Moral Foundations, Ideological Divide, and Public Engagement with U.S. Government Agencies’ COVID-19 Vaccine Communication on Social Media

References

• Amin, A. B., Bednarczyk, R. A., Ray, C. E., Melchiori, K. J., Graham, J., Huntsinger, J. R., & Omer, S. B. (2017). Association of moral values with vaccine hesitancy. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(12), 873–880. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0256-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, C., & Morehouse, J. (2022). Toward a caring government: Advancing ethical government public relations with a care-based relationship cultivation model. Journal of Public Relations Research, 34(5), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/1062726X.2022.2119978
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Souza, G., & Dowdy, D. (2021, April 6). Rethinking herd immunity and the Covid-19 response end game. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. https://publichealth.jhu.edu/2021/what-is-herd-immunity-and-how-can-we-achieve-it-with-covid-19
   Google Scholar
• Dubovi, I., & Tabak, I. (2021). Interactions between emotional and cognitive engagement with science on YouTube. Public Understanding of Science, 30(6), 759–776. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662521990848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frimer, J. (2019). Moral foundations dictionary 2.0. https://osf.io/ezn37/
   Google Scholar
• Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1029–1046. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, J., Haidt, J., Koleva, S., Motyl, M., Iyer, R., Wojcik, S. P., & Ditto, P. H. (2013). Moral foundations theory: The pragmatic validity of moral pluralism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 55–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-407236-7.00002-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, M., & Sun, F.-S. (2020). Like, comment, or share? Exploring the effects of local television news Facebook posts on news engagement. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 64(5), 736–755. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2020.1851125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haidt, J. (Ed.). (2013). The righteous mind: Why good people are divided by politics and religion. Vintage Books.
   Google Scholar
• Harper, C. A., & Harris, A. J. (2017). Applying moral foundations theory to understanding public views of sexual offending. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 23(2), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2016.1217086
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart, P. S., Chinn, S., & Soroka, S. (2020). Politicization and polarization in COVID-19 news coverage. Science communication, 42(5), 679–697. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547020950735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopp, F. R., Fisher, J. T., Cornell, D., Huskey, R., & Weber, R. (2021). The extended Moral Foundations Dictionary (eMFD): Development and applications of a crowd-sourced approach to extracting moral intuitions from text. Behavior Research Methods, 53(1), 232–246. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-020-01433-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopp, F. R., & Weber, R. (2021). Reflections on extracting moral foundations from media content. Communication monographs, 88(3), 371–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2021.1963513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter, J. D. (1992). Culture wars: The struggle to control the family, art, education, law, and politics in America. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, K. A., & Taylor, M. (Eds.). (2018). The handbook of communication engagement. Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Kata, A. (2010). A postmodern Pandora’s box: Anti-vaccination misinformation on the Internet. Vaccine, 28(7), 1709–1716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur, W., Balakrishnan, V., Rana, O., & Sinniah, A. (2019). Liking, sharing, commenting and reacting on Facebook: User behaviors’ impact on sentiment intensity. Telematics and Informatics, 39, 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.12.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. M., Saffer, A. J., Liu, W., Sun, J., Li, Y., Zhen, L., & Yang, A. (2021). How public health agencies break through COVID-19 conversations: A strategic network approach to public engagement. Health Communication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1886393
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knill, C. (2013). The study of morality policy: Analytical implications from a public policy perspective. Journal of European Public Policy, 20(3), 309–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2013.761494
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, N. M., & VanDyke, M. S. (2015). Set it and forget it: The one-way use of social media by government agencies communicating science. Science communication, 37(4), 533–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/1075547015588600
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W., Xu, W. W., & Tsai, J. -Y. J. (2020). Developing a multi-level organization-public dialogic communication framework to assess social media-mediated disaster communication and engagement outcomes. Public Relations Review, 46(4), 101949. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2020.101949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mat Dawi, N., Namazi, H., Hwang, H. J., Ismail, S., Maresova, P., & Krejcar, O. (2021). Attitude toward protective behavior engagement during COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia: The role of e-government and social media. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 609716. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.609716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo Clinic. (2021). Herd immunity and COVID-19 (coronavirus): What you need to know. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/herd-immunityand-coronavirus/art-20486808
   Google Scholar
• Nan, X., Iles, I. A., Yang, B., & Ma, Z. (2022). Public health messaging during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond: Lessons from communication science. Health Communication, 37(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1994910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyhan, B., Reifler, J., Richey, S., & Freed, G. L. (2014). Effective messages in vaccine promotion: A randomized trial. Pediatrics, 133(4), e835–842. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pancevski, B., Strasburg, J., & Hopkins, J. S. (2020). U.K. authorizes Pfizer, BioNtech’s Covid-19 vaccine for emergency use. https://www.wsj.com/articles/pfizer-and-biontechscovid-19-vaccine-wins-u-k-authorization-11606893360
   Google Scholar
• Pelletier, M. J., & Blakeney Horky, A. (2015). Exploring the Facebook like: A product and service perspective. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 9(4), 337–354. https://doi.org/10.1108/JRIM-09-2014-0059
   Google Scholar
• Rossen, I., Hurlstone, M. J., Dunlop, P. D., & Lawrence, C. (2019). Accepters, fence sitters, or rejecters: Moral profiles of vaccination attitudes. Social Science & Medicine, 224, 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutjens, B. T., Sutton, R. M., & van der Lee, R. (2018). Not all skepticism is equal: Exploring the ideological antecedents of science acceptance and rejection. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 44(3), 384–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217741314
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon, D. A., Dudley, M. Z., Glanz, J. M., & Omer, S. B. (2015). Vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine, 33, D66–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, J., Yang, A., Liu, W., Min Kim, H., Zhou, A., & Sun, J. (2022). Mask-wearing as a partisan issue: Social identity and communication of party norms on social media among political elites. Social Media + Society, 8(1), 205630512210862. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221086233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton, J., Renshaw, S. L., Butts, C. T., & Danforth, C. M. (2020). COVID-19: Retransmission of official communications in an emerging pandemic. Plos One, 15(9), e0238491. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, L., Liu, W., Thomas, B., Tran, H. T. N., Zou, W., Zhang, X., & Zhi, D. (2021). Texas public agencies’ tweets and public engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic: Natural language processing approach. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 7(4), e26720. https://doi.org/10.2196/26720
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teeny, J. D., Siev, J. J., Briñol, P., Petty, R. E., & Lee, A. (2021). A review and conceptual framework for understanding personalized matching effects in persuasion. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 31(2), 382–414. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1198
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, R., & Liu, W. (2021). Moral framing and information virality in social movements: A case study of #hongkongpolicebrutality. Communication monographs, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2021.1918735
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, C. R., & Federico, C. M. (2013). Moral foundations and heterogeneity in ideological preferences. Political Psychology, 34(1), 107–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2012.00922.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolsko, C., Ariceaga, H., & Seiden, J. (2016). Red, white, and blue enough to be green: Effects of moral framing on climate change attitudes and conservation behaviors. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 65, 7–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, A., Shin, J., Zhou, A., Huang-Isherwood, K. M., Lee, E., Dong, C., Kim, H. M., Zhang, Y., Sun, J., Li, Y., Nan, Y., Zhen, L., & Liu, W. (2021). The battleground of COVID-19 vaccine misinformation on Facebook: Fact checkers vs. misinformation spreaders. Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-78
   Google Scholar
• Yang, J., & Zhao, X. (2021). The impact of information processing styles and persuasive appeals on consumers’ engagement intention toward social media video ads. Journal of Promotion Management, 27(4), 524–546. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2020.1851846
   Google Scholar
• Yudkin, D. A., Gantman, A. P., Hofmann, W., & Quoidbach, J. (2021). Binding moral values gain importance in the presence of close others. Nature Communications, 12(1), 2718. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22566-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, A., Liu, W., & Yang, A. (2022). Playing politics or straight talk of science?: Comparing politicization of COVID-19 vaccines by U.S. politicians, medical experts, and government agencies on social media (Preprint). SocArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/vc7rx
   Google Scholar