The Impact of Subjective Camera in Sports on Arousal and Enjoyment

REFERENCES

• Aristotle . ( 1961 ). Poetics (F. Fergusson, Trans.). New York, NY: Dramabooks.
   Google Scholar
• Baig , E. ( 2010 , June 17 ). Watching the World Cup in 3D is nifty, if not without issues . USA Today , B3 .
   Google Scholar
• Baumgartner , T. , Valko , L. , Esslen , M. , & Jäncke , L. ( 2006 ). Neural correlate of spatial presence in an arousing and noninteractive virtual reality: An EEG and psychophysiology study . CyberPsychology & Behavior , 9 , 30 – 45 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Billings , A. C. ( 2008 ). Olympic media: Inside the biggest show on television . London , UK : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Billings , A. C. , Halone , K. K. , & Denham , B. E. ( 2002 ). “Man, that was a pretty shot”: An analysis of gendered broadcast commentary surrounding the 2000 men's and women's NCAA Final Four basketball championships . Mass Communication & Society , 5 , 295 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Bissell , K. L. , & Duke , A. M. ( 2007 ). Bump, set, spike: An analysis of commentary and camera angles of women's beach volleyball during the 2004 summer Olympics . Journal of Promotion Management , 13 , 35 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Bradley , M. M. ( 1994 ). Emotional memory: A dimensional analysis . In. S. Van Goozen , N. E. Van de Poll , & J. A. Sargent (Eds.), Emotions: Essays on emotion theory (pp. 97 – 134 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Bradley , M. M. , & Lang , P. J. ( 1994 ). Measuring emotion: The Self-Assessment Manikin and the semantic differential . Journal of Behavior Therapy & Experimental Psychiatry , 25 , 49 – 59 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant , J. , Brown , D. , Comisky , P. W. , & Zillmann , D. ( 1982 ). Sports and spectators: Commentary and appreciation . Journal of Communication , 32 ( 1 ), 109 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant , J. , Comisky , P. , & Zillmann , D. ( 1977 ). Drama in sports commentary . Journal of Communication , 27 , 140 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant , J. , Comisky , P. , & Zillmann , D. ( 1981 ). The appeal of rough-and-tumble play in televised professional football . Communication Quarterly , 29 , 256 – 262 .
   Google Scholar
• Bryant , J. , & Miron , D. ( 2003 ). Excitation-transfer theory and three-factor theory of emotion . In J. Bryant , D. R. Roskos-Ewoldsen & J. Cantor (Eds.), Communication and emotion: Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann (pp. 31 – 59 ). Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Bryant , J. , & Raney , A. A. ( 2000 ). Sports on the screen . In D. Zillmann & P. Vorderer (Eds.), Media entertainment: The psychology of its appeal (pp. 153 – 174 ). Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Christ , W. G. ( 1985 ). The construct of arousal in communication research . Human Communication Research , 11 , 575 – 592 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , D. S. ( 2010 , March 10 ). Eye shoots for 3D hoops . Daily Variety , 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Comisky , P. , Bryant , J. , & Zillmann , D. ( 1977 ). Commentary as a substitute for action . Journal of Communication , 27 , 150 – 153 . doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1977.tb02141.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook , Edwin W. , III ( 1997 ). VPM reference manual . Birmingham , AL : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Cummins , R. G. ( 2009 ). The effects of subjective camera and fanship on viewers' experience of presence and perception of play in sports telecasts . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 37 , 453 – 475 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillon , C. , Keogh , E. , & Freeman , J. (2002 , October). ‘It's been emotional’: Affect, physiology, and presence. Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Presence. Porto, Portugal.
   Google Scholar
• Do , J. , Kim , D. , Kim , D. Y. , & Kim , E.-m. ( 2009 ). When mobile phones meet television … : An FGI analysis of mobile broadcasting users in Korea . Media, Culture, and Society , 31 , 669 – 679 .
   Google Scholar
• Dupagne , M. ( 1999 ). Exploring the characteristics of potential high-definition television adopters . Journal of Media Economics , 12 , 35 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Every ESPN outlet to cover Florida State vs. Miami September 4 . ( 2006 , August 21 ). Retrieved from http://media.espn.com/ESPNToday/2006/Aug_06/cfb_full.htm
   Google Scholar
• Fans' eye in the sky adds clarity . ( 2006 , December 22 ). USA Today, p. C3. Retrieved from www.usatoday.com
   Google Scholar
• Farmer , S. ( 2008 , February 2 ). Giving bowl fans the ‘wow' shot . The Los Angeles Times , p. C1 . Retrieved from http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/02/business/fi-cablecam2
   Google Scholar
• Farrell , T. B. ( 1989 ). Media rhetoric as social drama: The Winter Olympics of 1984 . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 6 , 158 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , E. ( 2004 , April 18 ). Fox's tech gizmos get mixed reviews . The Washington Times , p. C3 .
   Google Scholar
• Fountain , H. ( 2005 , January 6 ). A chance to peek over the quarterback's shoulder . The New York Times , p. G5 . Retrieved from www.nytimes.com
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , J. , & Avons , S. E. ( 2000 ). Focus group exploration of presence through advanced broadcast services . Proceedings of the SPIE , 3959 , 530 – 539 .
   Google Scholar
• Gantz , W. ( 1981 ). An exploration of viewing motives and behaviors associated with television sports . Journal of Broadcasting , 25 , 263 – 275 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gantz , W. , & Wenner , L. A. ( 1991 ). Men, women, and sports: Audience experiences and effects . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 35 , 233 – 243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer , J. D. , Hardin , M. , & Homan , C. ( 2009 ). “Naturally” less exciting? Visual production of men's and women's track and field coverage during the 2004 Olympics . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 53 , 173 – 189 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiestand , M. ( 2006 , October 6 ). Handhelds widen at-game experience . USA Today , p. C3 .
   Google Scholar
• Hiestand , M. ( 2007 , July 25 ). ESPN's ‘revolutionary' graphics will show the unseen at NASCAR races . USA Today , p. C12 .
   Google Scholar
• Hillmann , C. H. , Cuthbert , B. N. , Bradley , M. M. , & Lang , P. J. ( 2004 ). Motivated engagement to appetitive and aversive fanship cues: Psychophysiological responses of rival sport fans . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 26 , 338 – 351 .
   Google Scholar
• Hurby , P. ( 2002 , April 24 ). The 50 worst sports ideas ever . The Washington Times , p. C1 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , S. , & Jacobs , S. ( 1983 ). Generalizing about messages: Suggestions for design and analysis of experiments . Human Communication Research , 9 , 169 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis , B. G. ( 2006 ). Media Lab (Version 2006.2.40) [Computer software] . New York , NY : Empirisoft Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Kinkema , K. M. , & Harris , J. C. ( 1998 ). MediaSport studies: Key research and emerging issues . In L. A. Wenner (Ed.), MediaSport (pp. 27 – 54 ). London , UK : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Klimmt , C. , & Vorderer , P. ( 2003 ). Media psychology “is not yet there”: Introducing theories on media entertainment to the presence debate . Presence , 12 , 346 – 359 .
   Google Scholar
• Knobloch-Westerwick , S., David , P., Eastin , M. S. , Tamborini , R. , & Greenwood , D. ( 2009 ). Sports spectators' suspense: Affect and uncertainty in sports entertainment . Journal of Communication , 59 , 750 – 767 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , A. , Borse , J. , Wise , K. , & David , P. ( 2002 ). Captured by the World Wide Web: Orienting to structural and content features of computer-presented information . Communication Research , 29 , 215 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , A. , Zhou , S. , Schwartz , N. , Bolls , P. D. , & Potter , R. F. ( 2000 ). The effects of edits on arousal, attention, and memory for television messages: When an edit is an edit can an edit be too much? Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 44 , 94 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombard , M. , & Ditton , T. (1997). At the heart of it all: The concept of presence. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 13. Retrieved from http://jcmc.indiana.edu/
   Google Scholar
• Lombard , M. , Reich , R. D. , Grabe , M. E. , Bracken , C. C. , & Ditton , T. B. ( 2000 ). Presence and television: The role of screen size . Human Communication Research , 26 , 75 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , B. S. , & Nydahl , J. ( 1985 ). Sports spectacle as drama: Image, language, and technology . Journal of Popular Culture , 18 , 101 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullen , L. J. , & Mazzocco , D. W. ( 2000 ). Coaches, drama, and technology: Mediation of Super Bowl broadcasts from 1969 to 1997 . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 17 , 347 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , E. M. , & Raney , A. A. ( 2008 ). Reconceptualizing and reexamining suspense as a predictor of mediated sports enjoyment . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 52 , 544 – 562 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter , R. F. , & Choi , J. ( 2006 ). The effects of auditory structural complexity on attitudes, attention, arousal, and memory . Media Psychology , 8 , 395 – 419 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raney , A. A. ( 2006 ). Why we watch and enjoy mediated sports . In A. A. Raney & J. Bryant (Eds.), Handbook of sports and media (pp. 313 – 329 ). Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Raney , A. A. , & Depalma , A. J. ( 2006 ). The effect of viewing varying levels and contexts of violent sports programming on enjoyment, mood, and perceived violence . Mass Communication & Society , 9 , 321 – 338 .
   Google Scholar
• Raney , A. A. , & Kinnally , W. ( 2009 ). Examining perceived violence in and enjoyment of televised rivalry sports contests . Mass Communication & Society , 12 , 311 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravaja , N. , Saari , T. , Turpeinen , M. , Laarni , J. , Salminen , M. , & Kivikangas , M. ( 2006 ). Spatial presence and emotions during video game play: Does it matter with whom you play? Presence , 15 , 381 – 392 .
   Google Scholar
• Reeves , B. , Lang , A. , Kim , E. Y. , & Tatar , D. ( 1999 ). The effects of screen size and message content on attention and arousal . Media Psychology , 1 , 49 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Sandomir , R. ( 2004 , October 12 ). Networks in a duel of technology . The New York Times , p. D3 .
   Google Scholar
• Sandomir , R. ( 2005 , February 7 ). Camera keeps rare company with soaring passes and scrambling players . The New York Times , p. D6 . Retrieved from www.nytimes.com
   Google Scholar
• Sargent , S. L. ( 2003 ). Enjoyment of televised sporting events: Evidence of a gender gap . Communication Research Reports , 20 , 182 – 188 .
   Google Scholar
• Schneider , E. F. , Lang , A. , Shin , M. , & Bradley , S. D. ( 2004 ). Death with a story: How story impacts emotional, motivational, and physiological responses to first-person shooter video games . Human Communication Research , 30 , 361 – 375 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sears , D. O. ( 1986 ). College sophomores in the laboratory: Influences of a narrow data base on social psychology's view of human nature . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 , 515 – 530 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan , D. B. ( 1991 ). Commentary and viewer perception of player hostility: Adding punch to televised sports . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 35 , 487 – 504 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan , D. B. ( 2006 ). Broadcast television and the game of packaging sports . In A. A. Raney & J. Bryant (Eds.), Handbook of sports and media (pp. 131 – 145 ). Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Vorderer , P. , Klimmt , C. , & Ritterfeld , U. ( 2004 ). Enjoyment: At the heart of media entertainment . Communication Theory , 14 , 388 – 408 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wann , D. L. ( 2002 ). Preliminary validation of a measure for assessing identification as a sport fan: The sport fandom questionnaire . International Journal of Sport Management , 3 , 103 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Wann , D. L. ( 2006 ). The causes and consequences of sport team identification . In A. A. Raney & J. Bryant (Eds.), Handbook of sports and media (pp. 331 – 352 ). Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Weisman , R. ( 2009 , September 16 ). Fans get an eyeful as ESPN goes deep. Daily Variety. Retrieved from URL.
   Google Scholar
• Williams , B. R. (1977). The structure of televised football. Journal of Communication , 27, 133–139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wirth , W. , Hartmann , T. , Böcking , S. , Vorderer , P. , Klimmt , C. , Schramm , H. , … Jäncke , P. ( 2007 ). A process model of the formation of spatial presence experiences . Media Psychology , 9 , 493 – 525 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zillmann , D. ( 1988 ). Mood management: Using entertainment to full advantage . In L. Donohew , H. E. Sypher , & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Communication, social cognition, and affect (pp. 147 – 171 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Zillmann , D. ( 1996 ). Sequential dependencies in emotional experience and behavior . In R. D. Kavanaugh , B. Zimmerberg & S. Fein (Eds.), Emotion: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 243 – 272 ). Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Zillmann , D. , Bryant , J. , & Sapolsky , B. S. ( 1989 ). Enjoyment from sports spectatorship . In J. Goldstein (Ed.), Sports, games, and play: Social and psychological viewpoints ( , 2nd ed. , pp. 241 – 278 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar