The entrepreneur–opportunity nexus: discovering the forces that promote product innovations in rural micro-tourism firms

References

• Åhman, E. (2016, February 2). Turism i Gävleborg på agendan i Gasklockorna [Tourism in Gävleborg on the agenda in Gasklockorna]. Gefle Dagblad. Retrieved August 11, 2016, from http://www.gd.se/allmant/gastrikland/turism-i-gavleborg-pa-agendan-i-gasklockorna
   Google Scholar
• Alsos, G. A., & Kaikkonen, V. (2004) Opportunities and prior knowledge: A study of experienced entrepreneurs. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 2004, 301–314.
   Google Scholar
• Ardichvili, A., Cardozo, R., & Ray, S. (2003). A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 105–123. doi: 10.1016/S0883-9026(01)00068-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ateljevic, I., & Doorne, S. (2000). Staying within the fence: Lifestyle entrepreneurship in tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 8(5), 378–392. doi: 10.1080/09669580008667374
   Google Scholar
• Booyens, I. (2016). Global-local trajectories for regional competitiveness: Tourism innovation in the Western Cape. Local Economy, 31(1–2), 142–157. doi: 10.1177/0269094215618598
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosworth, G., & Farrell, H. (2011). Tourism entrepreneurs in Northumberland. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1474–1494. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2011.03.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooker, E., & Joppe, M. (2013). Developing a tourism innovation typology: Leveraging liminal insights. Journal of Travel Research, 53(4), 500–508. doi: 10.1177/0047287513497839
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouder, P., & Eriksson, R. H. (2013). Staying power: What influences micro-firm survival in tourism? Tourism Geographies, 15(1), 125–144. doi: 10.1080/14616688.2011.647326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, D. A., Carson, D. B., & Eimermann, M. (2017). International winter tourism entrepreneurs in northern Sweden: Understanding migration, lifestyle, and business motivations. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2017.1339503
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clausen, T. H., & Madsen, E. L. (2014). Innovations, their knowledge sources and their effects in experience-based tourism. In G.A. Alsos, D. Eide, & E.L. Madsen (Eds.), Handbook of research on innovation in tourism industries (pp. 113–131). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2007). Qualitative inquiry & research design choosing among five approaches. (2nd ed.). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Davidsson, P. (2015). Entrepreneurial opportunities and the entrepreneurship nexus: A re-conceptualization. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(5), 674–695. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2015.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimov, D. (2011). Grappling with the unbearable elusiveness of entrepreneurial opportunities. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), 57–81. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00423.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckhardt, J. T., & Shane, S. (2010). An update to the individual–opportunity nexus. In Z. J. Acs & D. B. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurship research: An interdisciplinary survey and introduction (pp. 47–76). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Engeset, A. B., & Heggem, R. (2015). Strategies in Norwegian farm tourism: Product development, challenges, and solutions. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 15(1–2), 122–137. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2015.1005332
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksen, S. N. (2015). Experience innovation for small food and tourism firms. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 15(suppl.), 83–97. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2015.1060721
   Google Scholar
• Eriksson, L. I. (2014). Region Dalarna, facts about Dalarna, Retrieved January 10, 2015, from http://www.regiondalarna.se/region-dalarna-the-regional-development-council-of-dalarna-count/facts-about-dalarna/
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2014). What is an SME? Retrieved December 9, 2014, from http://ec.europa.eu/growth/smes/business-friendly-environment/sme-definition/index_en.htm
