They come from near and far: the impact of spatial distance to event location on event attendance motivations

References

• Aguiar, M., & Hurst, E. (2007). Measuring trends in leisure: The allocation of time over five decades. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122(3), 969–1006. doi: 10.1162/qjec.122.3.969
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arcodia, C., & Whitford, M. (2006). Festival attendance and the development of social capital. Journal of Convention and Event Tourism, 8(2), 1–18. doi: 10.1300/J452v08n02_01
   Google Scholar
• Backman, K., Backman, S., Uysal, M., & Mohr, K. (1995). Event tourism: An examination of motivations and activities. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 3, 15–24.
   Google Scholar
• Beard, J. G., & Ragheb, M. G. (1983). Measuring leisure motivation. Journal of Leisure Research, 15(3), 219–228. doi: 10.1080/00222216.1983.11969557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergkvist, L., & Rossiter, J. R. (2007). The predictive validity of multiple-item versus single-item measures of the same constructs. Journal of Marketing Research, 44(2), 175–184. doi: 10.1509/jmkr.44.2.175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botha, C., Crompton, J., & Kim, S. (1999). Developing a revised competitive position for Sun/Lost City, South Africa. Journal of Travel Research, 37, 341–352. doi: 10.1177/004728759903700404
   Google Scholar
• Bowen, H. E., & Daniels, M. J. (2005). Does the music matter? Motivations for attending a music festival. Event Management, 9(3), 155–164. doi: 10.3727/152599505774791149
   Google Scholar
• Bramwell, B. (1997). Strategic planning before and after a mega-event. Tourism Management, 18, 167–176. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(96)00118-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brokaw, A. J. (2000). An explanation of attendance in division II college football. The Cyber-Journal of Sport Marketing, 4(2/3). Retrieved from http://pandora.nla.gov.au/nphwb/20000815130000/http://www.cjsm.com/vol4/brokaw42.htm
   Google Scholar
• Brown, G., Chalip, L., Jago, L., & Mules, T. (2002). The Sydney Olympics and brand Australia. In N. Morgan, A. Pritchard, & R. Pride (Eds.), Destination branding: Creating the unique destination proposition (pp. 163–185). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Chacko, H., & Schaffer, J. (1993). The evolution of a festival: Creole Christmas in New Orleans. Tourism Management, 14, 475–482. doi: 10.1016/0261-5177(93)90100-Y
   Google Scholar
• Cockrill, A., Sullivan, M., & Norbury, H. L. (2011). Music consumption: Lifestyle choice or addiction. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 18(2), 160–166. doi: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2010.12.003
   Google Scholar
• Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6, 408–424. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(79)90004-5
   Google Scholar
• Crompton, J. L., & McKay, S. L. (1997). Motives of visitors attending festival events. Annals of Tourism Research, 24(2), 425–439. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(97)80010-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dann, G. (1977). Anomie, ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 4, 184–194. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(77)90037-8
   Google Scholar
• De Geus, S., Richards, G., & Toepoel, V. (2016). Conceptualization and operationalization of event and festival experiences: Creation of an event experience scale. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 16(3), 274–296. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2015.1101933
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewar, K., Meyer, D., & Li, W. M. (2001). Harbin, lanterns of ice, sculptures of snow. Tourism Management, 22(5), 523–532. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00007-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earl, P. E. (2001). Simon’s travel theorem and the demand for live music. Journal of Economic Psychology, 22(3), 335–358. doi: 10.1016/S0167-4870(01)00037-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Formica, S., & Uysal, M. (1996). A market segmentation of festival visitors: Umbria jazz festival in Italy. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 3(4), 175–182. doi: 10.3727/106527095792232523
   Google Scholar
• Funk, D. C., & James, J. D. (2006). Consumer loyalty: The meaning of attachment in the development of sport team allegiance. Journal of Sport Management, 20(2), 189–217. doi: 10.1123/jsm.20.2.189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelder, G., & Robinson, P. (2009). A critical comparative study of visitor motivations for attending music festivals: A case study of Glastonbury and V festival. Event Management, 13(3), 181–196. doi: 10.3727/152599509790029792
   Google Scholar
• Getz, D. (1997). Event management and event tourism. New York, NY: Cognizant.
