“You Cannot Really Hide”: Experiences of Probation Officers and Young Offenders with GPS Tracking in Winnipeg, Canada

References

• Apter, B. (2008). Electronic monitoring project: Policy guidelines manual for young auto theft offenders. Winnipeg, Canada: Manitoba Youth Correctional Services: Winnipeg Auto Theft Suppression Strategy, Government of Manitoba.
   Google Scholar
• Apter, B. (2009, June). Manitoba youth correctional services: Electronic monitoring project for sentenced and judicial interim released youth. Powerpoint Presentation to RRCC Students, Winnipeg, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Ashley, A. (2012). Evidence (February 14, 2012) to the standing committee on public safety and national security (2012) study in the use of electronic monitoring in the correctional and immigration settings. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Public Services and Government Works. (The Sorenson Committee)
   Google Scholar
• Australian Institute of Criminology. (2003). Electronic monitoring in the criminal justice system: Trends and issues in crime and criminal justice. (N. 254). Retrieved from www.aic.gov.au
   Google Scholar
• Bonta, J., Wallace-Capretta, S., & Rooney, J. (2000). Electronic monitoring in Canada. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Public Works and Government Services.
   Google Scholar
• Bottos, S. (2007). An overview of electronic monitoring in corrections: The issues and implications (No. R-182). Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Research Branch, Correctional Service Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, T., McCabe, W., & Wellford, C. (2007). Global positioning system (GPS) technology for community supervision: Lessons learned. Washington, DC: Center for Criminal Justice Research, U.S. Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Buchanan, K., & Maeder, E. (2004). Best practices approach to the electronic monitoring of youth. The Canadian Journal of Police and Security Services, 2(1), 46–52.
   Google Scholar
• Bulman, P. (2010). National institute of justice update: Electronic monitoring reduces recidivism. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/239774.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Doob, A. (2001). If electronic monitoring is the answer, what is the question? Canadian Criminal Law Review, 6, 363–366.
   Google Scholar
• Gainey, R. R., & Payne, B. K. (2000). Understanding the experience of house arrest with electronic monitoring: An analysis of quantitative and qualitative data. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44(1), 84–96. doi:10.1177/0306624X00441008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goff, C. (2004). Criminal justice in Canada (3rd ed.). Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Thomson Canada limited.
   Google Scholar
• Gomme. (1995). From big house to big brother: Confinement in the future. In N. Larsen (Ed.), The Canadian criminal justice system (pp. 489–516). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Scholar’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• John Howard Society of Alberta. (2000). Electronic monitoring. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: John Howard Society.
   Google Scholar
• Linden, R. (2010). The Winnipeg auto theft suppression strategy. Submission to the IACP/ Motorola Webber Seavey award for quality in law enforcement. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: University of Manitoba.
   Google Scholar
• Linden, R., & Munn-Venn, T. (2008). Making communities safer: Lessons learned combating auto theft in Winnipeg. A Document Prepared for The Conference Board of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, J. S., Hanrahan, K., & Bowers, J. H. (2009). Offenders’ perceptions of house arrest and electronic monitoring. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 48(6), 547–570. doi:10.1080/10509670903081359
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Justice (NIJ). (1999, October 1–7). Keeping track of electronic monitoring. National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center Bulletin, 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Natural Resources Canada. (2007). GPS errors. Retrieved from www.geod.rncan.gc/edu/geod/gps/gps12_e.php
   Google Scholar
• Nellis, M. (2005). Out of this world: The advent of the satellite tracking of offenders in England and Wales. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 44(2), 125–150. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2311.2005.00362.x
   Google Scholar
• Nellis, M. (2009). 24/7/365: Mobility, locatability and the satellite tracking of offenders. In K. Aas, H. Gundhus, & H. Lomell (Eds.), Technologies of insecurities: The surveillance of everyday life (pp. 105–124). Cavendish, Oxon, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Nellis, M. (2010). Eternal Vigilance Inc.: The satellite tracking of offenders in “real-time.” Journal of Technology in Human Services, 28(1–2), 23–43. doi:10.1080/15228831003763812
   Google Scholar
• Olotu, M. K, Beaupre, M., & Verbrugge, P. (2009). Electronic monitoring programme pilot: Evaluation report. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Correctional Service Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Owens, B. (2008a). GPS Devices to monitor auto thieves. Winnipeg, Canada: Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved from http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/historic/32797339.html
   Google Scholar
• Owens, B. (2008b). Ankle bracelets cut off by offenders: Youths outfitted with device removing them. Winnipeg, Canada: Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved from http://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/33627199.html
   Google Scholar
• Owen, B. (2012). Monitoring device found lacking. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved from www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/monitoring-device-found-lacking-173441431.html
   Google Scholar
• Owen, B. (2013). Anklets not just for car thieves. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved from www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/anklets-not-just-for-car-theives-231109121.html
   Google Scholar
• Payne, B. K., & Gainey, R. R. (1998). A qualitative assessment of the pains experienced on electronic monitoring. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 42(2), 149–163. doi:10.1177/0306624X9804200207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, A. (2012). An evaluation of Winnipeg’s pilot program for auto theft youth offenders (MA Thesis prepared for the University of Manitoba Department of Sociology). University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Progressive Conservatives Nova Scotia. (2013). Press release: PCs to extend ankle bracelet use. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada: Progressive Conservatives Nova Scotia.
   Google Scholar
• Puxley, C. (2008). Manitoba car theft capital of Canada for 11th year in a row: Statistics Canada. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved from www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/34500124.html
   Google Scholar
• Ramlakhan, K., & Peterson, L. (2012). Car thieves try to break leash. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved from www.winnipegfreepress.com/special/opensecrets/car-theives-try-to-break-leash-39-cases-of-tampering-with-gps-bracelet-since-2008-136526038.html
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, J. V. (2004). The virtual prison: Community custody and the evolution of imprisonment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schulz, K. (Ed). (1995). Electronic monitoring and corrections: The policy, the operation, the research. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Simon Fraser University.
   Google Scholar
• Stacey, T. (1995). Innovations in technology. In K. Schulz (Ed.), Electronic monitoring and corrections: The policy, the operation, the research (pp. 231–234). Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Simon Fraser University.
   Google Scholar
• Standing Committee on Public Safety and National Security. (2012). Study in the use of electronic monitoring in the correctional and immigration settings. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Public Services and Government Works (The Sorenson Committee).
   Google Scholar
• Wallace-Capretta, S., & Roberts, J. (2013). The evolution of electronic monitoring in Canada: From corrections to sentencing and beyond. In M. Nellis, K. Beyens, & D. Kaminski (Eds.), Electronically monitored punishment: International and critical perspectives (pp. 44–62). London, UK: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, J. D. (2013). Policy brief on electronic monitoring: Review and recommendations. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: St Leonard’s Society of Canada.
   Google Scholar