st=13&view=c&_acct=C000049301&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=955653&md5=c9a73962cab4ae4c1332ea75da491eaf&searchtype=a.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monahan, J., Steadman, H. J., Silver, E., Appelbaum, P. S., Robbins, P. C., Mulvey, E. P., Roth, L. H., Grisso, T., & Banks, S. (2001). Rethinking risk assessment: The MacArthur Study of mental disorder and violence. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mossman, D. (1994). Assessing predictions about violence: Being accurate about accuracy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 783–792. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.62.4.783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motz, A. (2008). The psychology of female violence (2nd ed.): Crimes against the body. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls, T. L. (1997). Comparing risk assessments with male and female psychiatric patients: The utility of the HCR-20 and PCL:SV. Master's thesis, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada. [Online] Retrieved from http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/bitstream/1892/8714/1/b18913970.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls, T. L. (2001). Violence risk assessment with female NCRMD acquittees: Validity of the HCR-20 and PCL:SV. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls, T. L., Brink, J., Desmarais, S. L., Webster, C. D., & Martin, M.-L. (2006). The Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START): A prospective validation study in a forensic psychiatric sample. Assessment, 13(3), 313–327. doi: 10.1177/1073191106290559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, T. L., Brink, J., & Greaves, C., Lussier, P., & Verdun-Jones, S. (2009). Forensic psychiatric inpatients and aggression: An exploration of incidence, prevalence, severity, and interventions by patient gender. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 23–30. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2008.11.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, T. L., Crocker A. G., Seto M. C., Wilson, C. M., Charette, Y., & Côté, G. (2015). The National Trajectory Project of individuals found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder. Part 5: How essential are gender-specific forensic psychiatric services? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 60(3), 135–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, T. L., Cruise, K. R., Greig, D., & Hinz, H. (2015). Female offenders. In B. L. Cutler, P. A. Zapf (Eds.), APA handbook of forensic psychology, Vol. 2: Criminal investigation, adjudication, and sentencing outcomes (pp. 79–123). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14462-004.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls, T. L., Greaves, C., Greig, D., & Moretti, M. (in press). Aggression: gender differences in. In A. Jamieson & A. Moenssens (Eds.). Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls, T. L., Ogloff, J. R. P., & Douglas, K. S. (2004). Assessing risk for violence among male and female civil psychiatric patients: The HCR-20, PCL:SV, and VSC. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 22, 127–158. doi: 10.1002/bsl.579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odgers, C. L., Moretti, M. M., & Reppucci, N. D. (2005). Examining the science and practice of violence risk assessment with female adolescents. Law and Human Behavior, 29(1), 7–27. doi: 10.1007/s10979-005-1397-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Shea, L. E., Picchioni, M. M., Mason, F. L., Sugarman, P. A., & Dickens G. L. (2014a). Differential predictive validity of the Historical, Clinical and Risk Management Scales (HCR-20) for inpatient aggression. Psychiatry Research, 220, 669–678. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Shea, L. E., Picchioni, M. M., Mason, F. L., Sugarman, P. A., & Dickens G. L. (2014b). Predictive validity of the HCR-20 for inpatient self-harm. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55, 1937–1949. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.07.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otto, R. K. (2000). Assessing and managing violent risk in outpatient settings. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 1239–1262. doi: 10.1002/1097-4679(200010)56:10<1239::AID-JCLP2>3.0.CO;2-J.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritchard, A. A., Blanchard, A. J. E., Strub, D. S., Douglas, K. S., & Nicholls, T. L. (March, 2013). Transactions of violence, victimization, suicide and self-harm behavior among civil psychiatric patients. Poster presented at the annual conference of the American Psychology-Law Society, Portland, Oregon.
   Google Scholar
• Schaap, G., Lammers, S., & de Vogel, V. (2009). Risk assessment in forensic psychiatric patients: A quasi-prospective study into the validity of the HCR-20 and the PCL-R. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 20, 354–365. doi: 10.1080/14789940802542873.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, J. P., Grann, M., & Fazel, S. (2011). A comparative study of violence risk assessment tools: a systematic review and metaregression analysis of 68 studies involving 25,980 participants. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 499–513. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.11.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, H. N., & Mulako-Wangota, J. (2013). Arrest data analysis tool. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice. [On-line] Available: http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=datool&surl=/arrests/index.cfm.
   Google Scholar
• Strand, S., & Belfrage, H. (2001). Comparison of HCR-20 scores in violent mentally disordered men and women: Gender differences and similarities. Psychology, Crime & Law, 7, 71–79. doi: 10.1080/10683160108401784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tengström, A. (2001). Long-term predictive validity of historical factors in two risk assessment instruments in a group of violent offenders with schizophrenia. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 55, 243–249. doi: 10.1080/080394801681019093.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren, J. I., South, S. C., Burnette, M. L., Rogers, A., Friend, R., Bale, R., & Van Patten, I. (2005). Understanding the risk factors for violence and criminality in women: The concurrent validity of the PCL-R and HCR-20. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 28, 269–289. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2003.09.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, C. D., Douglas, K. S., Eaves, D., & Hart, S. D. (1997). HCR-20 Scheme: Assessing risk for violence (version 2). Burnaby, Canada: Simon Fraser University, Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Webster, C. D., Martin, M. L., Brink, J., Nicholls, T. L., & Middleton, C. (2004). Manual for the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START). Version 1.0, Consultation edition. Hamilton/Port Coquitlam, Canada: St. Joseph's Healthcare/Forensic Psychiatric Services Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, M., Wong, S. C. P., & Coid, J. (2010). The efficacy of violence prediction: A meta-analytic comparison of nine risk assessment tools. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 740–767. doi: 10.1037/a0020473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You, S., Swogger, M. T., Cerulli, C., & Conner, K. R. (2011). Interpersonal violence victimization and suicidal ideation: An examination of criminal offenders. Crisis, 32(5), 240–245. doi: 10.1027/0227-5910/a000080.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar