Visual excitement: analyzing the effects of three Norwegian tourism films on emotions and behavioral intentions

References

• Barbano, M., & Cador, M. (2007). Opioids for hedonic experience and dopamine to get ready for it. Psychopharmacology, 191(3), 497–506. doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0521-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett, M. S., Hager, J. C., Ekman, P., & Sejnowski, T. J. (1999). Measuring facial expressions by computer image analysis. Psychophysiology, 36(2), 253–263. doi: 10.1017/S0048577299971664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgartner, H., Sujan, M., & Padgett, D. (1997). Patterns of affective reactions to advertisements: The integration of moment-to-moment responses into overall judgments. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(2), 219–232. doi:10.2307/3151860
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beeton, S. (2005). Film-induced tourism. Clevedon: Channel View.
   Google Scholar
• Berridge, K. C. (2003). Pleasures of the brain. Brain and Cognition, 52(1), 106–128. doi:10.1016/S0278-262628032900014-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchmann, A. (2012). Advancing social sustainability in film tourism. Tourism Review International, 16(2), 89–100. doi:10.3727/154427212X13485031583812
   Google Scholar
• Calvert, G. (2013). The business of brain imaging-a commercial perspective. Paper presented at the proceedings of The Physiological Society.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81–105. doi:10.1037/h0046016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos, B., & Keltner, D. (2014). Shared and differentiating features of the positive emotion domain. Positive Emotion: Integrating the Light Sides and Dark Sides, 53(4), 52–71. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199926725.003.0004
   Google Scholar
• Campos, B., Shiota, M. N., Keltner, D., Gonzaga, G. C., & Goetz, J. L. (2012). What is shared, what is different? Core relational themes and expressive displays of eight positive emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 27(1), 37–52. doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.683852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheetham, M., Hanggi, J., & Jacke, L. (2014). Identifying with fictive characters: Structural brain correlates of the personality trait fantasy. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1–9. doi:10.1093/scan/nst179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clore, G. L., & Robinson, M. D. (2012). Knowing our emotions: How do we know what we feel? In S. Vazire & T. D. Wilson (Eds.), Handbook of self-knowledge (pp. 194–209). New York: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Court, B., & Lupton, R. A. (1997). Customer portfolio development: Modeling destination adopters, inactives, and rejecters. Journal of Travel Research, 36(1), 35–43. doi:10.1177/004728759703600106
   Google Scholar
• Cradit, J. D., Tashchian, A., & Hofacker, C. F. (1994). Signal detection theory and single observation designs: Methods and indices for advertising recognition testing. Journal of Marketing Research, 31, 117–127. doi: 10.2307/3151951
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwin, C. (1872/2002). The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Di Cesare, F., La Salandra, A. A., & Craparotta, E. (2012). Films and audiovisual potentiality in tourism destination promotion: A European perspective. Tourism Review International, 16(2), 101–111. doi:10.3727/154427212X13485031583867E-ISSN1943-4421
   Google Scholar
• Ekman, P. (1993). Facial expression and emotion. American Psychologist, 48(4), 384–392. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.48.4.384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman, P. (2007). Emotions revealed: Recognizing faces and feelings to improve communication and emotional life. New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. (1978). Facial action coding system: A technique for the measurement of facial movement. Consulting Psychologists, San Francisco.
   Google Scholar
• Fridlund, A. J. (1994). Human facial expression: An evolutionary view. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gartner, W. C. (1994). Image formation process. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2(2–3), 191–216. doi:10.1300/J073v02n02_12
   Google Scholar
• Hanefors, M., & Mossberg, L. (2002). TV travel shows – A pre-taste of the destination. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 8(3), 235–246. doi:10.1177/135676670200800303
   Google Scholar
• Hidi, S., & Ainley, M. (2008). Interest and self-regulation: Relationships between two variables that influence learning. Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 77–109). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Hudson, S., Wang, Y., & Gil, S. M. (2011). The influence of a film on destination image and the desire to travel: A cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13(2), 177–190. doi:10.1002/jtr.808
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izard, C. E. (1992). Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and emotion-cognition relations. Psychological Review, 99(3), 561–565. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.99.3.561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack, R. E., Caldara, R., & Schyns, P. G. (2012). Internal representations reveal cultural diversity in expectations of facial expressions of emotion. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(1), 19–25. doi:10.1037/a0023463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jack, R. E., Garrod, O. G. B., Yu, H., Caldara, R., & Schyns, P. G. (2012). Facial expressions of emotion are not culturally universal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(19), 7241–7244. doi:10.1073/pnas.1200155109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., & Riis, J. (2005). Living and thinking about it: Two perspectives on life. In F. A. Huppert, N. Baylis & B. Keverne (Eds.), The science of well-being (pp. 285–304). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Keltner, D. (1995). Signs of appeasement: Evidence for the distinct displays of embarrassment, amusement, and shame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(3), 441–454. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.3.441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keltner, D., Ekman, P., Gonzaga, G. C., & Beer, J. (2003). Facial expression of emotion. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer & H. H. Goldsmith Eds.), Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 415–432). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H., & Richardson, S. L. (2003). Motion picture impacts on destination images. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 216–237. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00062-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreibig, S. D. (2010). Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: A review. Biological Psychology, 84(3), 394–421. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kring, A. M., Smith, D. A., & Neale, J. M. (1994). Individual differences in dispositional expressiveness: Development and validation of the Emotional Expressivity Scale. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(5), 934–949. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.66.5.934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunz, M., Mylius, V., Schepelmann, K., & Lautenbacher, S. (2004). On the relationship between self-report and facial expression of pain. The Journal of Pain, 5(7), 368–376. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2004.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambie, J. A., & Marcel, A. J. (2002). Consciousness and the varieties of emotion experience: A theoretical framework. Psychological Review, 109(2), 219–259. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.109.2.219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laros, F. J. M., & Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M. (2005). Emotions in consumer behavior: A hierarchical approach. Journal of Business Research, 58(10), 1437–1445. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2003.09.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, R. J., & Diener, E. (1987). Affect intensity as an individual difference characteristic: A review. Journal of Research in Personality, 21(1), 1–39. doi:10.1016/0092-656628872990023-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, S. (2007). Aspects of a psychology of the tourist experience. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 7(1), 7–18. doi:10.1080/15022250701226014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindquist, K. A., Siegel, E. H., Quigley, K. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2013). The hundred-year emotion war: Are emotions natural kinds or psychological constructions? Comment on Lench, Flores, and Bench (2011). 139, 255–263. doi:10.1037/a0029038
   Google Scholar
• Loken, B. (2006). Consumer psychology: Categorization, inferences, affect, and persuasion. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 453–485. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra, N. K., Peterson, M., & Kleiser, S. B. (1999). Marketing research: A state-of-the-art review and directions for the twenty-first century. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27(2), 160–183. doi: 10.1177/0092070399272004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathisen, L., & Prebensen, N. K. (2013). Dramatizing an event through a promotional film: Testing image effects. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30(7), 672–689. doi:10.1080/10548408.2013.827545
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauss, I. B., Levenson, R. W., McCarter, L., Wilhelm, F. H., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The tie that binds? Coherence among emotion experience, behavior, and physiology. Emotion, 5(2), 175–190. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.2.175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moors, A. (2009). Theories of emotion causation: A review. Cognition and Emotion, 23(4), 625–662. doi:10.1080/02699930802645739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, N. J., Pritchard, A., & Piggott, R. (2003). Destination branding and the role of the stakeholders: The case of New Zealand. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 9(3), 285–299. doi:10.1177/135676670300900307
   Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2015). Mplus user's guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Nilsen, L., & Kaszniak, A. W. (2007). Conceptual, theoretical and methodological issues in inferring subjective emotion Experience. In J. A. Coan & J. J. B. Allen (Eds.), Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment (pp. viii, 483). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oatley, K. (2013). Emotions and the story world of fiction. In M. C. Green, J. J. Strange & T. C. Brock (Eds.), Narrative impact: Social and cognitive foundations, (pp. 39–71). New York, NY: Psychology Press Taylor and Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Oatley, K., & Johnson-laird, P. N. (1987). Towards a cognitive theory of emotionsCognition and Emotion, 1(1), 29–50. doi:10.1080/02699938708408362
   Google Scholar
• Panksepp, J. (2012). In defense of multiple core affects. In P. Zachar & R. D. Ellis (Eds.), Categorical versus dimensional models of affect: A seminar on the theories of Panksepp and Russell (pp. 31–78). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Panksepp, J., & Biven, L. (2012). The archaeology of mind: Neuroevolutionary origins of human emotions (Norton series on interpersonal neurobiology). New York: WW Norton & Company.
   Google Scholar
• Pattinson, K. T. S. (2013). Functional magnetic resonance imaging in anaesthesia research. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 111(6), 872–876. doi:10.1093/bja/aet288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, J. B. (2013). Three forms of meaning and the management of complexity. In The psychology of meaning (pp. 17–48). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Riley, R., Baker, D., & Doren, C. S. V. (1998). Movie induced tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(4), 919–935. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00045-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, M. D., & Clore, G. L. (2002). Belief and feeling: Evidence for an accessibility model of emotional self-report. Psychological Bulletin, 128(6), 934–960. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.128.6.934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotgans, J. I., & Schmidt, H. G. (2011). Situational interest and academic achievement in the active-learning classroom. Learning and Instruction, 21(1), 58–67. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2009.11.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rottenberg, J., Ray, R. D., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Emotion elicitation using films. In J. A. Coan & J. J. B. Allen (Eds.), Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment (pp. viii, 483). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Russell, J. A. (2012). From a psychological constructionist perspective. In P. Zachar & R. D. Ellis (Eds.), Categorical versus dimensional models of affect: A seminar on the theories of Panksepp and Russell (pp. 79–118). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Saillenfest, A., & Dessalles, J.-L. (2014). Can believable characters act unexpectedly? Literary and Linguistic Computing. doi:10.1093/llc/fqu042
   Google Scholar
• Sanei, S. (2013). Fundamentals of EEG signal processing. In S. Sanei (Ed.), Adaptive Processing of Brain Signals, (pp. 37–44). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/9781118622162.ch2
   Google Scholar
• Schooler, J. W., Ariely, D., & Loewenstein, G. (2003). The pursuit of happiness can be self-defeating: The psychology of economic decisions. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Seidlitz, L., & Diener, E. (1998). Sex differences in the recall of affective experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 262–271. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.1.262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvia, P. J. (2008). Interest--The curious emotion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(1), 57–60. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00548.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speer, N. K., Reynolds, J. R., Swallow, K. M., & Zacks, J. M. (2009). Reading stories activates neural representations of visual and motor experiences. Psychological Science, 20(8), 989–999. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02397.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramanathan, S., & McGill, A. L. (2007). Consuming with others: Social influences on moment-to-moment and retrospective evaluations of an experience. Journal of Consumer Research, 34(4), 506–524. doi:10.1086/520074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasci, A. D. A. (2009). Social distance: The missing link in the loop of movies, destination image, and tourist behavior? Journal of Travel Research, 47(4), 494–507. doi:10.1177/0047287508326534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira, T., Wedel, M., & Pieters, R. (2012). Emotion-induced engagement in internet video advertisements. Journal of Marketing Research, 49(2), 144–159. doi: 10.1509/jmr.10.0207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teplan, M. (2002). Fundamentals of EEG measurement. Measurement Science Review, 2(2), 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• TNT (Producer). (2012, 25. October 2013). A dramatic surprise on a quiet square. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=316AzLYfAzw
   Google Scholar
• Tooke, N., & Baker, M. (1996). Seeing is believing: The effect of film on visitor numbers to screened locations. Tourism Management, 17(2), 87–94. doi:10.1016/0261-5177(95)00111-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• visitnorway (Producer). (2010a). Dog sledging in Finnmark. Stories for life. [Tourist commercial] Retrieved from: http://www.visitNorway.com/en/Where-to-go/North/Kirkenes/Dog-sledging-in-Finnmark/?media=video
   Google Scholar
• visitnorway (Producer). (2010b, 25 October 2010). Kayaking and fishing. Stories for life. [Tourist commercial] Retrieved from http://www.visitnorway.com/en/where-to-go/north/lofoten/what-to-do/kayaking-and-fishing/
   Google Scholar
• Vittersø, J., Hetland, A., Dahl, T. I., & Prebensen, N. (2015). The emotional traveler: Happiness and engagement as predictors of behavioral intentions among tourists in Northern Norway. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Vittersø, J., Oelmann, H. I., & Wang, A. L. (2009). Life satisfaction is not a balanced estimator of the good life: Evidence from reaction time measures and self-reported emotions. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(1), 1–17. doi:10.1007/s10902-007-9058-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vittersø, J., Søholt, Y., Hetland, A., Thoresen, I. A., & Røysamb, E. (2010). Was Hercules happy? Some answers from a functional model of human well-being. Social Indicators Research, 95(1), 1–18. doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9447-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle(Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Yassky, S. (1999). Emotional response to television commercials: Facial EMG vs. Self-Report.
   Google Scholar
• Young, C. E. (2004). Capturing the flow of emotion in television commercials: A new approach. Journal of Advertising Research, 44(02), 202–209. doi:10.1017/S0021849904040103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar