2,160
Views
40
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Actually in the Cinema: A Field Study Comparing Real 3D and 2D Movie Patrons' Attention, Emotion, and Film Satisfaction

&
Pages 441-460 | Received 02 Apr 2013, Accepted 21 Aug 2013, Published online: 21 Nov 2013

REFERENCES

  • Anderson , J. D. 1996 . The reality of illusion: An ecological approach to cognitive film theory. Carbondale , IL : Southern Illinois University Press. .
  • Aronson , E. and Carlsmith , J. M. 1968 . “ Experimentation in social psychology. ” . In The handbook of social psychology, , 2nd ed. Edited by: Lindzey , G. and Aronson , E. Vol. 2 , 1 – 79 . Reading , MA : Addison Wesley. .
  • Bálint , K. and Pólya , T. Individual differences in emotional engagement with characters depicted at different levels of focalization . Paper presented at the Society for Cognitive Studies of the Moving Image Conference, Sarah Lawrence College and New York University . New York , NY . June .
  • Banks , M. S. , Read , J. C. A. , Allison , R. S. and Watt , S. J. 2012 . Stereoscopy and the human visual system . SMPTE Motion Imaging Journal , 121 ( 4 ) : 24 – 43 .
  • Bilandzic , H. 2006 . The perception of distance in the cultivation process: A theoretical consideration of the relationship between television content, processing experience, and perceived distance . Communication Theory , 16 : 333 – 355 . doi:10.1111/j.1468–2885.2006.00273.x
  • Bilandzic , H. and Busselle , R. W. 2008 . Transportation and transportability in the cultivation of genre-consistent attitudes and estimates . Journal of Communication , 58 : 508 – 529 . doi:10.1111/j.1460–2466.2008.00397.x
  • Boxofficemojo . 2013 . All-time box office: World-wide. Retrieved from http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/
  • Branagh , K. Writer and Feige , K. Producer . 2011 . Thor [Motion picture]. United States : Paramount Pictures. .
  • Bunce , L. and Harris , M. 2008 . “I saw the real Father Christmas!” Children's everyday uses of real, really, and pretend . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 26 : 445 – 455 . doi:10.1348/026151007X258733
  • Bunce , L. and Harris , M. 2013 . “He hasn't got the real toolkit!” Young children's reasoning about real/not-real status . Developmental Psychology , 49 ( 8 ) : 1494 – 1504 . doi:10.1037/a0030608
  • Burzynski , M. H. and Bayer , D. J. 1977 . The effect of positive and negative prior information on motion picture appreciation . Journal of Social Psychology , 101 : 215 – 218 .
  • Busselle , R. and Bilandzic , H. 2008 . Fictionality and perceived realism in experiencing stories: A model of narrative comprehension and engagement . Communication Theory , 18 : 255 – 280 . doi:10.1111/j.1468–2885.2008.00322.x
  • Busselle , R. W. and Greenberg , B. S. 2000 . The nature of television realism judgments: A reevaluation of their conceptualization and measurement . Mass Communication and Society , 3 : 249 – 258 .
  • Butler , D. 2009 . Fantasy cinema: Impossible worlds on screen London , , UK : Wall-flower Press. .
  • Cutting , J. E. 2005 . “ Perceiving scenes in film and in the world. ” . In Moving image theory: Ecological considerations Edited by: Anderson , J. D. and Anderson , B. F. 9 – 27 . Carbondale , IL : Southern Illinois University Press. .
  • Dawson , M. E. , Schell , A. M. and Filion , D. L. 2005 . “ The electrodermal system. ” . In Handbook of psychophysiology, , 2nd ed. Edited by: Cacioppo , J. T. , Tassinary , L. G. and Berntson , G. G. 200 – 224 . New York , NY : Cambridge University Press. .
  • de Wied , M. , Zillmann , D. and Ordman , V. 1994 . The role of empathic distress in the enjoyment of cinematic tragedy . Poetics , 23 : 91 – 106 .
  • Edwards , C. , Oakes , W. and Bull , D. 2007 . Out of the smokescreen II: Will an advertisement targeting the tobacco industry affect young people's perception of smoking in movies and their intention to smoke? . Tobacco Control , 16 : 177 – 181 .
  • Falconer , R. 2009 . The crossover novel: Contemporary children's fiction and its adult readership London , , UK : Routledge. .
  • Flueckiger , B. 2012 . Aesthetics of stereoscopic cinema . Projections: The Journal for Movies and the Mind , 6 : 101 – 122 .
  • Glass , G. V. , Peckham , P. D. and Sanders , J. R. 1972 . Consequences of failure to meet assumptions underlying the fixed effects analyses of variance and covariance . Review of Educational Research , 42 : 237 – 288 .
  • Goldstein , J. H. , Rosnow , R. L. , Raday , T. , Silverman , I. and Gaskell , G. D. 1975 . Punitiveness in response to films varying in content: A cross-national field study of aggression . European Journal of Social Psychology , 5 : 149 – 165 .
  • Goodale , M. A. and Humphrey , G. K. 1998 . The objects of action and perception . Cognition , 67 : 181 – 207 . doi:10.1016/s0010–0277(98)00017–1
  • Goodale , M. A. and Milner , A. D. 1992 . Separate visual pathways for perception and action . Trends in Neurosciences , 15 : 20 – 25 . doi:10.1016/0166–2236(92)90344–8
  • Grodal , T. 2009 . Embodied visions: Evolution, emotion, culture and film. New York , NY : Oxford University Press. .
  • Hall , A. 2003 . Reading realism: Audiences' evaluations of the reality of media texts . Journal of Communication , 53 : 624 – 641 .
  • Hanewinkel , R. , Isensee , B. , Sargent , J. D. and Morgenstern , M. 2010 . Effect of an antismoking advertisement on cinema patrons' perception of smoking and intention to smoke: A quasi-experimental study . Addiction , 105 : 1269 – 1277 .
  • Harris , P. L. 2000 . The work of the imagination: Understanding children's worlds Vol. 222 , Malden , MA : Blackwell. .
  • Hawkins , R. P. 1977 . The dimensional structure of children's perceptions of television reality . Communication Research , 4 : 299 – 320 .
  • Huston , A. C. , Wright , J. C. , Alvarez , M. , Truglio , R. , Fitch , M. and Piemyat , S. 1995 . Perceived television reality and children's emotional and cognitive responses to its social content . Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology , 16 : 231 – 251 .
  • Ijsselsteijn , W. , de Ridder , H. , Freeman , J. , Avons , S. E. and Bouwhuis , D. 2001 . Effects of stereoscopic presentation, image motion, and screen size on subjective and objective corroborative measures of presence . Presence , 10 : 298 – 311 .
  • Ijsselsteijn , W. , de Ridder , H. and Hamberg , R. 1998 . Perceptual factors in stereoscopic displays: The effect of stereoscopic filming parameters on perceived quality and reported eyestrain . Proceedings of the International Society for Optics and Photonics , 3299 : 282 – 291 .
  • Ijsselsteijn , W. , de Ridder , H. , Hamberg , R. , Bouwhuis , D. and Freeman , J. 1998 . Perceived depth and the feeling of presence in 3DTV . Displays , 18 : 207 – 214 .
  • Konijn , E. A. , Walma Van der Molen , J. H. and van Nes , S. 2009 . Emotions bias perceptions of realism in audiovisual media: Why we may take fiction for real . Discourse Processes , 46 : 309 – 340 .
  • Koriat , A. , Melkman , R. , Averill , J. R. and Lazarus , R. S. 1972 . The self-control of emotional reactions to a stressful film . Journal of Personality , 40 : 601 – 619 .
  • Krakowiak , K. M. and Oliver , M. B. 2012 . When good characters do bad things: Examining the effect of moral ambiguity on enjoyment . Journal of Communication , 62 : 117 – 135 . doi:10.1111/j.1460–2466.2011.01618.x
  • Lang , A. 2000 . The limited capacity model of mediated message processing . Journal of Communication , 50 : 46 – 70 .
  • Lang , P. 1980 . “ Behavioral treatment and bio-behavioral assessment: Computer applications. ” . In Technology in mental health care delivery systems Edited by: Sidowski , J. B. , Johnson , J. H. and Williams , T. A. 119 – 167 . Norwood , NY : Ablex. .
  • Lessiter , J. , Freeman , J. , Keogh , E. and Davidoff , J. 2001 . A cross-media presence questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory . Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments , 10 : 282 – 297 .
  • Lombard , M. 1995 . Direct responses to people on the screen: Television and personal space . Communication Research , 22 : 288 – 324 .
  • Lombard , M. and Ditton , T. 1997 . At the heart of it all: The concept of presence . Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication , 3 ( 2 )
  • Meehan , M. , Razzaque , S. , Insko , B. , Whitton , M. and Brooks , F. P. Jr. 2005 . Review of four studies on the use of physiological reaction as a measure of presence in stressful virtual environments . Applied Psychophysiology & Biofeedback , 30 : 239 – 258 .
  • Mehrabian , A. and Russell , J. A. 1974 . An approach to environmental psychology Cambridge , MA : MIT Press. .
  • Milner , A. D. and Goodale , M. A. 2008 . Two visual systems re-viewed . Neuropsychologia , 46 : 774 – 785 .
  • Motion Picture Association of America. 2012 . Motion Picture Association of America 2011 US theatrical market statistics. Retreived from http://www.mpaa.org/resources/5bec4ac9-a95e-443b-987b-bff6fb5455a9.pdf
  • Nabi , R. L. , Stitt , C. R. , Halford , J. and Finnerty , K. 2006 . Emotional and cognitive predictors of the enjoyment of reality-based and fictional television programming: An elaboration of the uses and gratifications perspective . Media Psychology , 8 : 421 – 447 .
  • Oliver , M. B. and Bartsch , A. 2010 . Appreciation as audience response: Exploring entertainment gratifications beyond hedonism . Human Communication Research , 36 : 53 – 81 .
  • Oliver , M. B. and Bartsch , A. 2011 . Appreciation of entertainment: The importance of meaningfulness via virtue and wisdom . Journal of Media Psychology , 23 : 29 – 33 . doi:10.1027/1864–1105/a000029
  • Otis , L. 1979 . Selective exposure to the film Close Encounters . The Journal of Psychology , 101 : 293 – 295 .
  • Peddecord , K. M. , Jacobson , I. G. , Engelberg , M. , Kwizera , L. , Macias , V. and Gustafson , K. W. 2008 . Can movie theater advertisements promote health behaviors? Evaluation of a flu vaccination pilot campaign . Journal of Health Communication , 13 : 596 – 613 .
  • Plantinga , C. 2009 . Moving viewers: American film and the spectator's experience Berkeley , CA : University of California Press. .
  • Pölönen , M. , Salmimaa , M. , Aaltonen , V.-K. , Häkkinen , J. and Takatalo , J. 2009 . Subjective measures of presence and discomfort in viewers of color-separation-based stereoscopic cinema . Journal of the Society for Information Display , 17 : 459 – 466 .
  • Porges , S. W. 1995 . Cardiac vagal tone: A physiological index of stress . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 19 : 225 – 233 . doi:10.1016/0149–7634(94)00066-a
  • Potter , W. J. 1988 . Perceived reality in television effects research . Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media , 32 : 23 – 41 .
  • Reeves , B. , Lang , A. , Kim , E. Y. and Tatar , D. 1999 . The effects of screen size and message content on attention and arousal . Media Psychology , 1 : 49 – 67 .
  • Rooney , B. 2011 . The illusion of apparent reality: An empirical investigation of emotional engagement with film Dublin : University College Dublin. . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation)
  • Rooney , B. , Benson , C. and Hennessy , E. 2012 . The apparent reality of movies and emotional arousal: A study using physiological and self-report measures . Poetics , 40 : 405 – 422 . doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2012.07.004
  • Ross , H. Writer and Stark , R. Producer . 1989 . Steel magnolias [Motion picture]. United States : TriStar Pictures. .
  • Sargent , J. D. , Morgenstern , M. , Isensee , B. and Hanewinkel , R. 2009 . Movie smoking and urge to smoke among adult smokers . Nicotine & Tobacco Research , 11 : 1042 – 1046 .
  • Shapiro , M. A. and Chock , T. M. 2004 . Media dependency and perceived reality of fiction and news . Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media , 48 : 675 – 695 .
  • Shimamura , A. P. , ed. 2013 . Psychocinematics: The aesthetic science of movies. New York , NY : Oxford University Press. .
  • Shimamura , A. P. , Cohn-Sheehy , B. I. and Shimamura , T. A. “ Perceiving movement across film edits: A psychocinematic analysis. ” . In Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Art (in press)
  • Slater , M. and Usoh , M. 1994 . Representations systems, perceptual position, and presence in immersive virtual environments . Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments , 2 : 221 – 233 .
  • Smith , T. J. 2013 . “ Watching you watch movies: Using eye tracking to inform cognitive film theory. ” . In Psychocinematics: Exploring cognition at the movies Edited by: Shimamura , A. P. 165 – 191 . New York , NY : Oxford University Press. .
  • Smith , T. J. , Levin , D. T. and Cutting , J. 2012 . A window on reality: Perceiving edited moving images . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 21 : 101 – 106 . doi:10.1177/0963721412436809
  • Solimini , A. G. 2013 . Are there side effects to watching 3D movies? A prospective crossover observational study on visually induced motion sickness . PLoS ONE , 8 ( 2 ) : e56160 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056160
  • Speisman , J. , Lazarus , R. , Davison , L. and Mordkoff , A. 1964 . Experimental analysis of a film used as a threatening stimulus . Journal of Consulting Psychology , 28 ( 1 ) : 23 – 33 .
  • Tan , E. S. H. 1995 . Film-induced affect as a witness emotion . Poetics , 23 : 7 – 32 .
  • Tan , E. S. H. 2008 . Entertainment is emotion: The functional architecture of the entertainment experience . Media Psychology , 11 : 28 – 51 .
  • Thayer , J. F. and Lane , R. D. 2000 . A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation . Journal of Affective Disorders , 61 : 201 – 216 .
  • Uhrig , M. 2013 . Das Modell der emotionalen Interaktion. Eine hermeneutisch-empirische Untersuchung am Beispiel des Fantasy Blockbsuters [The model of emotional interaction. A hermeneutic-empirical study using fantasy blockbusters] Germany : Universität Tübingen. . (Unpublished doctoral dissertation)
  • Visch , V. T. , Tan , S. and Molenaar , D. 2010 . The emotional and cognitive effect of immersion in film viewing . Cognition and Emotion , 24 : 1439 – 1445 .
  • Wright , J. C. , Huston , A. C. , Reitz , A. L. and Piemyat , S. 1994 . Young children's perceptions of television reality: Determinants and developmental differences . Developmental Psychology , 30 : 229 – 239 .
  • Zillmann , D. 1994 . Mechanisms of emotional involvement with drama . Poetics , 23 : 33 – 51 .
  • Zillmann , D. and Vorderer , P. 2000 . Media entertainment: The psychology of its appeal Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum. .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.