Television and Preadolescents’ Objectified Dating Script: Consequences for Self- and Interpersonal Objectification

REFERENCES

• Anderegg, C., Dale, K., & Fox, J. (2014). Media portrayals of romantic relationship maintenance: A content analysis of relational maintenance behaviors on prime-time television. Mass Communication and Society, 17(5), 733–753. doi:10.1080/15205436.2013.846383
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arndorfer, C. L., & Stormshak, E. A. (2008). Same-sex versus other-sex best friendship in early adolescence: Longitudinal predictors of antisocial behavior throughout adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 1059–1070. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9311-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aubrey, J. S., Hopper, K. M., & Mbure, W. G. (2011). Check that body! The effects of sexually objectifying music videos on college men’s sexual beliefs. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 55(3), 360–379. doi:10.1080/08838151.2011.597469
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aubrey, J. S., & Taylor, L. D. (2009). The role of lad magazines in priming men’s chronic and temporary appearance-related schemata: An investigation of longitudinal and experimental findings. Human Communication Research, 35(1), 28–58. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2008.01337.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88, 354–364.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calzo, J. P., Sonneville, K. R., Haines, J., Blood, E. A., Field, A. E., & Austin, S. B. (2012). The development of associations among body mass index, body dissatisfaction, and weight and shape concern in adolescent boys and girls. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(5), 517–523. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.02.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioural sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Dens, N., De Pelsmacker, P., & Janssens, W. (2009). Effects of scarcely dressed models in advertising on body esteem for Belgian men and women. Sex Roles, 60(5–6), 366–378. doi:10.1007/s11199-008-9541-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferris, A. L., Smith, S. W., Greenberg, B. S., & Smith, S. L. (2007). The content of reality dating shows and viewer perceptions of dating. Journal of Communication, 57(3), 490–510. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00354.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiske, J. (1987). Television culture. London, UK: Methuen.
   Google Scholar
• Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. A. (1997). Objectification theory. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(2), 173–206. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gondoli, D. M., Corning, A. F., Blodgett Salafia, E. H., Bucchianeri, M. M., & Fitzsimmons, E. E. (2011). Heterosocial involvement, peer pressure for thinness, and body dissatisfaction among young adolescent girls. Body Image, 8(2), 143–148. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2010.12.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graff, K. A., Murnen, S. K., & Krause, A. K. (2013). Low-cut shirts and high-heeled shoes: Increased sexualization across time in magazine depictions of girls. Sex Roles, 69(11–12), 571–582. doi:10.1007/s11199-013-0321-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurung, R. A., & Chrouser, C. J. (2007). Predicting objectification: Do provocative clothing and observer characteristics matter? Sex Roles, 57(1–2), 91–99. doi:10.1007/s11199-007-9219-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hefner, V., & Wilson, B. J. (2013). From love at first sight to soul mate: The influence of romantic ideals in popular films on young people’s beliefs about relationships. Communication Monographs, 80, 150–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. (1998). Masculinity/femininity as a dimension of culture. In G. Hofstede & Associates (Eds.), Masculinity and femininity: The taboo dimensions of national cultures (pp. 3–28). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G. H., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software for the mind. Intercultural cooperation and its importance for survival (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Huesmann, L. R. (1988). An information processing model for the development of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 14, 13–24. doi:10.1002/10982337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewell, J. A., & Brown, C. S. (2014). Relations among gender typicality, peer relations, and mental health during early adolescence. Social Development, 23(1), 137–156. doi:10.1111/sode.12042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J. L., Lynn Sorsoli, C., Collins, K., Zylbergold, B. A., Schooler, D., & Tolman, D. L. (2007). From sex to sexuality: Exposing the heterosexual script on primetime network television. Journal of Sex Research, 44(2), 145–157. doi:10.1080/00224490701263660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, E. A. E., & Troop-Gordon, W. (2011). Peer processes and gender role development: Changes in gender atypicality related to negative peer treatment and children’s friendships. Sex Roles, 64(1–2), 90–102. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9883-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, C. F., Lurye, L. E., Zosuls, K. M., & Ruble, D. N. (2009). Accessibility of gender stereotype domains: Developmental and gender differences in children. Sex Roles, 60(11–12), 870–881. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9584-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murnen, S. K., & Byrne, D. (1991). Hyperfemininity: Measurement and initial validation of the construct. Journal of Sex Research, 28(3), 479–489. doi:10.1080/00224499109551620
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murnen, S. K., Poinsatte, K., Huntsman, K., Goldfarb, J., & Glaser, D. (2015). Body ideals for heterosexual romantic partners: Gender and sociocultural influences. Body Image, 12, 22–31. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noll, S. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). A mediational model linking self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22(4), 623–636. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1998.tb00181.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowatzki, J., & Morry, M. (2009). Women’s intentions regarding, and acceptance of, self-sexualizing behavior. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 33(1), 95–107. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2008.01477.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, M. M. (2012). Self-perceived gender typicality, gender-typed attributes, and gender stereotype endorsement in elementary-school-aged children. Sex Roles, 67(7–8), 422–434. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0184-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Rousseau, A., Bels, A., Eggermont, S., & Van Den Bulck, H. (2015, February). The objectified subject: Sexualization and (sexual) objectification in Flemish preteens’ popular television programs. Paper presented at the Annual Conference Etmaal van de Communicatiewetenschap, Antwerp, Belgium.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (1984). Sexual scripts. Society, 22(1), 53–60. doi:10.1007/BF02701260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2015). Media exposure, extracurricular activities, and appearance-related comments as predictors of female adolescents’ self-objectification. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39(3), 375–389. doi:10.1177/0361684314554606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, D. P., & Few, A. L. (2007). Hip hop honey or video ho: African American preadolescents’ understanding of female sexual scripts in hip hop culture. Sexuality & Culture, 11(4), 48–69. doi:10.1007/s12119-007-9012-8
   Google Scholar
• Stone, E. A., Brown, C. S., & Jewell, J. A. (2015). The sexualized girl: A within-gender stereotype among elementary school children. Child Development, 86(5), 1604–1622. doi:10.1111/cdev.12405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strelan, P., & Hargreaves, D. (2005). Women who objectify other women: The vicious circle of objectification? Sex Roles, 52(9–10), 707–712. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-3737-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swami, V., & Voracek, M. (2013). Associations among men’s sexist attitudes, objectification of women, and their own drive for muscularity. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 14(2), 168–174. doi:10.1037/a0028437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ter Bogt, T. F., Engels, R. C., Bogers, S., & Kloosterman, M. (2010). “Shake it baby, shake it”: Media preferences, sexual attitudes and gender stereotypes among adolescents. Sex Roles, 63(11–12), 844–859. doi:10.1007/s11199-010-9815-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokunaga, R. S., Wright, P. J., & McKinley, C. J. (2015). US adults’ pornography viewing and support for abortion: A three-wave panel study. Health Communication, 30(6), 577–588. doi:10.1080/10410236.2013.875867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2013). The differential susceptibility to media effects model. Journal of Communication, 63(2), 221–243. doi:10.1111/jcom.12024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenbosch, L., Vervloessem, D., & Eggermont, S. (2013). “I might get your heart racing in my skin-tight jeans”: Sexualization on music entertainment television. Communication Studies, 64(2), 178–194. doi:10.1080/10510974.2012.755640
   Google Scholar
• Ward, L. M. (2002). Does television exposure affect emerging adults’ attitudes and assumptions about sexual relationships? Correlational and experimental confirmation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 31(1), 1–15. doi:10.1023/A:1014068031532
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, L. M., & Friedman, K. (2006). Using TV as a guide: Associations between television viewing and adolescents’ sexual attitudes and behavior. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 16, 133–156. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, L. M., Seabrook, R. C., Manago, A., & Reed, L. (2016). Contributions of diverse media to self-sexualization among undergraduate women and men. Sex Roles, 74(1–2), 12–23. doi:10.1007/s11199-015-0548-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, L. M., Vandenbosch, L., & Eggermont, S. (2015). The impact of men’s magazines on adolescent boys’ objectification and courtship beliefs. Journal of Adolescence, 39, 49–58. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2014.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiederman, M. W. (2005). The gendered nature of sexual scripts. The Family Journal, 13(4), 496–502. doi:10.1177/1066480705278729
   Google Scholar
• Wright, P. J. (2011). Mass media effects on youth sexual behavior. Communication Yearbook, 35, 343–386.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, P. J. (2014). Pornography and the sexual socialization of children: Current knowledge and a theoretical future. Journal of Children and Media, 8(3), 305–312. doi:10.1080/17482798.2014.923606
   Google Scholar
• Wright, P. J., & Funk, M. (2014). Pornography consumption and opposition to affirmative action for women: A prospective study. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 38(2), 208–221. doi:10.1177/0361684313498853
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, P. J., & Tokunaga, R. S. (2015). Men’s objectifying media consumption, objectification of women, and attitudes supportive of violence against women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45(4), 1–10. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0644-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zurbriggen, E. I., & Morgan, E. M. (2006). Who wants to marry a millionaire? Reality dating television programs, attitudes toward sex, and sexual behaviors. Sex Roles, 54(1–2), 1–17. doi:10.1007/s11199-005-8865-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zurbriggen, E. L., Ramsey, L. R., & Jaworski, B. K. (2011). Self- and partner-objectification in romantic relationships: Associations with media consumption and relationship satisfaction. Sex Roles, 64(7–8), 449–462. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-9933-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar