Strengths-Based Assessments for Use with Forensic Populations: A Critical Review

References

• Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, J. S. (2004). The level of service/case management inventory (LS/CMI): User's manual. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, S. J. (2011). The risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model: Does adding the good lives model contribute to effective crime prevention? Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38, 735–755. doi: 10.1177/0093854811406356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnao, M., Ward, T., & Casey, S. (2016). Taking the good life to the institution: Forensic service users' perceptions of the good lives model. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60, 766–786. doi: 10.1177/0306624X15570027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnao, M., Ward, T., & Robertson, P. (2016). The good lives model: A new paradigm for forensic mental health. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 23, 288–301. doi: 10.1080/13218719.2015.1054923
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnoski, R. (2004). Assessing risk for re-offense: Validating the Washington State juvenile court assessment. Olympia: Washington State Institute for Public Policy
   Google Scholar
• Barnoski, R. (2009). Positive achievement change tool, pre-screen instrument. Tallahassee, FL: Florida Department of Juvenile Justice
   Google Scholar
• Bergeron, C. L., & Miller, H. A. (2013). Tracking change through treatment with the inventory of offender risks, needs and strengths. Psychological Assessment, 25, 979–990. doi: 10.1037/a0033190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birgden, A. (2002). Therapeutic jurisprudence and “good lives”: A rehabilitation framework for corrections. Australian Psychologist, 37(3), 180–186. doi: 10.1080/00050060210001706856
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boer, D. P., Hart, S. D., Kropp, P. R., & Webster, C. D. (1997). Manual for the sexual violence risk – 20: Professional guidelines for assessing risk of sexual violence. Vancouver, B.C.: The Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute
   Google Scholar
• Bonanno, G. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59, 20–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonta, J., & Andrews, D. A. (2003). A commentary on Ward and Stewart's model of human needs. Psychology, Crime, & Law, 9, 215–218. doi: 10.1080/10683/16031000112115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonta, J., & Andrews, D. A. (2017). The psychology of criminal conduct (6th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge Taylor & Francis
   Google Scholar
• Borum, R., Bartel, P., & Forth, A. (2006). Manual for the structured assessment of violence risk in youth (SAVRY). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources
   Google Scholar
• Braithwaite, E., Charette, Y., Crocker, A. G., & Reyes, A. (2010). The predictive validity of clinical ratings of the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START). The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 9, 271–281. doi: 10.1080/14999013.2010.534378
   Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
   Google Scholar
• Burnett, R., & McNeill, F. (2005). The place of the officer–offender relationship in assisting offenders to desist from crime. Probation Journal, 52, 221–242. doi: 10.1177/0264550505055112
   Google Scholar
• Chadwick, N. (2014). Validating the dynamic risk assessment for offender Re-entry (DRAOR) in a sample of U.S. probationers and parolees. (Unpublished Masters Thesis). Ottawa, Canada: Carleton University
   Google Scholar
• Chu, C. M., Goh, M. L., & Chong, D. (2016). The predictive validity of SAVRY ratings for assessing youth offenders in Singapore: A comparison with YLS/CMI ratings. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43, 793–810. doi: 10.1177/0093854815616842
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, C. M., Thomas, S. D., Ogloff, J. R., & Daffern, M. (2011). The predictive validity of the Short-term assessment of risk and treatability (START) in a secure forensic hospital: Risk factors and strengths. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 10, 337–345. doi: 10.1080/14999013.2011.629715
   Google Scholar
• Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., Lynch, M., & Holt, K. (1993). Resilience in maltreated children: Processes leading to adaptive outcomes. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 629–647
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coid, J. W., Kallis, C., Doyle, M., Shaw, J., & Ullrich, S. (2015). Identifying causal risk factors for violence among discharged patients. Plos One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cording, J. R., & Beggs Christofferson, S. M. (2017). Theoretical and practical issues for the measurement of protective factors. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 32, 45–54. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2016.12.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coupland, R. B. A. (2015). An examination of dynamic risk, protective factors, and treatment-related change in violent offenders. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Saskatoon, SK: University of Saskatchewan
   Google Scholar
• Crites, E. L., & Taxman, F. S. (2013). The responsivity principle: Determining the appropriate program and dosage to match risk and needs. In F. S. Taxman & A. Pattavina (Eds.)., Simulation strategies to reduce recidivism. New York: Springer
   Google Scholar
• Desmarais, S. L., Nicholls, T. L., Wilson, C. M., & Brink, J. (2012). Using dynamic risk and protective factors to predict inpatient aggression: Reliability and validity of START assessments. Psychological Assessment, 24, 685–700. doi: 10.1037/a0026668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vogel, V., de Ruiter, C., Bouman, Y. H. A., & de Vries Robbé, M. (2009). SAPROF:GUidelines for the assessment of protective factors for violence risk. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Forum Educatief
   Google Scholar
• de Vogel, V., de Vries Robbé, M., de Ruiter, C., & Bouman, Y. H. A. (2011). Assessing protective factors in forensic psychiatric practice. Introducing the SAPROF. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 10, 171–177. doi: 10.1080/14999013.2011.600230
   Google Scholar
• de Vries Robbé, M. (2014). Protective factors: Validation of the structured assessment of the protective factors for violence risk in forensic psychiatry (Doctoral Dissertation). Nijmegen, Netherlands: Radboud University
   Google Scholar
• de Vries Robbé, M., & de Vogel, V. (2012). Differences between SAPROF 2nd edition and SAPROF version 1. Retrieved from http://www.saprof.com/_files/SAPROF%202nd%20Edition.%20Changes%20from%20SAPROF%20version%201.%20De%20Vries%20Robbe%20and%20De%20Vogel.%202012.pdf
   Google Scholar
• de Vries Robbé, M., de Vogel, V., & de Spa, E. (2011). Protective factors for violence risk in forensic psychiatric patients. A retrospective validation study of the SAPROF. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 10, 178–186. doi: 10.1080/14999013.2011.600232
   Google Scholar
• de Vries Robbé, M., de Vogel, V., & Douglas, K. S. (2013). Risk factors and protective factors: A two-sided dynamic approach to violence risk assessment. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 24, 440–457. doi: 10.1080/14789949.2013.818162
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries Robbé, M., de Vogel, V., Douglas, K. S., & Nijman, H. L. I. (2014). Changes in dynamic risk and protective factors for violence during inpatient forensic psychiatric treatment: Predicting reductions in post-discharge community recidivism. Law and Human Behavior, 39, 53–61. doi: 10.1037/lhb0000089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries Robbé, M., de Vogel, V., Koster, K., & Bogaerts, S. (2014). Assessing protective factors for sexually violent offending with the SAPROF. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 27, 51–70. doi: 10.1177/1079063214550168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vries Robbé, M., de Vogel, V., & Stam, J. (2012). Protective factors for violence risk: The value for clinical practice. Psychology, 3, 1259–1263. doi: 10.4236/psych.2012.312A187
   Google Scholar
• de Vries Robbé, M., de Vogel, V., Wever, E. C., Douglas, K. S., & Nijman, H. L. I. (2016). Avdelningen för samhällsvetenskap, … Mittuniversitetet. Risk and protective factors for inpatient aggression. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43, 1364–1385. doi: 10.1177/0093854816637889
   Google Scholar
• de Vries Robbé, M., Mann, R. E., Maruna, S., & Thornton, D. (2015). An exploration of protective factors supporting desistance from sexual offending. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 27, 16–33. doi: 10.1177/1079063214547582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickens, G. L., & O'Shea, L. E. (2015). Predictive validity of the short-term assessment of risk and treatability (START) for aggression and self-harm in a secure mental health service: Gender differences. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 14, 132–146. doi: 10.1080/14999013.2015.1033112
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson, S. R., & Polaschek, D. L. L. (2014). Planning to avoid risk or planning for a positive life: The relationship between release plan valence and reoffending. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 58, 1431–1448. doi: 10.1177/0306624X13503813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson, S. R., Polaschek, D. L. L., & Wilson, M. J. (2015). How do plans enhance desistance? Translating release plans into parole experiences for high risk parolees ( Unpublished Manuscript)
   Google Scholar
• Dolan, M. C., & Rennie, C. E. (2008). The structured assessment of violence risk in youth as a predictor of recidivism in a United Kingdom cohort of adolescent offenders with conduct disorder. Psychological Assessment, 20, 35–46. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.20.1.35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowden, C., & Andrews, D. A. (1999). What works for female offenders: A meta-analytic review. Crime & Delinquency, 45, 438–452. doi: 10.1177/0011128799045004002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durrant, R. (2017). Why do protective factors protect? An evolutionary developmental perspective. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 32, 4–10. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2016.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagan, J. (2000). Contexts of choice by adolescents in criminal events. In T., Grisso & R. G., Swartz (Eds.), Youth on trial: A developmental perspective on juvenile justice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press
   Google Scholar
• Farrington, D. P. (2003). Developmental and life-course criminology: Key theoretical and empirical issues – The 2002 Sutherland award address. Criminology, 41, 221–255. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00987.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrington, D. (2013). Protective factors and resilience. Ottawa, ON: Talk presented at the National Crime Prevention Center
   Google Scholar
• Farrington, D., Ttofi, M. M., & Piquero, A. R. (2016). Risk, promotive, and protective factors in youth offending: Results from the Cambridge study in delinquent development. Journal of Criminal Justice, 45, 63–70. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.02.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick, C. (2011). What is the difference between ‘desistance’ and resilience’? Exploring the relationship between two key concepts. Youth Justice, 11, 221–234. doi: 10.1177/1473225411420528
   Google Scholar
• Fortune, C., Ward, T., & Polaschek, D. L. L. (2014). The good lives model and therapeutic environments in forensic settings. Therapeutic Communities, 35(3), 95–104. doi: 10.1108/TC-02-2014-0006
   Google Scholar
• Garmezy, N. (1973). Competence and adaptation in adult schizophrenic patients and children at risk. In S. R. Dean (Ed.)., Schizophrenia: The first ten dean award lectures (pp. 163–204). New York: MSS Information
   Google Scholar
• Garmezy, N. (1985). Stress-resistant children: The search for protective factors. In J. E. Stevenson (Ed.)., Recent research in developmental pathopathology (Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry Book suppl. No. (4), pp. 213–233). Oxford, England: Pergamon Press
   Google Scholar
• Glowacz, F., & Born, M. (2015). Away from Delinquency and Crime: Resilience and Protective Factors. In J. Morizot & L. Kazemian (Eds.)., The development of criminal and antisocial behavior: Theory, research and practical applications. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing
   Google Scholar
• Hanby, L. J. (2013). A longitudinal study of dynamic risk, protective factors, and criminal recidivism: Change over time and the impact of assessment timing (Unpublished Dissertation). Ottawa, ON: Carleton University
   Google Scholar
• Hanson, R. K., Harris, A. J., Scott, T., & Helmus, L. (2007). Assessing the risk of sexual offenders on community supervision: The dynamic supervision project (Vol. 5). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Public Safety Canada
   Google Scholar
• Harris, G. T., & Rice, M. E. (2015). Progress in violence risk assessment and communication: Hypothesis versus evidence. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 33, 128–145. doi: 10.1002/bsl.2157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemphill, J. F., & Hare, R. D. (2004). Some misconceptions about the Hare PCL-R and risk assessment: A reply to gendreau, goggin, and smith. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 203–243. doi: 10.1177/0093854803261326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilterman, E. L., Nicholls, T. L., & van Nieuwenhuizen, C. (2014). Predictive validity of risk assessments in juvenile offenders: Comparing the SAVRY, PCL:YV, and YLS/CMI with unstructured clinical assessments. Assessment, 21, 324–339. doi: 10.1177/1073191113498113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge, R. D., & Andrews, D. A. (2011). Youth level of service/case management inventory (2nd ed.): YLS/CMI 2.0 Interview guide. Toronto, ON, Canada: Multi-Health Systems
