HISTOPATHOLOGY AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF HUMAN UMBILICAL BLOOD VESSELS

REFERENCES

• Maximov AA, Bloom W. A Textbook of Histology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 239–244, 1950.
   Google Scholar
• Roach MR. A biophysical look at the relationship of structure and function in the, umbilical artery. In Foetal and Neonatal Physiology. Comline KS, Cross KW, Dawes GS, Nathaniels PW, eds. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 141–163, 1973.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss L, Greep RO. Histology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 976–977, 1977.
   Google Scholar
• Leeson CR, Leeson TS, Paparo AA. Textbook of Histology. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders, 271–274, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Sexton AJ, Turmaine M, Cai WQ, Burnstock G. A study of the ultrastructure of developing human umbilical vessels. J Anat 188:75–85, 1996. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Malpas P, Symonds EM. Observations on the structure of the human umbilical cord. Surg Gyn Obstet 123:746–750, 1966. [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Machin GA, Ackerman J, Gilbert-Barness E. Abnormal umbilical cord coiling is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Pediat Devel Pathol 3:462–471, 2000. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stehbens WE. Hemodynamics and diseases of systemic blood vessels. In Hemodynamics and the Blood Vessels Wall. Stehbens WE, ed. Springfield, IL: CC Thomas, 294–427, 1979.
   Google Scholar
• Malpas P. Length of the human umbilical cord at term. Br Med J i:673–674, 1964. [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Stehbens WE. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a critical review of the evidence. Cardiovasc Pathol 6:123–153, 1997. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stehbens WE. Experimental loops and arterial atrophy. Exp Mol Pathol 44:177–189, 1986. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monie IW. Some observations on the subendothelial cushions of the umbilical arteries. J Anat 79:137–144, 1945. [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Spivack M. On the anatomy of the so-called “valves” of umbilical vessels, with especial reference to the “valvulae Hobokenii.” Anat Rec 66:127–148, 1936. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Stehbens WE. Atherosclerosis and degenerative diseases of blood vessels. In Vascular Pathology. Stehbens WE, Lie JT, eds. London, U.K.: Chapman & Hall, 175–269, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Sandok BA, Houser OW, Baker HL, Holley KE. Fibromuscular dysplasia. Arch Neurol 24:462–464, 1971. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stehbens WE. Aneurysms. In Vascular Pathology. Stehbens WE, Lie JT, eds. London, U.K.: Chapman & Hall, 353–414, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Parry EW. Some electron microscope observations on the mesenchymal structures of full-term umbilical cords. J Anat 3:505–515, 1970. [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• Fay FS, Delise CM. Contracture of isolated smooth muscle cells—structural changes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70:641–645, 1973. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ham AW, Cormack DH. Contracture of smooth muscle. In Ham's Histology, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Llippincott, 415–419, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Lane BP. Alterations in the cytologic detail of intestinal smooth muscle cells in various stages of contractions. J Cell Biol 27:199–213, 1965. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stehbens WE. Structural and architectural changes during arterial development and the role of hemodynamics. Acta Anat 157:261–274, 1996. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gebrane-Younes J, Minh HN, Orcel L. Ultrastructure of human umbilical vessels: a possible role in amniotic fluid formation? Placenta 7:173–185, 1986. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• House EW, Benditt EP. The ultrastructure of spontaneous coronary arterial lesions in steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) Am J Pathol 104:250–257, 1981. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin C-S, Zak FG, Penha PD, Gould L. Morphodynamics and pathology of blood vessels. II. Morphodynamic study of constriction of umbilical vessels and its application to coronary artery disease. Int J Angiol 5:119–133, 1996. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• Tada T, Wakabayashi T, Nakao Y, Ueki R, Ogawa Y, , et al. Human ductus arteriosus. A histological study on the relation between ductal maturation and gestational age. Acta Pathol Jpn 35:23–34, 1985. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toda T, Leszczynski DE, Kummerow FA. Morphologic evidence of endogenous lipid production in swine ductus vasculature. Atherosclerosis 37:325–330, 1980. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Las Heras J, Haust MD. Ultrastructure of fetal stem arteries of human placenta in normal pregnancy. Virch Arch Pathol Anat 393:133–144, 1981. [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asmussen I, Kjeldsen LK. Intimal ultrastructure of human umbilical arteries. Circ Res 36:579–589, 1975. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers KM, Stehbens WE. The morphology of matrix vesicles produced in experimental aneurysms of rabbits. Pathology 18:64–71, 1986. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takagi T, Toda T, Leszczynski D, Kummerow F. Ultrastructure of aging human umbilical artery and vein. Acta Anat 119:73–79, 1984. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer WW, Lind J. Iliac arteries in children with a single umbilical artery. Structure, calcifications and early atherosclerotic lesions. Arch Dis Child 49:671–679, 1974. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds SRM, Light FW, Ardran GM, Prichard MML. The qualitative nature of pulsatile flow in umbilical blood vessels, with observations on flow in the aorta. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 91:83–104, 1952. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trudinger BJ, Stevens D, Connelly A, Hales JRS, Alexander G, , et al. Umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms and placental resistance: the effects of embolization of the umbilical circulation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 157:1443–1448, 1987. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erskine RLA, Ritchie JWK. Umbilical artery blood flow characteristics in normal and growth related fetuses. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 92:605–610, 1985. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adamson SL. Arterial pressure, vascular input impedance, and resistance as determinants of puisatile blood flow in the umbilical artery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 84:119–125, 1999. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trudinger BJ, Giles WB, Cook CM, Bombardieri J, Collins L. Fetal umbilical artery flow velocity waveforms and placental resistance: clinical significance. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 92:23–30, 1985. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrow RJ, Adamson SL, Bull SB, Ritchie JWK. Effect of placental embolization on the umbilical arterial velocity waveform in fetal sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol 161:1055–1060, 1989. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson RS, Trudinger BJ. Doppler waveform pulsatility index and resistance, pressure and flow in the umbilical placental circulation: an investigation using a mathematical model. Ultrasound in Med Biol 16:449–458, 1990. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker DJP. Fetal origins of coronary heart disease. Br Med J 311:171–174, 1995. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyata T, Tada Y, Takagi A, Sato O, Oshima A, , et al. A clinicopathologic study of aneurysm formation of gluteraldehyde-tanned human umbilical vein grafts. J Vasc Surg 10:605–611, 1989. [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar