References
- ABS. (2011). Australian and New Zealand Standard Offence Classification (ANZSOC). Australian Bureau of Statistics.
- Bjørkly, S., Sandli, C. S., Moger, T. A., & Stang, J. (2010). A follow-up interview of patients eight years after discharge from a maximum security forensic psychiatry unit in Norway. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 9(4), 343–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2010.534698
- BOCSAR. (2017). Re-offending statistics for NSW. NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research (NSW Justice). https://www.bocsar.nsw.gov.au/Pages/bocsar_pages/Re-offending.aspx
- Buchanan, A. (1998). Criminal conviction after discharge from special (high security) hospital. Incidence in the first 10 years. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 172(6), 472–476. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.6.472
- Charette, Y., Crocker, A. G., Seto, M. C., Salem, L., Nicholls, T. L., & Caulet, M. (2015). The national trajectory project of individuals found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder in Canada. Part 4: Criminal recidivism. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 60(3), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371506000307
- Coid, J., Hickey, N., Kahtan, N., Zhang, T., & Yang, M. (2007). Patients discharged from medium secure forensic psychiatry services: Reconvictions and risk factors. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 190(3), 223–229. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.105.018788
- Coid, J., Kahtan, N., Gault, S., & Jarman, B. (2000). Women admitted to secure forensic psychiatry services: I. Comparison of women and men. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 11(2), 275–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585180050142525
- Collins, R. E. (2010, Jul-Aug). The effect of gender on violent and nonviolent recidivism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(4), 675–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.04.041
- Covington, S., & Bloom, B. (2007). Gender responsive treatment and services in correctional settings. Women & Therapy, 29(3-4), 9–33. https://doi.org/10.1300/J015v29n03_02
- CSNSW. (2017). NSW Inmate Census 2016: Summary of Characteristics. C. S. NSW.
- Davies, S., Clarke, M., Hollin, C., & Duggan, C. (2007). Jul). Long-term outcomes after discharge from medium secure care: a cause for concern. The British Journal of Psychiatry : The Journal of Mental Science, 191, 70–74. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.029215
- de Vogel, V., Bruggeman, M., & Lancel, M. (2019). Gender-sensitive violence risk assessment: Predictive validity of six tools in female forensic psychiatric patients. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 46(4), 528–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854818824135
- de Vogel, V., & de Ruiter, C. (2005). The HCR‐20 in personality disordered female offenders: A comparison with a matched sample of males. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 12(3), 226–240. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.452
- de Vogel, V., de Vries Robbé, M., Van Kalmthout, W., & Place, C. (2012). Female Additional Manual (FAM). Additional guidelines to the HCR-20 for assessing risk for violence in women. Van der HoevenKliniek.
- de Vogel, V., Stam, J., Bouman, Y. H. A., Ter Horst, P., & Lancel, M. (2016). Violent women: A multicentre study into gender differences in forensic psychiatric patients. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 27(2), 145–168. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2015.1102312
- Durcan, G., Hoare, T., & Cumming, I. (2011). Pathways to unlocking secure mental heatlh care. Centre for Mental Health.
- Fazel, S., Chang, Z., Fanshawe, T., Langstrom, N., Lichtenstein, P., Larsson, H., & Mallett, S. (2016, Jun). Prediction of violent reoffending on release from prison: Derivation and external validation of a scalable tool. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 3(6), 535–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00103-6
- Fazel, S., Fimińska, Z., Cocks, C., & Coid, J. (2016, Jan). Patient outcomes following discharge from secure psychiatric hospitals: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 208(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.149997
- Fazel, S., Gulati, G., Linsell, L., Geddes, J. R., & Grann, M. (2009, Aug). Schizophrenia and violence: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Medicine, 6(8), e1000120. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000120
- Fazel, S., Wolf, A., Fimińska, Z., & Larsson, H. (2016). Mortality, rehospitalisation and violent crime in forensic psychiatric patients discharged from hospital: Rates and risk factors. PLoS One, 11(5), e0155906. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155906
- Gobeil, R., Blanchette, K., & Stewart, L. (2016, Mar). A meta-analytic review of correctional interventions for women offenders gender-neutral versus gender-informed approaches. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(3), 301–322. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854815621100
- Grimbos, T., Penney, S. R., Fernane, S., Prosser, A., Ray, I., & Simpson, A. I. F. (2016). Gender comparisons in a forensic sample: Patient profiles and HCR-20:V2 reliability and item utility. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 15(2), 136–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2016.1152617
- Harty, M., Somers, N., & Bartlett, A. (2012, Oct). Women's secure hospital services: National bed numbers and distribution. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology, 23(5-6), 590–600. https://doi.org/10.1080/14789949.2012.717300
- Hayes, H., Kemp, R. I., Large, M. M., & Nielssen, O. B. (2014, Mar). A 21-year retrospective outcome study of New South Wales forensic patients granted conditional and unconditional release. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 48(3), 259–282. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867413507610
- James, C., Stams, G. J. J. M., Asscher, J. J., De Roo, A. K., & der Laan, P. H. v. (2013). /). Aftercare programs for reducing recidivism among juvenile and young adult offenders: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 33(2), 263–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.10.013
- Jamieson, L., & Taylor, P. J. (2005). Patients leaving English high security hospitals: Do discharge cohorts and their progress change over time?. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 4(1), 71–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2005.10471214
- Leclerc, M. P., Regenbogen, C., Hamilton, R. H., & Habel, U. (2018, Nov). Some neuroanatomical insights to impulsive aggression in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 201, 27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.06.016
- MacKenzie, D. L., & Farrington, D. P. (2015). Preventing future offending of delinquents and offenders: What have we learned from experiments and meta-analyses? Journal of Experimental Criminology, 11(4), 565–595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-015-9244-9
- Maden, A., Scott, F., Burnett, R., Lewis, G. H., & Skapinakis, P. (2004). Offending in psychiatric patients after discharge from medium secure units: Prospective national cohort study. BMJ (Clinical Research ed.).), 328(7455), 1534. %J BMJ https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38075.467569.EE
- Mezey, G., Hassell, Y., & Bartlett, A. (2005, Dec). Safety of women in mixed-sex and single-sex medium secure units: staff and patient perceptions. The British journal of psychiatry : The journal of mental science, 187, 579–582. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.187.6.579
- Nicholls, T. L., Crocker, A. G., Seto, M. C., Wilson, C. M., Charette, Y., & Côté, G. (2015). The national trajectory project of individuals found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder. Part 5: How essential are gender-specific forensic psychiatric services? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 60(3), 135–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371506000308
- Nielssen, O., Yee, N. Y., Dean, K., & Large, M. (2019, May). Outcome of serious violent offenders with psychotic illness and cognitive disorder dealt with by the New South Wales criminal justice system. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 53(5), 441–446. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867418771751
- Norko, M. A., Wasser, T., Magro, H., Leavitt-Smith, E., Morton, F. J., & Hollis, T. (2016). Assessing insanity acquittee recidivism in Connecticut. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 34(2-3), 423–443. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2222
- Pasewark, R. A., Bieber, S., Bosten, K. J., Kiser, M., & Steadman, H. J. (1982). Criminal recidivism among insanity acquittees. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 5(3-4), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-2527(82)90030-9
- Sahota, S., Davies, S., Duggan, C., Clarke, M., Huband, N., & Owen, V. (2010). Women admitted to medium secure care: Their admission characteristics and outcome as compared with men. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 9(2), 110–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2010.499555
- Schmucker, M., & Lösel, F. (2017). Sexual offender treatment for reducing recidivism among convicted sex offenders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 13(1), 1–75. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2017.8
- Skeem, J. L., Winter, E., Kennealy, P. J., Louden, J. E., & Tatar, J. R. (2014, Jun). Offenders with mental illness have criminogenic needs, too: Toward recidivism reduction. Law and Human Behavior, 38(3), 212–224. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000054
- Skipworth, J., Brinded, P., Chaplow, D., & Frampton, C. (2006). Insanity acquittee outcomes in New Zealand. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(11-12), 1003–1009. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01924.x
- Steels, M., Roney, G., Larkin, E., Jones, P., Croudace, T., & Duggan, C. J. (1998). Discharged from special hospital under restrictions: A comparison of the fates of psychopaths and the mentally ill. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 8(1), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.210
- Stevens, H., Laursen, T. M., Mortensen, P. B., Agerbo, E., & Dean, K. (2015, Aug). Post-illness-onset risk of offending across the full spectrum of psychiatric disorders. Psychological Medicine, 45(11), 2447–2457. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715000458
- Tabita, B., de Santi, M. G., & Kjellin, L. (2012). Criminal recidivism and mortality among patients discharged from a forensic medium secure hospital. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 66(4), 283–289. https://doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2011.644578
- Vinkers, D. J., de Beurs, E., & Barendregt, M. (2009, Apr). Psychiatric disorders and repeat offending. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(4), 489. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09010060
- Yee, N. L., Matheson, S., Korobanova, D., Large, M., Nielssen, O., Carr, V., & Dean, K. (2018, submitted). A meta-analysis of the relationship between psychosis and any type of criminal offending, in both men and women.
- Yee, N. Y., Large, M. M., Kemp, R. I., & Nielssen, O. B. (2011, Jun). Severe non-lethal violence during psychotic illness. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, 45(6), 466–472. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2011.541417
- Yoshikawa, K., Taylor, P. J., Yamagami, A., Okada, T., Ando, K., Taruya, T., Matsumoto, T., & Kikuchi, A. (2007). Violent recidivism among mentally disordered offenders in Japan. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health : Cbmh, 17(3), 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.652