   Google Scholar
• Fuglsang, L. (2017). The critical incident technique and everyday innovation. In F. Sørensen & F. Lapenta (Eds.), Research methods in service innovation (pp. 40–59). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Gävleborg county administrative board. (2016). Om länet [About the county]. Retrieved August 11, 2016, from http://www.lansstyrelsen.se/Gavleborg/Sv/om-lansstyrelsen/om-lanet/Pages/default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Getz, D., & Petersen, T. (2005). Growth and profit-oriented entrepreneurship among family business owners in the tourism and hospitality industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 24(2), 219–242. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2004.06.007
   Google Scholar
• Hall, C. M., & Williams, A. M. (2008). Tourism and innovation. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hjalager, A. M. (2010). A review of innovation research in tourism. Tourism Management, 31(1), 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjalager, A. M., Kwiatkowski, G., & Østervig Larsen, M. (2017). Innovation gaps in Scandinavian rural tourism. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2017.1287002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoarau, H. (2014). Knowledge acquisition and assimilation in tourism-innovation processes. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 14(2), 135–151. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2014.887609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ioannides, D., & Petersen, T. (2003). Tourism “non-entrepreneurship” in peripheral destinations: A case study of small and medium tourism enterprises on Bornholm, Denmark. Tourism Geographies, 5(4), 408–435. doi: 10.1080/1461668032000129146
   Google Scholar
• Iversen, I., & Jacobsen, J. K. S. (2016). Migrant tourism entrepreneurs in rural Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 16(4), 484–499. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2015.1113887
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joffer, B. (2016, June 16). Miljoner till turism [Millions for tourism]. Dalarnas Tidningar. Retrieved May 21, 2017, from http://www.dt.se/naringsliv/miljoner-till-turism
   Google Scholar
• Jóhannesson, G. T., & Lund, K. A. (2017). Creative connections? Tourists, entrepreneurs and destination dynamics. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2017.1340549
   Google Scholar
• Kirzner, I. (1997). Entrepreneurial discovery and the competitive market process: An Austrian approach. Journal of Economic Literature, 35, 60–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitching, J., & Rouse, J. (2017). Opportunity or dead end? Rethinking the study of entrepreneurial action without a concept of opportunity. International Small Business Journal, 35(5), 558–577. doi: 10.1177/0266242616652211
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komppula, R. (2004). Success and growth in rural tourism micro-business in Finland: Financial or life-style objectives. In R. Thomas (Ed.), Small firms in tourism (pp. 115–138). Oxford: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Lundberg, C., & Fredman, P. (2012). Success factors and constraints among nature-based tourism entrepreneurs. Current Issues in Tourism, 15(7), 649–671. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2011.630458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchant, B., & Mottiar, Z. (2011). Understanding lifestyle entrepreneurs and digging beneath the issue of profits: Profiling surf tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs in Ireland. Tourism Planning & Development, 8(2), 171–183. doi: 10.1080/21568316.2011.573917
   Google Scholar
• Martin, L., & Wilson, N. (2016). Opportunity, discovery and creativity: A critical realist perspective. International Small Business Journal, 34(3), 261–275. doi: 10.1177/0266242614551185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mentzer, J. T., DeWitt, W., Keebler, J. S., Min, S., Nix, N. W., Smith, C. D., & Zacharia, Z. G. (2001). Defining supply chain management. Journal of Business Logistics, 22(2), 1–25. doi: 10.1002/j.2158-1592.2001.tb00001.x
   Google Scholar
• Middleton, V. (2001). The importance of micro-businesses in European tourism. In L. Roberts & D. Hall (Eds.), Rural tourism and recreation: Principles to practice (pp. 197–201). Wallingford: CABI.
   Google Scholar
• Mossberg, L. (2007). A marketing approach to the tourist experience. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 7(1), 59–74. doi: 10.1080/15022250701231915
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, D. K. (2013). Sweden. In C. Fredricsson & L. Smas (Eds.), Small-scale tourism in rural areas: Trends and research in Nordic countries (pp. 41–46). Stockholm: Nordregio. Working Paper; No. 3, Vol. 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Nordli, A. J. (2016). Measuring innovation in tourism with community innovation survey: A first step towards a more valid innovation instruments. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2016.1247382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordli, A. J. (2017). Information use and working methods as drivers of innovation in tourism companies. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2017.1343682
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nybakk, E., Vennesland, B., Hansen, E., & Lunnan, A. (2008). Networking, innovation, and performance in Norwegian nature-based tourism. Journal of Forest Products Business Research, 5(4), 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• OECD/Eurostat. (2005). Oslo manual: Guidelines for collecting and interpreting innovation data (3rd ed.). Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods (3rd ed.). London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, M., Frehse, J., & Buhalis, D. (2009). The importance of lifestyle entrepreneurship: A conceptual study of the tourism industry. PASOS Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural, 7(3), 393–405. doi: 10.25145/j.pasos.2009.07.028
   Google Scholar
• Ramoglou, S., & Tsang, E. W. (2015). A realist perspective of entrepreneurship: Opportunities as propensities. Academy of Management Review, 41(3), 410–434. doi: 10.5465/amr.2014.0281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Sanchez, I., Williams, A. M., & Brotons, M. (2017). The innovation journey of new-to-tourism entrepreneurs. Current Issues in Tourism. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2017.1334763
   Google Scholar
• Rønningen, M. (2010a). Innovation in the Norwegian rural tourism industry: Results from a Norwegian survey. The Open Social Science Journal, 3(1), 15–29. doi: 10.2174/1874945301003010015
   Google Scholar
• Rønningen, M. (2010b). Innovative processes in a nature-based tourism case: The role of a tour-operator as the driver of innovation. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 10(3), 190–206. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2010.491255
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandell, K., & Fredman, P. (2010). The right of public access–opportunity or obstacle for nature tourism in Sweden? Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 10(3), 291–309. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2010.502366
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarasvathy, S. D., Dew, N., Velamuri, S. R., & Venkataraman, S. (2003). Three views of entrepreneurial opportunity. In Z. J. Acs & D. B. Audretsch (Eds.), Handbook of entrepreneurship research: An inter-disciplinary survey and introduction (2nd ed., pp. 77–96). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Shane, S. (2003). A general theory of entrepreneurship: The individual–opportunity nexus. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Shane, S., & Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 25(1), 217–226. doi: 10.5465/amr.2000.2791611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw, G. (2014). Entrepreneurial cultures and small business enterprises in tourism. In A. A. Lew, C. M. Hall, & A. M. Williams (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell companion to tourism (pp. 120–131). Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, G., & Williams, A. M. (1998). Entrepreneurship, small business culture and tourism development. In D. Ioannides & K. Debbage (Eds.), Economic geography of the tourist industry: A supply side analysis (pp. 235–255). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, S. L. J. (1994). The tourism product. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(3), 582–595. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(94)90121-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solvoll, S., Alsos, G. A., & Bulanova, O. (2015). Tourism entrepreneurship – review and future directions. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 15(suppl.), 120–137. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2015.1065592
   Google Scholar
• Stam, E. (2010). Entrepreneurship, evolution and geography. In R. Boschma & R. Martin (Eds.), The handbook of evolutionary economic geography (pp. 139–161). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, R., Shaw, G., & Page, S. J. (2011). Understanding small firms in tourism: A perspective on research trends and challenges. Tourism Management, 32(5), 963–976. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2011.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TOURISMlink. (2012). The European tourism market, its structure and the role of ICTs. Brussels: The TOURISMlink Consortium.
   Google Scholar
• Venkataraman, S. (1997). The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research. Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence and Growth, 3(1), 119–138.
   Google Scholar
• Volo, S. (2006). A consumer-based measurement of tourism innovation. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 6(3–4), 73–87. doi: 10.1300/j162v06n03_05
   Google Scholar
• Wikman, B. (2015, February 25). Ett outvecklat turistlän med potential [An undeveloped tourism region with potential]. Helahalsingland.se. Retrieved August 11, 2016, from http://www.helahalsingland.se/allmant/halsingland/ett-outvecklat-turistlan-med-potential
   Google Scholar
• Williams, A. M. (2014). Tourism innovation: Products, processes, and people. In A. A. Lew, C. M. Hall, & A. M. Williams (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell companion to tourism (pp. 168–178). Oxford: Wiley–Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Yin, R. K. (2013). Case study research: Design and methods. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar