362
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Making Moral Targeting Decisions in War: The Importance of Principal-Agent Motivation Alignment and Constraining Doctrine*

Pages 12-31 | Published online: 22 Aug 2006

References

  • Air Force Doctrine Center . ( 1999 ) Integration of Air and Space in Operational Planning. Briefing . Air Force Doctrine Symposium , Maxwell Air Force Base, AL , 1 March .
  • Air Force Doctrine Center . ( 1998–1999 ) Internal correspondence and correspondence with higher headquarters. Accessed with permission of AFDC .
  • Air Force Doctrine Center . ( 1999 ) Operation Allied Force: An Initial Doctrinal Assessment. June .
  • Air Force Doctrine Center . ( 1998 ) Case study: Trip Report, Warrior Preparation Center, Einsiedlerhof, Germany 18 October–4 November 1998. 10 November .
  • Air Force officers in multiple interviews in Montgomery, Alabama, and Washington, DC . ( 2002 ) Officers asked that their identity remain anonymous for purposes of this research. Interviews were carried out in June, as well as during Operation Allied Force when the author worked on the staff of the Air Force Doctrine Center .
  • Allison , G. and Zelikow , P. 1999 . Essence of Decision , New York : Addison, Wesley, Longman .
  • Arkin , W. ( 2002 ) Not Good Enough Mr. Rumsfeld, Washington Post online edition, 25 February , www.WashingtonPost.com ( accessed 25 February 2002 ).
  • Bethel , S. , Colonel , USAF. ( 1999–2002 ) Series of personal interviews with author, February 1999–May 2002 .
  • Byers , M. 2003 . Letting the exception prove the rule . Ethics in International Affairs , 17 ( 1 ) : 9 – 17 .
  • Carlino , M. 2002 . The moral limits of strategic attack . Parameters , 32 ( 1 ) : 15 – 29 .
  • Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . ( 2001 ) Joint Publication 0-2 , Unified Action Armed Forces (UNAAF) , Washington, , DC , 10 July .
  • Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . ( 2002 ) Joint Pub 3-60 , Joint Doctrine for Targeting , Washington, , DC .
  • Chesterton , G.K. ( 1908 ) Thoughts Around Koepenick , in: All Things Considered , quotation obtained from The American Chesterton Society online at www.chesterton.org ( accessed 1 March 2002 ).
  • Chief, Doctrine Branch (Officer's name withheld), Strategy Division, Directorate of Plans, HQ USAF/XOXS Washington, DC ( 2002 ) Interview with author , 14 May .
  • Clark , W. K. 2001 . Waging Modern War , New York : Public Affairs .
  • Crawford , N. C. 2003 . The Slippery Slope to Preventive War . Ethics in International Affairs , 17 ( 1 ) : 30 – 37 .
  • Department of Defense News Briefing, Defense Secretary William S. Cohen and Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff . ( 1999 ) Available at: www.defenselink.mil/news/Mar1999/t03241999_t0324sd.html , ( last accessed 13 October 2005 ).
  • Deptula, D. Lt. Col ( 1991 ) Transcript of Oral History Interview conducted by Suzanne Gheri, Edward Mann, and Richard Reynolds, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, Document Number K239.0472-85, 12 December .
  • Downs , A. 1967 . Inside Bureaucracy , New York : Little-Brown and Company .
  • Dunlap , C. 2004 . “ Technology and war: Moral dilemmas on the battlefield ” . In Ethics and the Future of Conflict , Edited by: Lang , A. F. Jr , Pierce , A. C. and Rosenthal , J. H. 126 – 50 . Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
  • Gingras , J. and Ruby , T. 2000 . Morality in Modern Aerial Warfare . Joint Forces Quarterly , 25 : 107 – 110 .
  • Glosson, B, Lt. Gen, USAF ( 1992 ) Transcript of Oral History Interview conducted by Suzanne Gheri, Edward Mann, and Richard Reynolds, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, Document Number K239.0472-90, 4 June .
  • Gordon , M. R. and Trainor , B. L. 1995 . The Generals’ War , Boston, MA : Back Bay Books .
  • Hyde , T. , Colonel , USAF . ( 2002 ) Chief of Checkmate, HQ USAF/XOOC, The Pentagon, Washington, DC. Personal interview by author, 14 May .
  • Johnson , J. T. 1999 . Morality and Contemporary Warfare , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
  • Keaney , T. A. and Cohen , E. A. 1993 . Gulf War Air Power Survey Summary Report , Washington, DC : Government Printing Office .
  • Keegan , J. 1976 . The Face of Battle , London : Penguin Books .
  • Lamont , B. K. 2003 . ICC Offers Promise—Without the United States . Humanist , 63 ( 6 ) : 35 – 36 .
  • Lopez , G. A. 2002 . The style of the new war: Making rules as we go along . Ethics in International Affairs , 16 ( 1 ) : 21 – 26 .
  • MacCuish , D. & Ruby , T. ( 2003 ) The International Criminal Court (ICC): Could American military officers be tried in the Hague? Pew Case Studies in International Affairs , Georgetown University Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, Case 270 .
  • Mann , E. C. 1995 . Thunder and Lightning: Desert Storm and the Airpower Debates , Montgomery : Air University Press .
  • Marcum , C. Y. , Sager Weinstein , L. R. , Hosek , S. D. and Thie , H. J. 2001 . Department of Defense Political Appointments: Position and Process , Santa Monica, CA : Rand Corporation .
  • McCubbins , M. , Noll , R. and Weingast . 1987 . Administrative Procedures as Instruments of Political Control . Journal of Law, Economics and Organization , 3 : 243 – 277 .
  • McCubbins , M. , Noll , R. and Weingast , B. 1987 . Structure and Process, Politics and Policy: Administrative Arrangements and the Political Control of Agencies . Virginia Law Review , 75 : 431 – 498 .
  • Mendez , J. E. 2001 . National Reconciliation, Transnational Justice, and the International Criminal Court . Ethics in International Affairs , 15 ( 1 ) : 25 – 46 .
  • Moe , T. M. 1989 . “ The politics of bureaucratic structure ” . In Can the Government Govern? , Edited by: Chubb , J. E. and Peterson , P. E. Washington, DC : The Brookings Institution .
  • Nash , W. L. 2002 . The laws of war: A military view . Ethics in International Affairs , 16 ( 1 ) : 14 – 17 .
  • Priest , D. ( 1999a ) Target Selection Was Long Process , Washington Post , 20 September, p. A11 .
  • Priest , D. ( 1999b ) Bombing By Committee , Washington Post , 20 September, p. A1 .
  • Roblyer , D. A. Lt. Col , USAF. ( 2003 ) Beyond precision: Issues of morality and decision making in minimizing collateral casualties, research paper , Program in Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security , University of Illinois , Urbana-Champaign, , IL .
  • Rogers , M. , Maj . ( 1991 ) Transcript of oral history interview conducted by Suzanne Gheri, Edward Mann, and Richard Reynolds, Air Force Historical Research Agency, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, Document Number K239.0472-103, 3–4 June .
  • Rosen , S. P. 1991 . Winning the Next War , Ithica, NY : Cornell University Press .
  • Smith , R. J. ( 2004 ) Clark papers talk politics and war , Washington Post , 7 Feb, p. A1 .
  • Solana , J. , NATO Secretary General and SACUER Clark, W., General . ( 1999 ) Press conference, 1 April in Brussels, Belgium, http://listserv.cc.kuleuven.ac.be/cgi-bin/wa?A2 = ind9904&L = natopres&T = 0&F = &S = &P = 264 . ( accessed 15 April 2004 )
  • Stehr , S. D. 1997 . Top bureaucrats and the distribution of influence in Reagan's Executive Branch . Public Administration Review , 57 ( 1 ) : 75 – 82 .
  • Swift , G. , Major , USAF. ( 2001 ) The teaching of morality in warfighting in today's Officer Corps, research paper, Air Command and Staff College, Montgomery, Alabama .
  • Thomas , E. , Brant , M. , Barry , J. and Lipper , T. 2003 . The Education of Tommy Franks . Newsweek , 141 ( 20 ) : 24 – 29 .
  • Thomas , W. 2001 . The Ethics of Destruction , Ithica, NY : Cornell University Press .
  • Tirpak , J. A. ( 1999 ) Washington Watch: Short's view of the air campaign , Air Force Magazine , September, available at http//www.afa.org ( accessed 1 March, 2000 ).
  • Torrente , N. de. 2002 . Challenges to humanitarian action . Ethics in International Affairs , 16 ( 2 ) : 2 – 8 .
  • United States General Accounting Office . 2001 . GAO-01-784, Kosovo Air Operations: Need to Maintain Alliance Cohesion Resulted in Doctrinal Departures , Washington, DC : GAO .
  • Walzer , M. 1977 . Just and Unjust Wars , New York : Basic Books .
  • White House . ( 1999 ) President Clinton Address to the Nation Regarding NATO Air Strikes Against Serbia , 24 March, available at http://kiev.usembassy.gov/press/990326_clinton-kosovo_eng.html ( accessed on-line 13 April 2000 ).
  • Wilson , J. Q. 1989 . Bureaucracy , New York : Basic Books .
  • Wood , B. D. 1990 . Does politics make a difference at the EEOC? . American Journal of Political Science , 34 : 503 – 530 .
  • Woodward , B. 1991 . The Commanders , New York : Simon and Schuster .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.