   Google Scholar
• Getz, D. (2008). Event tourism: Definition, evolution, and research. Tourism Management, 29(3), 403–428. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2007.07.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Getz, D., & Page, S. J. (2016). Progress and prospects for event tourism research. Tourism Management, 52, 593–631. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.03.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Getz, D., & Robinson, R. N. S. (2014). Foodies and food events. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 14(3), 315–330. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2014.946227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, C., & Davidson, D. (2004). Tamworth, Australia’s country music capital: Place, marketing, rurality, and resident reaction. Journal of Rural Studies, 20(4), 387–404. doi: 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2004.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, J., & O’Mahony, B. (2006). An empirical analysis of gender differences in sports attendance motives. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 7(4), 39–51. doi: 10.1108/IJSMS-07-04-2006-B008
   Google Scholar
• Hall, J., O’Mahony, B., & Vieceli, J. (2010). An empirical model of attendance factors at major sporting events. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(2), 328–334. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.10.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschman, E. C. (1983). Predictors of self-projection, fantasy fulfillment, and escapism. The Journal of Social Psychology, 120(1), 63–76. doi: 10.1080/00224545.1983.9712011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyman, M., & Faricy, C. (2008). It takes a village: A test of the creative class, social capital, and human capital theories. Urban Affairs Review, 44(3), 311–333. doi: 10.1177/1078087408321496
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen, J. K. S., & Antonson, H. (2017). Motivational segments for trips along the high coast byway of Sweden: A study of local leisure excursions and domestic holidaymaking. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 17(2), 177–193. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2015.1133318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jafari, J. (1989). Structure of tourism. In S. F. Witt, & L. Moutinho (Eds.), Tourism marketing and management handbook (pp. 437–442). Hemel Hempstead: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Jago, L., Chalip, L., Brown, G., Mules, T., & Ali, S. (2003). Building events into destination branding: Insights from experts. Event Management, 8(1), 3–14. doi: 10.3727/152599503108751658
   Google Scholar
• Kati, N., Rein, A., & Siiri, S. (2014). Evaluating the travel distances of events visitors and regular visitors using mobile positioning data: The case of Estonia. Journal of Urban Technology, 21(2), 91–107. doi: 10.1080/10630732.2014.888218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, N. S., & Chalip, L. (2004). Why travel to the FIFA World Cup? Effects of motives, background, interest, and constraints. Tourism Management, 25(6), 695–707. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2003.08.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. S., & Lee, C. K. (2002). Push and pull relationships. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 257–260. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00043-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Könecke, T., & Kwiatkowski, G. (2016). Why do people attend sport events at mature tourist destinations? An analysis of visitors’ motivation to attend the Windsurf World Cup on Sylt. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 23(2), 104–112. doi: 10.1515/pjst-2016-0013
   Google Scholar
• Kwiatkowski, G. (2016). Composition of event attendees: A comparison of three small-scale sporting events. International Journal of Sport Finance, 11(2), 163–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C. K. (2000). A comparative study of Caucasian and Asian visitors to a Cultural Expo in an Asian setting. Tourism Management, 21(2), 169–176. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00046-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C. K., Lee, Y. K., & Wicks, B. E. (2004). Segmentation of festival motivation by nationality and satisfaction. Tourism Management, 25(1), 61–70. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00060-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., & Petrick, J. F. (2006). A review of festival and event motivation studies. Event Management, 9(4), 239–245. doi: 10.3727/152599506776771526
   Google Scholar
• Liang, Y., Illum, S. F., & Cole, S. T. (2008). Benefits received and behavioral intentions of festival visitors in relation to distance travelled and their origins. International Journal of Event Management Research, 4(1), 12–23.
   Google Scholar
• Mackellar, J. (2006). Fanatics, fans or just good fun? Travel behaviours and motivations of the fanatic. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 12(3), 195–217. doi: 10.1177/1356766706064622
   Google Scholar
• Madrigal, R. (2006). Measuring the multidimensional nature of sporting event performance consumption. Journal of Leisure Research, 38(3), 267–292. doi: 10.1080/00222216.2006.11950079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzies, J. L., & Nguyen, S. N. (2012). An exploration of the motivation to attend for spectators of the Lexmark Indy 300 Champ Car event, gold Coast. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 17(3), 183–200. doi: 10.1080/14775085.2012.734059
   Google Scholar
• Mohr, K., Backman, K. F., Gahan, L. W., & Backman, S. J. (1993). An investigation of festival motivations and event satisfaction by visitor type. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 1, 89–97. doi: 10.3727/106527093792337619
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson, R. E., & Pearce, D. G. (2001). Why do people attend events: A comparative analysis of visitor motivations at four South Island events. Journal of Travel Research, 39(4), 449–460. doi: 10.1177/004728750103900412
   Google Scholar
• Oakes, S. (2003). Demographics and sponsorship considerations for jazz and classical music festivals. The Service Industries Journal, 23(3), 165–178. doi: 10.1080/714005121
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oakes, S. (2010). Profiling the jazz festival audience. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 1(2), 110–119. doi: 10.1108/17852951011056892
   Google Scholar
• Pasanen, K., Taskinen, H., & Mikkonen, J. (2009). Impacts of cultural events in Eastern Finland – Development of a Finnish event evaluation tool. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 9(2–3), 112–129. doi: 10.1080/15022250903119546
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petri, A., & Poulsen, C. F. (2015). Tinderbox bød på glade gæster og lunkne anmeldere. Retrieved from http://www.dr.dk/nyheder/regionale/fyn/tinderbox-boed-paa-glade-gaester-og-lunkne-anmeldere
   Google Scholar
• Pettersson, R., & Getz, D. (2009). Event experiences in time and space: A study of visitors to the 2007 World Alpine Ski Championships in Åre, Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 9(2–3), 308–326. doi: 10.1080/15022250903119504
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preuss, H. (2011). A method for calculating the crowding-out effect in sport mega-event impact studies: The 2010 FIFA World Cup. Development Southern Africa, 28(3), 367–385. doi: 10.1080/0376835X.2011.595995
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarri, P., & Drennan, J. (2006). Music purchase behavior: The effect of emotional loyalty on intention to purchase. ANZMAC 2006 conference proceedings.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, I. E., & Backman, S. J. (1996). Cross-cultural equivalence of festival motivations: A study in Jordan. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 4, 139–144. doi: 10.3727/106527096792195380
   Google Scholar
• Schofield, P., & Thompson, K. J. (2007). Visitor motivation, satisfaction and behavioural intention: The 2005 Naadam festival, Ulaanbaatar. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(5), 329–344. doi: 10.1002/jtr.638
   Google Scholar
• Scott, D. (1995). A comparison of visitors’ motivations to attend three urban festivals. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 3, 121–128.
   Google Scholar
• Snelgrove, R., Taks, M., Chalip, L., & Green, B. C. (2008). How visitors and locals at a sport event differ in motives and identity. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 13(3), 165–180. doi: 10.1080/14775080802310215
   Google Scholar
• Swanson, S. R., Gwinner, K. P., Larson, B. V., & Janda, S. (2003). Motivations of college student game attendance and word-of-mouth behavior: The impact of gender differences. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(3), 151–162.
   Google Scholar
• Tkaczynski, A. (2013). A stakeholder approach to attendee segmentation: A case study of an Australian Christian music festival. Event Management, 17, 283–298. doi: 10.3727/152599513X13708863377999
   Google Scholar
• Tkaczynski, A., & Rundle-Thiele, S. R. (2011). Event segmentation: A review and research agenda. Tourism Management, 32(2), 426–434. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, J. C., & Patrick, H. (2008). How does motivation develop and why does it change? Reframing motivation research. Educational Psychologist, 43(3), 119–131. doi: 10.1080/00461520802178441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uysal, M., Gahan, L., & Martin, B. (1993). An examination of event motivations: A case study. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 1, 5–10.
   Google Scholar
• Uysal, M., & Jurowski, C. (1994). Testing the push and pull factors. Annals of Tourism Research, 21, 844–846. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(94)90091-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Zyl, C., & Botha, C. (2003). Motivational factors of local residents to attend the Aardklop national arts festival. Event Management, 8(4), 213–222. doi: 10.3727/1525995031436818
   Google Scholar
• Whitelegg, D. (2000). Going for gold: Atlanta’s bid for fame. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24, 801–817. doi: 10.1111/1468-2427.00279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeoman, I., Robertson, M., Ali-Knight, J., Drummond, S., & McMahon-Beattie, U. (2004). Festival and events management: An international arts and culture perspective. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth- Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Ziakas, V. (2014). Planning and leveraging event portfolios: Towards a holistic theory. Journal of Hospitality Marketing and Management, 23(3), 327–356. doi: 10.1080/19368623.2013.796868
   Google Scholar