   Google Scholar
• Huynh, K. H., Hall, B., Hurst, M. A., & Bikos, L. H. (2015). Evaluation of the positive re-entry in corrections program: A positive psychology intervention with prison inmates. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 59, 1006–1023. doi: 10.1177/0306624X14523385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffee, S. R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Polo-Tomas, M., & Taylor, A. (2007). Individual, family, and neighborhood factors distinguish resilient from non-resilient maltreated children: A cumulative stressors model. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 231–253. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.03.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, N. J. (2016). Positive restructuring: The systematic infusion of strengths into the assessment and intervention process with justice-involved populations. Presentation delivered to the Forensic Psychology Research Center (Invited Talk), Ottawa, ON, Canada: Carleton University
   Google Scholar
• Jones, N. J., Brown, S. L., Robinson, D., & Frey, D. (2015). Incorporating strengths into quantitative assessments of criminal risk for adult offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 42, 321–338. doi: 10.1177/0093854814547041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, N. J., Brown, S. L., Robinson, D., & Frey, D. (2016). Validity of the youth assessment and screening instrument: A juvenile justice tool incorporating risks, needs, and strengths. Law and Human Behavior, 40, 182–194. doi: 10.1037/lhb0000170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy, H., O'Neill, C., Flynn, G., & Gill, P. (2010). The dundrum toolkit: Dangerousness, UNDerstanding, Recovery and Urgency Manual (The Dundrum Quartet) V1. 0.21. Four structured professional judgment instruments for admission triage, urgency, treatment completion and recovery assessments. Dublin, Ireland: Trinity College Dublin
   Google Scholar
• Laub, J. H., Nagin, D. S., & Sampson, R. J. (1998). Trajectories of change in criminal offending: Good marriages and the desistance process. American Sociological Review, 63, 225–238. doi: 10.2307/2657324
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laws, D. R., & Ward, T. (2011). Desistance and sexual offending: Alternatives to throwing away the keys. New York, NY: Guildford
   Google Scholar
• Levenson, J. S., Willis, G., & Prescott, D. (2016). Adverse childhood experiences in the lives of male sex offenders and implications for trauma-informed care. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research & Treatment, 28, 340–359. doi: 10.1177/1079063214535819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linehan, M. M., Goodstein, J. L., Nielsen, S. L., & Chiles, J. A. (1983). Reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself: The Reasons for Living Inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 276–286. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.51.2.276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsey, M. W. (2009). Primary factors that characterize effective interventions with juvenile offenders: A meta-analytic overview. Victims & Offenders, 4, 124–147. doi: 10.1080/15564880802612573
   Google Scholar
• Lodewijks, H. P., de Ruiter, C., & Doreleijers, T. A. (2008). Gender differences in violent outcome and risk assessment in adolescent offenders after residential treatment. The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 7(2), 133–146. doi: 10.1080/14999013.2008.9914410
   Google Scholar
• Lodewijks, H. P. B., de Ruiter, C., & Doreleijers, T. A. H. (2010). The impact of protective factors in desistance from violent reoffending: A study in three samples of adolescent offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25, 568–587. doi: 10.1177/0886260509334403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodewijks, H. P. B., Doreleijers, T. A. H., & de Ruiter, C. (2008). SAVRY risk assessment in violent Dutch adolescents: Relation to sentencing and recidivism. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 696–709. doi: 10.1177/0093854808316146
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Looman, J., & Abracen, J. (2013). The risk need responsivity model of offender rehabilitation: Is there really a need for a paradigm shift? International Journal of Behavior and Consultation Therapy, 8, 30–36. doi: 10.1037/h0100980
   Google Scholar
• Lösel, F., & Farrington, D. P. (2012). Direct protective and buffering protective factors in the development of youth violence. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 43(2S1), S8–S23. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future research. Child Development, 71, 543–562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruna, S. (2001). Making good: How ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Books
   Google Scholar
• Masten, A. S. (2013). Risk and resilience in development. In P. D. Zelazo (Ed.), Oxford handbook of developmental psychology: Vol. 2. Self and other (pp. 579–607). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
   Google Scholar
• McEachran, A. (2001). The predictive validity of the PCL: YV and the SAVRY in a population of adolescent offenders (Unpublished Masters Thesis). Burnaby, BC: Simon Fraser University
   Google Scholar
• McNeill, F. (2006). A desistance paradigm for offender management. Criminology and Criminal Justice, 6(1), 39–62. doi: 10.1177/1748895806060666
   Google Scholar
• Miccio-Fonseca, L. C. (2013). MEGA ♪: A new paradigm in risk assessment tools for sexually abusive youth. Journal of Family Violence, 28, 623–634. doi:10.1007/s10896-013-9527-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, H. A. (2006). Manual of the inventory of offender risks, needs, and strengths (IORNS). Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources
   Google Scholar
• Miller, H. A. (2015). Protective strengths, risk, and recidivism in a sample of known sexual offenders. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 27, 34–50. doi: 10.1177/1079063214564389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Council on Crime and Delinquency. (n.d.). What is the juvenile assessment and intervention system (JAIS)? A comprehensive assessment and intervention system. Madison, WI: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Nonstad, K., Nesset, M. B., Kroppan, E., Pedersen, T. W., NØttestad, J. A., Almvik, R., & Palmstierna, T. (2010). Predictive validity and other psychometric properties of the Short-Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability (START) in a Norwegian high secure hospital. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 9, 294–299. doi: 10.1080/14999013.2010.534958
   Google Scholar
• Ogloff, J. R. P., & Davis, N. R. (2004). Advances in offender assessment and rehabilitation: Contributions of the risk-needs-responsivity approach. Psychology Crime & Law, 10, 229–242. doi: 10.1080/0683160410001662735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orbis Partners. (2000). General youth assessment screening inventory (YASI). Ottawa, ON: Author
   Google Scholar
• Orbis Partners. (2003). Service planning instrument (SPIn). Ottawa, ON, Canada: Author
   Google Scholar
• O'Shea, L. E., Picchioni, M. M., & Dickens, G. L. (2015). The predictive validity of the Short-term assessment of risk and treatability (START) for multiple adverse outcomes in a secure psychiatric inpatient setting. Assessment, 23, 150–162. doi: 10.1177/1073191115573301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owens, T. (2011). The Utility of the SAVRY in Predicting Recidivism Among Juvenile Sex Offenders. Retrieved from http://docs.rwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=psych_thesis
   Google Scholar
• Pawelski, J. O. (2016). Defining the ‘positive’ in positive psychology: Part II. A normative analysis. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11, 357–365. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2015.1137628
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearl, N., Ashcroft, R. G. R., & Geis, K. A. (2009). Predicting juvenile recidivism using the san diego regional resiliency check-up. Federal Probation, 73(3), 46–49
   Google Scholar
• Penney, R. S., Lee, Z., & Moretti, M. M. (2010). Gender differences in risk factors for violence: An examination of the predictive validity of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth. Aggressive Behavior, 36, 390–404. doi:10.1002/ab.20352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrault, R. T., Vincent, G. M., & Guy, L. S. (2017). Are risk assessments racially biased?: Field study of the SAVRY and YLS/CMI in probation. Psychological Assessment, 29, 664–678. doi: 10.1037/pas0000445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polaschek, D. L. L. (2012). An appraisal of the risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model of offender rehabilitation and its application in correctional treatment. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 17, 1–17. doi:10.111/j.2044A8333.2011.02038.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner, K., Brown, G. K., Stanley, B., Brent, D. A., Yershova, K. V., Oquendo, M. A., … Mann, J. (2011). The columbia-suicide severity rating scale: Initial validity and internal consistency findings from three multisite studies with adolescents and adults. American Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 1266–1277. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10111704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn, R., Miles, H., & Kinane, C. (2013). The validity of the short-term assessment of risk and treatment (START) in a UK medium secure forensic mental health service. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 12, 215–224. doi: 10.1080/14999013.2013.832714
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawana, E. P., & Brownlee, K. (2010). The strength assessment inventory for children and adolescents (Revised). Thunder Bay, ON: Centre of Excellence for Children and Adolescents with Special Needs
   Google Scholar
• Rennie, C. E., & Dolan, M. C. (2010). The significance of protective factors in the assessment of risk. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 20, 8–22. doi: 10.1002/cbm.750
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice, M. E., & Harris, G. T. (2005). Comparing effect sizes in follow-up studie s: ROC Area, Cohen's d, and r. Law and Human Behavior, 29, 615–620. doi: 10.1007/s10979005-6832-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard, K. M. (2011). Predicting persistence and desistance of recidivism in youth offenders: The role of risk and protective factors in criminal offending (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Database (NR83221)
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, L., Campbell, A., Hill, M., & McNeil, F. (2006). Promoting desistance and resilience in young people who offend. Scottish Journal of Crime and Justice Studies, 12, 56–73
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, R. (2000). The uncritical acceptance of risk assessment in forensic practice. Law and Human Behavior, 24, 595–605. doi: 10.1023/A:1005575113507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter, M. (1979). Protective factors in children's responses to stress an disadvantage. In M. W. Kent & J. E. Rolf (Eds.), Primary prevention in psychopathology: Social competence in children (pp. 49–74). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England
   Google Scholar
• Rutter, M. (1985). Resilience in the face of adversity. Protective factors and resistance to psychiatric disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 598–611. doi: 10.1192/bjp.147.6.598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (2005). A life-course view of the development of crime. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 602, 12–45. doi: 10.1177/0002716205280075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, F., Campbell, M. A., & Houlding, C. (2011). Comparative analyses of the YLS/CMI, SAVRY, and PCL:YV in adolescent offenders: A 10-year follow-up into adulthood. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 9, 23–42. doi: 10.1177/1541204010371793
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, E. S., & Steinberg, L. (2008). Rethinking juvenile justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
   Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P. (1998). The president's address. American Psychologist, 54, 559–562
   Google Scholar
• Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive Psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55, 5–14. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifert, M. K., Phillips, S., & Parker, S. (2002). Child and adolescent risk for violence (CARV): A tool to assess juvenile risk. Journal of Psychiatry and Law, 29, 329–346. doi: 10.1177/009318530102900304
   Google Scholar
• Serin, R. C. (2007). The dynamic risk assessment for offender Re-entry (DRAOR). Unpublished user manual
   Google Scholar
• Serin, R. C., Chadwick, N., & Lloyd, C. D. (2016). Dynamic risk and protective factors. Psychology, Crime, & Law, 22, 151–170. doi: 10.1080/10683-16x.2015.1112013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serin, R. C., Lloyd, C. D., & Hanby, L. J. (2010). Enhancing offender re-entry: An integrated model for enhancing offender re-entry. European Journal of Probation, 2, 53–75. doi: 10.11771206622031000200205
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon, K. M., Kashdan, T. B., & Steger, M. F. (2011). Designing positive psychology. Taking Stock and Moving Forward. New York, NY: Oxford University Press
   Google Scholar
• Shepherd, S., Luebbers, S., Ferguson, M., Ogloff, J., & Dolan, M. (2014). The utility of the SAVRY across ethnicity in australian young offenders. Psychology Public Policy and Law, 20(1), 31–45. doi: 10.1037/a0033972
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd, S. M., Luebbers, S., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2014). Are youth violence risk instruments interchangeable? Evaluating instrument convergence in a sample of incarcerated adolescent offenders. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 14, 317–341. doi: 10.1080/15228932.2014.954871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd, S. M., Luebbers, S., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2016). The role of protective factors and the relationship with recidivism for high-risk young people in detention. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43, 863–878. doi: 10.1177/0093854815626489
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sijtsema, J., Kretschmer, T., & van Os, T. (2015). The structured assessment of violence risk in youth in a large community sample of young adult males and females: The TRAILS study. Psychological Assessment, 27, 669–677. doi: 10.1037/a0038520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeth, A. (2013). Evaluating risk assessments among sex offenders: A comparative analysis of static and dynamic factors (Unpublished Masters Thesis). Ottawa, Canada: Carleton University
   Google Scholar
• Spice, A., Viljoen, J. L., Gretton, H. M., & Roesch, R. (2010). Psychological assessment for adult sentencing of juvenile offenders: An evaluation of the RSTI and the SAVRY. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 9, 124–137. doi: 10.1080/14999013.2010.501846
   Google Scholar
• Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Loeber, R., Farrington, D. P., Zhang, Q., Van Kammen, W. B., & Maguin, E. (1993). The double edge of protective and risk-factors for delinquency – interrelations and developmental patterns. Development and Psychopathology, 5, 683–701. doi: 10.1017/S0954579400006234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedeschi, R. G., & Kilmer, R. P. (2005). Assessing strengths, resilience, and growth to guide clinical interventions. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36, 230–237. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.36.3.230
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, A. P., & Pope, Z. (2005). Assessing juvenile offenders: Preliminary data for the Australian adaptation of the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (Hoge & Andrews, 1995). Australian Psychologist, 40, 207–214. doi: 10.1080/00050060500243491
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troquete, N. A. C., van Den Brink, R. H. S., Beintema, H., Mulder, T., van Os, T. W. D. P., Schoevers, R. A., & Wiersma, D. (2013). Risk assessment and shared care planning in out-patient forensic psychiatry: Cluster randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 202, 365–371. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.113043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, S., & Fain, T. (2006). Validation of the risk and resiliency assessment tool for juveniles in the los angeles county probation system. Federal Probation, 70(2), 49–57
   Google Scholar
• Turner, S., Fain, T., & Sehgal, A. (2005). Validation of the risk and resiliency assessment tool for juveniles in the los angeles county probation system. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation
   Google Scholar
• Upperton, R. A., & Thompson, A. P. (2007). Predicting juvenile offender recidivism: Risk-need assessment and juvenile justice officers. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 14, 138–146. doi: 10.1375/pplt.14.1.138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Put, C., Van der Laan, P., Stams, G. J., Dekovié, M., & Hoeve, M. (2011). Promotive factors during adolescence: Are there changes in impact and prevalence during adolescence and how does this relate to risk factors? International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 2, 119–141. doi: 10.18357/ijcyfs21/220115430
   Google Scholar
• Viljoen, J. L., Beneteau, J. L., Gulbransen, E., Desmarais, S. L., Nicholls, T. L., & Cruise, K. R. (2012). Assessment of multiple risk outcomes, strengths, and change with the START: AV: A short-term perspective study with adolescent offenders. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 11, 165–180. doi: 10.1080/14999013.2012.737407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viljoen, J. L., Nicholls, T. L., Cruise, K. R., Desmarais, S. L., & Webster, C. D. (2014). Short-term assessment of risk and treatability: Adolescent version (START:AV) user guide. Burnaby, BC: The Mental Health Law and Policy Institute, Simon Fraser University
   Google Scholar
• Viljoen, J. L., Scalora, M., Cuadra, L., Bader, S., Chavez, V., Ullman, D., & Lawrence, L. (2008). Assessing risk for violence in adolescents who have sexually offended. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35(1), 5–23. doi: 10.1177/0093854807307521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viljoen, J., Shaffer, C., Gray, A., & Douglas, K. (2017). Are adolescent risk assessment tools sensitive to change? A framework and examination of the SAVRY and the YLS/CMI. Law and Human Behavior, 41, 244–257. doi: 10.1037/lhb0000238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, T. (2002). The management of risk and the design of good lives. Australian Psychologist, 37, 172–179. doi: 10.1080/00050060210001706846
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, T. (2017). Prediction and agency: The role of protective factors in correctional rehabilitation and desistance. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 32, 19–28. doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2016.11.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, T., & Birgden, A. (2016). Rights and risk assessment in sex offenders. In D. Boer, L. Craig, & M. Rettenberger (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell handbook on the assessment, treatment and theories of sexual offending (pp. 1523–1539). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons
   Google Scholar
• Ward, T., & Brown, M. (2004). The Good Lives Model and conceptual issues in offender rehabilitation. Psychology, Crime, and Law, 10, 243–257. doi: 10.1080/10683160410001662744
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, T., & Stewart, C. A. (2003). The treatment of sex offenders: Risk management and good lives. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 34, 353–360. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.34.4.353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webster, C. D., Douglas, K. S., Eaves, D., & Hart, S. D. (1997). HCR-20: Assessing risk for violence (version 2). Vancouver, Canada: Simon Fraser University
   Google Scholar
• Webster, C. D., Martin, M-L., Brink, J., Nicholls, T. L., & Desmarais, S. L. (2006). Manual for the Short-term assessment of risk and treatability (START) (Version 1.1). BC, Canada: British Columbia Mental Health and Addiction Services: Port Coquitlam
   Google Scholar
• Werner, E. (2005). Resilience and recovery: Findings from the Kauai longitudinal study. Research, Policy, and Practice in Children's Mental Health, 19, 11–14
   Google Scholar
• Werner, E. E., & Smith, R. S. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
   Google Scholar
• Williams, K. (2015). Predictive validity of the LS/CMI in Scotland: General and violent recidivism. Toronto, ON: Presentation delivered to the American Psychological Association Conference
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, C. M., Desmarais, S. L., Nicholls, T. L., & Brink, J. (2010). The role of client strengths in assessments of violence risk using the short-term assessment of risk and treatability (START). International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 9, 282–293. doi: 10.1080/14999013.2010.534694
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, C. M., Desmarais, S. L., Nicholls, T. L., Hart, S. D., & Brink, J. (2013). Predictive validity of dynamic factors: Assessing violence risk in forensic psychiatric inpatients. Law and Human Behavior, 37, 377–388. doi: 10.1037/lhb0000025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worling, J. R. (2013). DASH-13: Desistence for Adolescents who Sexually Harm ( Unpublished document). Retrieved from http://erasor.org/uploads/8/7/7/6/8776493/dash-13_2013.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yesberg, J. A., & Polaschek, D. L. L. (2015). Assessing dynamic risk and protective factors in the community: Examining the validity of the Dynamic Risk Assessment for Offender Re-entry. Psychology, Crime & Law, 21, 80–99. doi: 10.1080/1068316X.2014.935775
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yesberg, J. A., Scanlan, J. M., Hanby, L. J., Serin, R. C., & Polaschek, D. L. L. (2015). Predicting women's recidivism: Validating a dynamic community-based ‘gender-neutral’ tool. Probation Journal, 62, 33–48. doi: 10.1177/0264550514562851
   Google Scholar
• Zeng, G., Chu, C. M., & Lee, Y. (2015). ( 2014). Assessing protective factors of youth who sexually offended in singapore: Preliminary evidence on the utility of the DASH-13 and the SAPROF. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 27, 91–108. doi: 10.1177/1079063214561684
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, J., Witt, K., Cao, X., Chen, C., & Wang, X. (2017). Predicting reoffending using the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY): A 5-year follow-up study of male juvenile offenders in Hunan Province, China. PLOS One. 12, 1–11. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar