A Preliminary Comparison of Online and Face-to-Face Process Groups

REFERENCES

• American Counseling Association (ACA). (2014). Code of ethics. Retrieved from http://www.counseling.org/knowledge-center/ethics
   Google Scholar
• Aragon, S. R. (2003). Creating social presence in online environments. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 100, 57–68.
   Google Scholar
• Arnd-Caddigan, M. (2012). The therapeutic alliance: Implications for therapeutic process and therapeutic goals. Contemporary Psychotherapy, 42, 77–85. doi:10.1007/s10879-011-9183-3
   Google Scholar
• Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW). (2000). Association for specialists in group work, Professional standards for the training of group workers. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 25, 327–342. doi:10.1080/01933920008411677
   Google Scholar
• Barak, A., & Grohol, J. M. (2011). Current and future trends in Internet-supported mental health interventions. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 29, 155–196. doi:10.1080/15228835.2011.616939
   Google Scholar
• Biocca, F., Harms, C., & Gregg, J. (2001). The networked minds measure of social presence: Pilot test of the factor structure and concurrent validity. Retrieved from www.mindlab.org.
   Google Scholar
• Cardenas, G., Serrano, B., Flores, L. A., & De la Rosa, A. (2008). Etherapy: A training program for development of clinical skills in distance psychotherapy. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 26(2–4), 470–483. doi:10.1080/15228830802102180
   Google Scholar
• Cook, J. E., & Doyle, C. (2002). Working alliance in online therapy as compared to face-to-face therapy: Preliminary results. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 5(2), 95–105. doi:10.1089/109493102753770480
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corey, M., Corey, G., & Corey, C. (2014). Groups: Process and practice (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Council for the Accreditation of Counseling and Related Education Programs (CACREP). (2009). Standards of practice. Retrieved from http://www.cacrep.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/2009-Standards.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Crane-Okada, R. (2012). The concept of presence in group psychotherapy: An operational definition. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 48, 156–164. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6163.2011.00320.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, B., Miller, S., Wampold, B., & Hubble, B. (2010). The heart and soul of change: Delivering what works in therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Duncan, B. L., & Miller, S. D. (2007). The group session rating scale. Jenson Beach, FL: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher-Tomenius, L., & Vossler, A. (2009). Trust in online therapy relationships: The therapist's experience. Counselling Psychology Review, 24(2), 24–33.
   Google Scholar
• Frisby, B. N., Limperos, A. M., Record, R. A., Downs, E., & Kercsmar, S. E. (2013). Students’ perceptions of social presence: Rhetorical and relational goals across three mediate instructional designs. MERLOT Journal of Online Teaching and Learning, 9(4), 468–480.
   Google Scholar
• Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 2(2), 87–105. doi:10.1016/s1096-7516(00)00016-6
   Google Scholar
• Garrison, D. R., & Arbaugh, J. B. (2007). Researching the community of inquiry framework: Review, issues, and future directions. The Internet and Higher Education, 10, 157–172. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2007.04.001
   Google Scholar
• Gilkey, S. L., Carey, J., & Wade, S. L. (2009). Families in crisis: Considerations for the use of web-based treatment models in family therapy. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 90(1), 37–45. doi:10.1606/1044-3894.3843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladding, S. (2012). Groups: A counseling specialty (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Haberstroh, S., Duffey, T., Evans, M., Gee, R., & Trepal, H. (2007). The experience of online counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 29(3), 269–282. doi:10.17744/mehc.29.3.j344651261w357v2
   Google Scholar
• Hanley, T., & Reynolds, D. (2009). Counselling Psychology and the Internet: A review of the quantitative research into online outcomes and alliances within text-based therapy. Counselling Psychology Review, 24(2), 4–13.
   Google Scholar
• Harms, C., & Biocca, A. (2004). Internal consistency and reliability of the Networked Minds Social Presence Measure. In M. Alcaniz & B. Rey (Eds.), Seventh annual international workshop: Presence 2004 (pp. 1–7). Valencia, Spain: Universidad Politencnica de Valencia.
   Google Scholar
• Haug, S., Strauss, B., Gallas, C., & Kordy, H. (2008). New prospects for process research in group therapy: Text-based process variables in psychotherapeutic Internet chat groups. Psychotherapy Research, 18(1), 88–96. doi:10.1080/10503300701368008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, C. M., & Foster, V. A. (2012). A preliminary comparison study of online and traditional counseling: Client perceptions of three factors. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 30(1), 14–31.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, C. M., Kozlowski, K. A., & Hermann, K. M. (2014). Integrating Web 2.0 technologies in educational and clinical settings: An isomorphic perspective. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 32(1–2), 65–80. doi:10.1080/15228835.2013.860363
   Google Scholar
• Horvath, A. O., & Bedi, R. P. (2002). The alliance. In J. Norcross (Ed.), Psychotherapy relationships that work: Therapist contributions and responsiveness to patients (pp. 37–70). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ieva, K. P., Ohrt, J. H., Swank, J. M., & Young, T. L. (2009). The impact of experiential groups on master students’ counselor and personal development: A qualitative investigation. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 34, 351–368. doi:10.1080/01933920903219078
   Google Scholar
• Kline, W. B., Falbaum, D. F., Pope, V. T., Hargraves, G. A., & Hundley, S. F. (1997). The significance of the group experience for students in counselor education: A preliminary naturalistic inquiry. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 22, 157–166. doi:10.1080/01933929708414377
   Google Scholar
• Knaevelsrud, C., & Maercker, A. (2006). Does the quality of the working alliance predict treatment outcome in online psychotherapy for traumatized patients? Journal of Internet Medical Research, 8(4), 1–13. doi:10.2196/jmir.8.4.e31
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlowski, K. A., & Holmes, C. M. (2014). Experiences in online process groups: A qualitative study. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 39(4), 276–300. doi:10.1080/01933922.2014.948235
   Google Scholar
• Kreijns, K., Kirschner, P. A., & Jochems, W. (2003). Identifying the pitfalls for social interaction in computer-supported collaborative learning environments: A review of the research. Computers in Human Behavior, 6(1), 335–353. doi:10.1016/s0747-5632(02)00057-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert, M. J. (1992). Implications of outcome research for psychotherapy integration. In J. C. Norcross & M. R. Goldstein (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy integration (pp. 94–129). New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• LaMendola, W. (2010). Social work and social presence in an online world. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 28, 108–119. doi:10.1080/15228831003759562
   Google Scholar
• Luke, M., & Kiweewa, J. M. (2010). Personal growth and awareness of counseling trainees in an experiential group. Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 35(4), 365–388. doi:10.1080/01933922.2010.514976
   Google Scholar
• Lundberg, D. J. (2000). Integrating on-line technology into counseling curricula: Emerging humanistic factors. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education & Development, 38(3), 142–155. doi:10.1002/j.2164-490x.2000.tb00074.x
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, K. R., & Tschuschke, V. (1993). The Group Relationship Questionnaire (GRQ). Unpublished manuscript. Cologne, Germany: University of Cologne.
   Google Scholar
• McAdams, C. R., & Wyatt, K. L. (2010). The regulation of technology-assisted distance counseling and supervision in the United States: An analysis of current extent, trends, and implications. Counselor Education & Supervision, 49, 179–192. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6978.2010.tb00097.x
   Google Scholar
• Ohrt, J. H., Prochenko, Y., Stulmaker, H., Huffman, D., Fernando, D., & Swan, K. (2014). An exploration of group and member development in experiential groups. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 39(3), 212–235. doi:10.1080/01933922.2014.919047
   Google Scholar
• Ohrt, J. H., Robinson, E., & Hagedorn, W. B. (2013). Group leader development: Effects of personal growth and psychoeducational groups. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 38, 30–51. doi:10.1080/01933922.2012.732982
   Google Scholar
• Quirk, K., Miller, S., Duncan, B., & Owen, J. (2013). Group Session Rating Scale: Preliminary psychometrics in substance abuse group interventions. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 13, 194–200. doi:10.1080/14733145.2012.744425
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, D. J., Stiles, W. B., & Grohol, J. M. (2006). An investigation of session impact and alliance in Internet based psychotherapy: Preliminary results. Counseling and Psychotherapy Research, 6(3), 164–168. doi:10.1080/14733140600853617
   Google Scholar
• Robak, R. W., Kangos, K. A., Chiffriller, S. H., & Griffin, P. W. (2013). The working alliance in group counseling: An exploratory study. Psychological Reports, 113(2), 591–604. doi:10.2466/21.02.pr0.113x19z7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shea, P., & Bidjerano, T. (2009). Cognitive presence and online learner engagement: A cluster analysis of the community of inquiry framework. Journal of Computers in Higher Education, 21, 199–217. doi:10.1007/s12528-009-9024-5
   Google Scholar
• Steen, S., Vasserman-Stokes, E., & Vannatta, R. (2014). Group cohesion in experiential growth groups. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 39(3), 236–256. doi:10.1080/01933922.2014.924343
   Google Scholar
• Swan, K., Garrison, D. R., & Richardson, J. C. (2009). A constructivist approach to online learning: The Community of Inquiry framework. In C. R. Payne (Ed.), Information technology and constructivism in higher education: Progressive learning frameworks (pp. 43–57). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, R. V., & Pender, D. A. (2007). Association for specialists in group work: Best practice guidelines 2007 revision. The Journal for Specialists in Group Work, 33(2), 111–117.
   Google Scholar
• Tschuschke, V., & Greene, L. R. (2002). Group therapists’ training: What predicts learning? International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 52(4), 463–482. doi:10.1521/ijgp.52.4.463.45522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu, C.-H. (2000). On-line learning migration: From social learning theory to social presence theory in CMC environment. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 23(1), 27–37. doi:10.1006/jnca.1999.0099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walther, J. B. (1992). Interpersonal effects in computer-mediated interaction: A relational perspective. Communication Research, 19(1), 52–90. doi:10.1177/009365092019001003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinel, M., Bannert, M., Zumbach, J., Hoppe, H. U., & Malzahn, N. (2011). A closer look on social presence as a causing factor in computer-mediated collaboration. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 513–521. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2010.09.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yalom, I., & Leszcz, M. (2005). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (5th ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books, Inc.
   Google Scholar