Mycorrhizo-Remediation of Lead/Zinc Mine Tailings Using Vetiver: A Field Study

REFERENCES

• Akhila , A and Rani , M . 2002 . “ Chemical constituents and essential oil biogenesis in Vetiveria zizanioides ” . In Vetiveria—The genus Vetiveria , Edited by: Maffei , A . London, , UK : Taylor and Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Ames , R N , Reid , C PP , Porter , L K and Cambardella , C . 1983 . Hyphal uptake and transport of nitrogen from two N-labeled source by Glomus mosseae, a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus . New Phytologist , 95 : 381 – 396 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asif , M , Khan , A G and Kuek , C . 1997 . Growth responses of wheat to sheared-root and sand-culture inocula of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi at different phosphorus levels . Kavaka , 25 : 71 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Azcon-Aguilar , C , Alba , C , Montilla , M and Barea , J M . 1993 . Isotope (15N) evidence of the use of less available N forms by VA mycorrhizas . Symbiosis , 15 : 39 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barea , J M and Jeffries , P . 1995 . “ Arbuscular mycorrhzae in sustainable soil–plant systems. Mycorrhiza—Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology ” . Edited by: Varma , A and Hock , B . 875 Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Brundrett , M C , Bougher , N DB , Grove , T and Malajczuk , N . 1996 . Working with mycorrhizas in forestry and agriculture. ACIAR Monograph 32 , 374 Canberra, , Australia : Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research .
   Google Scholar
• Chaudhry , T M , Hill , L , Khan , A G and Kuek , C . 1999 . “ Colonization of iron and zinc-contaminated dumped filter-cake waste by microbe, plants and associated mycorrhizae ” . In Remediation and management of degraded land , Edited by: Wong , M H , Wong , J WC and Baker , A JM . 275 – 283 . Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press LLC .
   Google Scholar
• Chaudhry , T M and Khan , A G . 2002 . “ Role of Symbiotic Organisms in Sustainable Plant Growth on Heavy Metal Contaminated Industrial Sites. Biotechnology of Microbes and Sustainable Utilization ” . Edited by: Rajak , R C . 270 – 279 . Jodhpur, , India : Scientific Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , RB. 1997 . Arbuscular mycorrhizal adaptation, spore germination, root colonization, and host plant growth and mineral acquisition at low pH . Plant and Soil , 192 : 15 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , R B and Zeto , S K . 2000 . Mineral acquisition by arbuscular mycorrhizal plants . Journal of Plant Nutrition , 23 : 867 – 902 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz , G , Azcon-Aguilar , C and Honrubia , M . 1996 . Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on heavy metal (Zn and Pb) uptake and growth of Lygeum spartum and Anthyllis cytisoides . Plant and Soil , 180 : 241 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douds , D D , Galvez , L , FrankeSnyder , M , Reider , C and Drinkwater , L E . 1997 . Effect of compost addition and crop rotation point upon VAM fungi . Agricultural Ecosystem and Environment , 65 : 257 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy , E M and Cassells , A C . 2000 . The effect of inoculation of potato (Salanum tuberosum L.) microplants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on tuber yield and tuber size distribution . Applied Soil Ecology , 15 : 137 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George , E H , Marschner , H and Jakobsen , I . 1995 . Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in uptake of phosphorus and nitrogen from soil . Critical Review Biotechnology , 15 : 57 – 270 .
   Google Scholar
• Greenfield , JC. 1995 . “ Vetiver grass (Vetiveria spp.): the ideal plant for vegetative soil and moisture conservation ” . In Vetiver grass for soil and water conservation, land rehabilitation, and embankment stabilization , Edited by: Grimshaw , R G and Helfer , L . 3 – 38 . Washington, DC : The World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Greenfield , JC. 1993 . Vetiver grass: The hedge against erosion , 2 – 48 . Washington, DC : The World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , MJ. 2005 . Signaling in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis . Annual Review of Microbiology , 59 : 19 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetrick , B AD , Leslie , J F , Wilson , G T and Kitt , D G . 1988 . Physical and topological assessment of effects of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on root architecture of big bluestem . New Phytologist , 110 : 85 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetrick , B AD , Wilson , G WT and Figge , D AH . 1994 . The influence of mycorrhizal symbiosis and fertilizer amendments on establishment of revegetation in heavy mine spoil . Environmental Pollution , 86 : 171 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamal , A , Ayub , N , Usman , M and Khan , A G . 2002 . Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance zinc and nickel uptake from contaminated soil by soybean and lentil . International Journal Phytoremediation , 4 : 205 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan , AG. 2001 . Relationship between chromium biomagnification ratio, accumulation factor, and mycorrhizae in plants growing on tannery effluent-polluted soil . Environment International , 26 : 417 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan , AG. 2002 . “ The significance of microbes ” . In The restoration and management of derelict land—Modern Approaches , Edited by: Wong , M H and Bradshaw , A D . 80 – 92 . Singapore : World Scientific .
   Google Scholar
• Khan , AG. 2005 . Role of soil microbes in the rhizosphere of plants growing on trace element contaminated soils in phytoremediation . Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology , 18 : 355 – 364 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan , A G , Kuek , C , Chaudhry , T M , Khoo , C S and Hayes , W J . 2000 . Role of plants, mycorrhizae and phytochelators in heavy metal contaminated land remediation . Chemosphere , 41 : 197 – 207 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohki , A A and Hideo , H Y . 2006 . Strigolactones: Chemicals signals for fungal symbionts and parasitic weeds in plant roots . Annals Botany , 97 : 925 – 931 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lan , C Y , Shu , W S and Wong , M H . 1998 . Reclamation of Pb/Zn mine tailings at Shaoguan, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China: The role of river sediment and domestic refuse . Bioresource Technology , 65 : 117 – 124 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , XL , George , D E and Marschner , H . 1991 . Extension of the phosphorus depletion zone in VA mycorrhizal white clover in a calcareous soil . Plant and Soil , 136 : 41 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little , T M and Hills , J J . 1978 . Agricultural experimentation: Design and analysis , 350 New York, NY : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Maffei , M. 2002 . Vetiveria: The genus Vetiveria , 191 London, , United Kingdom : Taylor & Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Marschner , H and Dell , B . 1994 . Nutrient uptake in mycorrhizal symbiosis . Plant and Soil , 159 : 89 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council, USA . 1993 . Vetiver grass, a thin green line against erosion , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pawlowska , T E , Chaney , R L , Chin , M and Charvat , I . 2000 . Effects of metal phytoextraction practices on the indigenous community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at a metal-contaminated landfill . Applied and Environmental Microbiology , 66 : 2526 – 2530 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , J M and Hayman , D S . 1970 . Improved procedures for clearing roots and staining parasitic and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi . Transactions of the British Mycological Society , 55 : 158 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert , MA. 2001 . Water relations, drought and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis . Mycorrhiza , 11 : 3 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Rotkittikhun , P , Chaiyarat , R , Kruatrachue , M , Poketitiyook , P and Baker , A JM . 2007 . Growth and Lead accumulation by the grasses Vetieria zizanlides and Thysanolaena maxima in lead-contaminated soil amend with pig manure and fertilizer: A glasshouse study . Chemosphere , 66 : 45 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sainz , M J , Taboado-Castro , M T and Vilarino , A . 1998 . Growth, mineral nutrition and mycorrhizal colonization of red clover and cucumber plants grown in sand amended with composted urban wastes . Plant and Soil , 205 : 85 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setua , G C , Satpthy , B , Das , N K , Ghosh , J K and Saratchandra , B . 1999 . Effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza on growth, leaf yield and phosphorus uptake in mulberry (Morus alba) under irrigated, alluvial soil conditions . Indian Journal of Agricultural Science , 69 : 833 – 836 .
   Google Scholar
• Shetty , K G , Hetrick , B AD , Figge , D AH and Schwab , A P . 1994 . Effects of mycorrhizae and other soil microbes on revegetation of heavy metal contaminated mine spoil . Environmental Pollution , 86 : 181 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shu , W S , Xia , H P , Zhang , Z Q , Lan , C Y and Wong , M H . 2002 . Use of vetiver and three other grasses for revegetation of Pb/Zn mine tailings: Field experiment . International Journal of Phytoremediation , 4 : 47 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , S E and Read , D J . 1997 . Mycorrhizal symbiosis , 605 London, , United Kingdom : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sparks , D L , Page , A L , Helmke , P A and Loeppert , R H . 1996 . Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods , 1358 Madison, WI : Soil Science Society of America .
   Google Scholar
• Truong , P. 1999 . “ Vetiver grass technology for mine rehabilitation ” . In Tech. Bull. No. 1999/2 , Bangkok, , Thailand : Office of the Royal Development Project Board .
   Google Scholar
• Truong , P. 2002 . “ Vetiver grass technology ” . In Vetiveria The genus Vetiveria , Edited by: Maffei , A . 114 – 132 . London, , United Kingdom : Taylor and Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Truong , P and Baker , D . 1998 . “ Vetiver grass system for environmental protection. Pacific Rim Vetiver Network (PRVN): Technical Bulletin no. 1, 1998/1 ” . 1 – 6 . Bangkok, , Thailand : Office of the Pacific Rim Vetiver Network, Office of the Royal development Project Board .
   Google Scholar
• Turnau , K. 1998 . Heavy metal content and localization in mycorrhizal Euphorbia cyparissias from zinc wastes in southern Poland . Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae , 67 : 105 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnau , K and Haselwandter , K . 2002 . “ Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: An essential component of soil microflora in ecosystem restoration ” . In Mycorrhizal technology in agriculture—from genes to bioproducts , Edited by: Gianinazi , S , Schuepp , H , Barea , J M and Haselwandter , K . 137 – 149 . Berlin, , Germany : Birkhauser Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Turnau , K , Ryszka , P , Gianinazzi-Perason , V and van Tuinen , D . 2001 . Identification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soils and roots of plants colonizing zinc wastes in southern Poland . Mycorrhiza , 10 : 169 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetiver Information Network (VIN) . 1993 . Vetiver Grass: Technical Information Package. 2 vols. USA National Research Council , 1 – 5 . Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wong , CC. 2003 . “ The role of mycorrhizae associated with Vetivera zizaniodes and Cyperus polystachyos in the remediation of metal (Pb and Zn) contaminated soils [MPhil Thesis] ” . 3 – 6 . Hong Kong : Hong Kong Baptist University .
   Google Scholar
• Wong , C C , Wu , S C , Kuek , C , Khan , A G and Wong , M H . 2007 . The role of mycorrhizae associated with vetiver grown in Pb-/Zn-contaminated soils: Greenhouse study . Restoration of Ecology , 15 : 60 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu , Q T , Wei , Z B and Ouyang , Y . 2007 . Phytoextraction of Metal-Contaminated Soil by Sedum alfredii H: Effects of Chelator and Co-planting . Water Air Soil Pollution , 180 : 131 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang , X E , Long , X X , Ni , W Z and Fu , C X . 2002 . Sedum alfredii H.—a new Zn hyperaccumulator plant . Journal of Science (in Chinese) , 13 : 11 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhu , Y G , Christie , P and Laidlaw , A S . 2001 . Uptake of Zn by arbuscular mycorrhizal white clover from Zn-contaminated soil . Chemosphere , 42 : 193 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar