Discrete Emotion and Motivation: Relative Activation in the Appetitive and Aversive Motivational Systems as a Function of Anger, Sadness, Fear, and Joy During Televised Information Campaigns

REFERENCES

• Aristotle . 1984 . The rhetoric and the poetics of Aristotle Edited by: Roberts , W. R. and Bywater , I. New York : Random House . (n.d./. (, Trans.). (Original work published n.d.)
   Google Scholar
• Berkowitz , L. 1989 . Frustration-aggression hypothesis: Examination and reformation . Psychological Bulletin , 106 ( 1 ) : 59 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolls , D. , Lang , A. and Potter , R. 2001 . The effects of message valence and listener arousal on attention, memory, and facial muscular responses to radio advertisements . Communication Research , 28 : 627 – 651 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley , S. D. 2005 . Exploring the validity and reliability of the acoustic startle probe as a measure of attention and motivation to television programming. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington.
   Google Scholar
• Cacioppo , J. T. and Gardner , W. L. 1999 . Emotion. Annual reviews . Psychology , 50 : 191 – 214 .
   Google Scholar
• Cacioppo , J. T. , Gardner , W. L. and Berntson , G. G. 1999 . The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function . . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Review , 1 ( 1 ) : 3 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Cook , E. W. III . 2003 . VPM reference manual Birmingham, AL : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Darwin , C. 1965 . The expression of the emotions in man and animals. Chicago : The University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Dawson , M. E. , Schell , A. E. and Filion , D. L. 2000 . “ The electrodermal system. ” . In Handbook of psychology, , 2nd ed. Edited by: Cacioppo , J. T. , Tassinary , L. G. and Bernston , G. G. 200 – 223 . London : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. , Davidson , R. J. and Friesen , W. V. 1990 . The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology II . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 58 ( 2 ) : 342 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman , P. , Levenson , R. W. and Friesen , W. V. 1983 . Autonomic nervous system activity distinguishes among emotions . Science , 221 : 1208 – 1210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda , N. H. 1986 . The emotions. Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Geiger , S. and Newhagen , J. 1993 . Reveling the black box: Information processing and media effects . Journal of Communication , 434 : 42 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Globisch , J. , Hamm , A. O. , Schneider , R. and Vaitl , D. 1993 . A computer program for scoring reflex eyeblink and electrodermal response written in Pascal . Psychophysiology , 30 ( Suppl. 1 ) : S30
   Google Scholar
• Hochschild , A. R. 1983 . The managed heart. Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Izard , C. E. 1977 . Human emotions. New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis , B. G. 2002 . MediaLab Research Software, Version 2002 New York : Empirisoft .
   Google Scholar
• Lang , A. 1990 . Involuntary attention and physiological arousal evoked by structural features and mild emotion in TV commercials . Communication Research , 17 : 275 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , A. 2000 . The limited capacity model of mediated message processing . Journal of Communication , 50 ( 1 ) : 46 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , A. 2006a . Using the limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing to design effective cancer communication messages . Journal of Communication , 56 : 557 – 580 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , A. 2006b . “ Motivated cognition (LC4MP): The influence of appetitive and aversive activation on the processing of video games. ” . In Digital Media: Transformation in Human Communication Edited by: Messarsis , P. and Humphries , L. 237 – 252 . New York : Peter Lang .
   Google Scholar
• Lang , A. , Borse , J. , Wise , K. and David , P. 2002 . Captured by world wide web: Orienting to structural and content features of computer-presented information . Communication Research , 29 ( 3 ) : 215 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , A. , Dhillon , P. and Dong , Q. 1995 . Arousal, emotion, and memory for television messages . Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media , 38 : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Lang , A. , Newhagen , J. and Reeves , B. 1996 . Negative video as structure: Emotion, attention, capacity, and memory . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 40 : 460 – 477 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , A. , Schwartz , N. , Chung , Y. and Lee , S. 2004 . Processing substance abuse messages: Production pacing, arousing content, and age . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 48 ( 1 ) : 61 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , P. J. 1995 . The emotion probe: Studies of motivation and attention . American Psychologist , 50 ( 5 ) : 372 – 385 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , P. J. , Bradley , M. M. and Cuthbert , M. M. 1990 . Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex . Psychological Review , 97 ( 3 ) : 377 – 395 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , P. J. , Bradley , M. M. and Cuthbert , M. M. 1997 . “ Motivated attention: Affect, activation and action. ” . In Attention and orienting: Sensory and motivational processes Edited by: Lang , P. J. , Simons , R. F. and Balaban , M. 97 – 135 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus , R. S. 2001 . “ Model of appraisal in the emotion system: integrating theory, research, and applications. ” . In Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research Edited by: Scherer , K. R. , Schorr , A. and Johnstone , T. 37 – 67 . Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ortony , A. , Clore , G. L. and Collins , A. 1988 . The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Potter , R. F. 2000 . The effects of voice changes on orienting and immediate cognitive overload in radio listeners . Media Psychology , 2 ( 2 ) : 147 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roseman , I. J. 2001 . “ A model of appraisal in the emotion system: Integrating theory, research, and applications. ” . In Appraisal processes in emotion: theory, methods, research Edited by: Scherer , K. R. , Schorr , A. and Johnstone , T. 68 – 91 . Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Roseman , I. J. , Antoniou , A. A. and Jose , P. E. 1996 . Appraisal determinants of emotions: Constructing a more accurate and comprehensive theory . Cognition and Emotion , 10 ( 3 ) : 241 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , J. A. and Feldman Barrett , L. 1999 . Core affect, prototypical emotional episodes, and other things called emotion: Dissecting the elephant . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76 : 805 – 819 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein , N. L. and Jewett , J. L. 1986 . “ A conceptual analysis of the meaning of negative emotions: Implications for a theory of development. ” . In Measuring emotions in infants and children Edited by: Izard , C. and Read , P. B. Vol. 2 , 238 – 267 . Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stein , N. L. and Levine , L. J. 1990 . “ Making sense out of emotion. ” . In Psychological and biological approaches to emotion Edited by: Stein , N. L. , Leventhal , B. and Trabasso , T. 45 – 73 . Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Tomkins , S. S. 1984 . “ Affect theory. ” . In Approaches to emotion Edited by: Scherer , K. R. and Ekman , P. 163 – 195 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Tsai , J. L. , Levenson , R. W. and Carstensen , L. L. 2000 . Autonomic, subjective, and expressive responses to emotional films in older and younger Chinese Americans and European Americans . Psychology and Aging , 15 ( 4 ) : 684 – 693 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar