The Fragmentation of Work, Entertainment, E-Mail, and News on a Personal Computer: Motivational Predictors of Switching Between Media Content

References

• Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 25(1), 49–59. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., & Gardner, W. L. (1999). Emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 50(1), 191–214. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.50.1.191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., & Berntson, G. G. (1999). The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 839–855. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.839
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Larson, R. (1987). Validity and reliability of the experience-sampling method. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 17(9), 526–536. doi:10.1097/00005053-198709000-00004
   Google Scholar
• Cummings, J. J., & Bailenson, J. N. (2016). How immersive is enough? A meta-analysis of the effect of immersive technology on user presence. Media Psychology, 19(2), 272–309. doi:10.1080/15213269.2015.1015740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David, P., Kim, J. H., Brickman, J. S., Ran, W., & Curtis, C. M. (2015). Mobile phone distraction while studying. New Media & Society, 17(10), 1661–1679. doi:10.1177/1461444814531692
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David, P., Xu, L., Srivastava, J., & Kim, J. H. (2013). Media multitasking between two conversational tasks. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(4), 1657–1663. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.01.052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasser, U., & Palfrey, J. (2009). Mastering Multitasking. Educational Leadership, 66(6), 14–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd, T., & Kennedy, G. (2011). Measurement and evidence of computer-based task switching and multitasking by “Net Generation” students. Computers & Education, 56(3), 625–631. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.10.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krcmar, M., Farrar, K. M., Jalette, G., & McGloin, R. (2015). Appetitive and defensive arousal in violent video games: Explaining individual differences in attraction to and effects of video games. Media Psychology, 18(4), 527–550. doi:10.1080/15213269.2014.888007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, R., & Tomkins, A. (2010). A characterization of online browsing behavior. In Proceedings of the 19th international conference on World Wide Web (pp. 561–570). New York, NY: ACM. doi:10.1145/1772690.1772748
   Google Scholar
• Lang, A. (2006a). Motivated cognition (LC4MP): The influence of appetitive and aversive activation on the processing of video games. In P. Messarsis & L. Humphries (Eds.), Digital media: Transformations in human communication (pp. 237–256). New York, NY: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, A. (2006b). Using the limited capacity model of motivated mediated message processing to design effective cancer communication messages. Journal of Communication, 56(s1), S57–S80. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00283.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, A., Bradley, S. D., Schneider, E. F., Kim, S. C., & Mayell, S. (2012). Killing is positive! Intra-game responses meet the necessary (but not sufficient) theoretical conditions for influencing aggressive behavior. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 24(4), 154–165. doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000075
   Google Scholar
• Lang, A., Bradley, S. D., Sparks, Jr, J. V., & Lee, S. (2007). The motivation activation measure (MAM): How well does MAM predict individual differences in physiological indicators of appetitive and aversive activation? Communication Methods and Measures, 1(2), 113–136. doi:10.1080/19312450701399370
   Google Scholar
• Lang, A., Kurita, S., Rubenking, B. R., & Potter, R. F. (2011). miniMAM: Validating a short version of the motivation activation measure. Communication Methods and Measures, 5(2), 146–162. doi:10.1080/19312458.2011.568377
   Google Scholar
• Lang, A., Shin, M., Bradley, S. D., Wang, Z., Lee, S., & Potter, D. (2005). Wait! Don’t Turn That Dial! More Excitement to Come! The Effects of Story Length and Production Pacing in Local Television News on Channel Changing Behavior and Information Processing in a Free Choice Environment. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 49(1), 3–22. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4901_2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, A., Shin, M., & Lee, S. (2005). Sensation seeking, motivation, and substance use: A dual system approach. Media Psychology, 7(1), 1–29. doi:10.1207/S1532785XMEP0701_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang, A., & Yegiyan, N. (2011). Individual differences in motivational activation influence responses to pictures of taboo products. Journal of Health Communication, 16(10), 1072–1087. doi:10.1080/10810730.2011.571336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mark, G., Wang, Y., & Niiya, M. (2014, April). Stress and multitasking in everyday college life: An empirical study of online activity. In Proceedings of the 32nd annual conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 41–50). New York, NY: ACM. doi:10.1145/2556288.2557361
   Google Scholar
• Monsell, S. (2003). Task switching. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(3), 134–140. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00028-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moskowitz, D. S., & Young, S. N. (2006). Ecological momentary assessment: What it is and why it is a method of the future in clinical psychopharmacology. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience: JPN, 31(1), 13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ophir, E., Nass, C., & Wagner, A. D. (2009). Cognitive control in media multitaskers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(37), 15583–15587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pashler, H.E. (2000). Task switching and multi-task performance. In S. Monsell & J. Driver (Eds.), Attention and performance XVIII: Control of cognitive processes (pp. 277–309). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pool, M. M., Koolstra, C. M., & Voort, T. H. (2003). The impact of background radio and television on high school students’ homework performance. Journal of Communication, 53(1), 74–87. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2003.tb03006.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter, R. F., Chung, H., & Cummings, J. (2008). Response to music varies according to motivation activation. Psychophysiology, 45(Supplement) October), S108.
   Google Scholar
• Potter, R. F., Lee, S., & Rubenking, B. E. (2011). Correlating a motivation-activation measure with media preference. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 55(3), 400–418. doi:10.1080/08838151.2011.597468
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves, B., & Nass, C. (1996). The media equation: How people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rideout, V. J., Foehr, U. G., & Roberts, D. F. (2010). Generation M²: Media in the Lives of 8-to 18-Year-Olds. Henry J. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen, C. (2008). The myth of multitasking. New Atlantis, 20, 105–110.
   Google Scholar
• Salvucci, D. D., & Bogunovich, P. (2010). Multitasking and Monotasking: The Effects of Mental Workload on Deferred Task Interruptions. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 85–88). New York, NY: ACM. doi:10.1145/1753326.1753340
   Google Scholar
• Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Strayer, D. L., Medeiros-Ward, N., & Watson, J. M. (2013). Who multi-tasks and why? Multi-tasking ability, perceived multi-tasking ability, impulsivity, and sensation seeking. Plos One, 8(1), e54402. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheufele, D. A., & Tewksbury, D. (2007). Framing, agenda setting, and priming: The evolution of three media effects models. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 9–20. doi:10.1111/j.0021-9916.2007.00326.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shellenbarger, S. (2003, 27 February). Multitasking makes you stupid, studies say: Studies show pitfalls of doing too much at once. Wall Street Journal, D1. Retrieve from http://www.sparkproductivity.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/MultitaskingMakesYouStupid_000.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, B., & Thompson, H. (2013, May 3). Brain, interrupted. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/05/opinion/sunday/a-focus-ondistraction.html
   Google Scholar
• Tugend, A. (2008, October 25). Multitasking can make you lose … um … focus. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/25/business/yourmoney/25shortcuts.html
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., & Lang, A. (2012). Reconceptualizing excitation transfer as motivational activation changes and a test of the television program context effects. Media Psychology, 15(1), 68–92. doi:10.1080/15213269.2011.649604
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z., Lang, A., & Busemeyer, J. R. (2011). Motivational processing and choice behavior during television viewing: An integrative dynamic approach. Journal of Communication, 61(1), 71–93. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01527.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeykelis, L., Cummings, J. J., & Reeves, B. (2014). Multitasking on a single device: Arousal and the frequency, anticipation, and prediction of switching between media content on a computer. Journal of Communication, 64(1), 167–192. doi:10.1111/jcom.12070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar