Mobile Applications for Low-Income U.S. Fathers: A Systematic Review of Content, Comprehensiveness and User Ratings

References

• Anderson, M., & Kumar, M. (2019). Digital divide exists even as lower income Americans make gains in tech adoption. Pew Research. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/05/07/digital-divide-persists-even-as-lower-income-americans-make-gains-in-tech-adoption/.
   Google Scholar
• Altenburger, L. E., Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., & Kamp Dush, C. M. (2018). Associations between maternal gatekeeping and fathers’ parenting quality. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(8), 2678–2689. doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1107-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amato, P. R., & Gilbreth, J. G. (1999). Nonresident fathers and children's well-being: A meta-analysis. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61(3), 557–573. doi:10.2307/353560
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, E. A., Kohler, J. K., & Letiecq, B. L. (2005). Predictors of depression among low-income, nonresidential fathers. Journal of Family Issues, 26(5), 547–567. doi:10.1177/0192513X04272753
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, A. E., & Turner, R. J. (2006). Family structure and substance use problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Examining explanations for the relationship. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 101(1), 109–120. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01296.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellamy, J. L., Lee, S. J., Bellamy, L., & Guterman, N. B. (2009). A national study of male involvement among families in contact with the child welfare system. Child Maltreatment, 3, 255–262.
   Google Scholar
• Bernier, A., Jarry-Boileau, V., & Lacharité, C. (2014). Marital satisfaction and quality of father-child interactions: The moderating role of child gender. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 175(1–2), 105–117. doi:10.1080/00221325.2013.799059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biviji, R., Vest, J. R., Dixon, B. E., Cullen, T., & Harle, C. A., (2020). Factors related to user ratings and user downloads of mobile apps for maternal and infant health: Cross-sectional study. JMIR mHealth and Uhealth, 88. (1), e 15663. doi:10.2196/15663
   Google Scholar
• Bocknek, E. L., Dayton, C., Raveau, H. A., Richardson, P., Brophy-Herb, H. E., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (2017). Routine active playtime with fathers is associated with self-regulation in early childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly: Journal of Developmental Psychology, 63(1), 105–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bragiel, J., & Kaniok, P. E. (2011). Fathers’ marital satisfaction and their involvement with their child with disabilities. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 26(3), 395–404. doi:10.1080/08856257.2011.595174
   Google Scholar
• Bronte-Tinkew, J., Horowitz, A., & Carrano, J. (2010). Aggravation and stress in parenting: Associations with co-parenting and father engagement among resident fathers. Journal of Family Issues, 31(4), 525–555. doi:10.1177/0192513X09340147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bry, L. J., Chou, T., Miguel, E., & Comer, J. S. (2018). Consumer smartphone apps marketed for child and adolescent anxiety: A systematic review and content analysis. Behavior Therapy, 49(2), 249–261. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabrera, N. J., Wight, V., Fagan, J., & Schadler, C. (2011). Influence of mother, father, and child risk on parenting and children’s cognitive and social behaviors. Child Development, 82(6), 1985–2005. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01667.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camisasca, E., Miragoli, S., Di Blasio, P., & Feinberg, M. (2019). Co-parenting mediates the influence of marital satisfaction on child adjustment: The conditional indirect effect by parental empathy. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28(2), 519–530. doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1271-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, M. J., & Magnuson, K. A. (2011). Low income father's influence on children. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 635(1), 95–116. doi:10.1177/0002716210393853
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Day, J. J., & Sanders, M. R. (2018). Do parents benefit from help when completing a self-guided parenting program online? A randomized controlled trial comparing Triple P online with and without telephone support. Behavior Therapy, 49(6), 1020–1038. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.03.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luccie, M. F. (1995). Mothers as gatekeepers: A model of maternal mediators of father involvement. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1, 115–131.
   Google Scholar
• Dolan, J. E. (2016). Splicing the divide: A review of research on the evolving digital divide among K–12 students. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 48(1), 16–37. doi:10.1080/15391523.2015.1103147
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edin, K., & Nelson, T. J. (2013). Doing the best I can: Fatherhood in the inner city. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eiden, D. R., & Leonard, K. (2000). Paternal alcoholism, parental psychopathology, and aggravation with infants. Journal of Substance Abuse, 11(1), 17–29. doi:10.1016/S0899-3289(99)00016-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ellis, B. J., Bates, J. E., Dodge, K. A., Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Pettit, G. S., & Woodward, L. (2003). Does father absence place daughters at special risk for early sexual activity and teenage pregnancy? Child Development, 74(3), 801–821. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epkins, C. C., & Harper, S. L. (2016). Mothers’ and fathers’ parental warmth, hostility/rejection/neglect, and behavioral control: Specific and unique relations with parents’ depression versus anxiety symptoms. Parenting, 16(2), 125–145. doi:10.1080/15295192.2016.1134991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, I., Baljko, M., Thumlert, K., Kelly, E., Smith, J. A., Su, Y., … May, N. M. (2020). A video of myself helps me learn": A scoping review of the evidence of video-making for situated learning. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 14(1), 1–26. doi:10.20429/ijsotl.2020.140109
   Google Scholar
• Fagan, J., & Barnett, M. (2003). The relationship between maternal gatekeeping, paternal competence, mothers’ attitudes about the father role, and father involvement. Journal of Family Issues, 24(8), 1020–1043. doi:10.1177/0192513X03256397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagan, J., & Cherson, M. (2017). Maternal gatekeeping: The associations among facilitation, encouragement, and low-income fathers’ engagement with young children. Journal of Family Issues, 38(5), 633–653. doi:10.1177/0192513X15578007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagan, J., & Palkovitz, R. (2007). Unmarried, nonresident fathers’ involvement with their infants: A risk and resilience perspective. Journal of Family Psychology, 3, 479–489.
   Google Scholar
• Fagan, J., & Palkovitz, R. (2019). Coparenting and father engagement among low-income parents: Actor-partner interdependence model. Journal of Family Psychology, 33(8), 894–904. doi:10.1037/fam0000563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagan, J., Iglesias, A., & Kaufman, R. (2016). Associations among Head Start fathers’ involvement with their preschoolers and child language skills. Early Child Development and Care, 186(8), 1342–1356. doi:10.1080/03004430.2015.1094654
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flaherty, S.-J., McCarthy, M., Collins, A., & McAuliffe, F. (2018). Can existing mobile apps support healthier food purchasing behaviour? Content analysis of nutrition content, behaviour change theory and user quality integration. Public Health Nutrition, 21(2), 288–298. doi:10.1017/S1368980017002889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, J. (2004). Fatherhood and the meaning of children: An ethnographic study among Puerto Rican partners of adolescent mothers. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health, 49(2), 118–125. doi:10.1016/j.jmwh.2003.10.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fremstad, S. (2012). Married…without means. Washington, D.C: Center for Economic and Policy Research. Retrieved at https://cepr.net/documents/publications/married-without-means-2012-11.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gartner (2017). Gartner survey finds that most smartphone users spend nothing on apps. [Press release]. Retrieved at https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2017-01-26-gartner-survey-finds-that-most-smartphone-users-spend-nothing-on-apps.
   Google Scholar
• Giff, S. T., Renshaw, K. D., & Allen, E. S. (2019). Post-deployment parenting in military couples: Associations with service members' PTSD symptoms. Journal of Family Psychology, 33(2), 166–175. doi:10.1037/fam0000477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glikman, H. (2004). Low-income young fathers: Contexts, connections, and self. Social Work, 49(2), 195–206. doi:10.1093/sw/49.2.195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grand Challenges Canada. (n.d.). Learning Through Play (LTP) Plus Intervention for Depressed Fathers (LTP Plus Dads).
   Google Scholar
• Greyson, D. (2017). Health information practices of young parents. Journal of Documentation, 73(5), 778–802. doi:10.1108/JD-07-2016-0089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamm, M., Miller, E., Jackson Foster, L., Browne, M., & Borrero, S. (2018). "The financial is the main issue, it's not even the child": Exploring the role of finances in men's concepts of fatherhood and fertility intention”. American Journal of Men's Health, 12(4), 1074–1083. doi:10.1177/1557988318775189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayward-Everson, R. A., Honegger, L., Glazebrook, A., Rabeno, S., & Yim, K. (2018). Predictors of father involvement in a sample of low-income men enrolled in a responsible fatherhood program. Social Work Research, 42(2), 84–94. doi:10.1093/swr/svy004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, K. L. (2017). Fathers' alcohol and cannabis use disorder and early onset of drug use by their children. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 78(3), 458–462. doi:10.15288/jsad.2017.78.458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgs, E., Gomez-Vidal, C., & Austin, M. J. (2018). Low-income nonresident fatherhood: A literature review with implications for practice and research. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 99(2), 110–120. doi:10.1177/1044389418767826
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes, E. K., Egginton, B. R., Hawkins, A. J., Robbins, N. L., & Shafer, K. (2020). Do responsible fatherhood programs work? A comprehensive meta-analytic study. Family Relations, Advanced online publication. 10.111/fare.12435.
   Google Scholar
• Hsu, C. -L., & Lin, J. C. -C. (2015). What drives purchase intention for paid mobile apps? – An expectation confirmation model with perceived value. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 14(1), 46–57. doi:10.1016/j.elerap.2014.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, H., Wang, S., Bezemer, C.-P., & Hassan, A. E. (2019). Studying the consistency of star ratings and reviews of popular free hybrid Android and iOS apps. Empirical Software Engineering, 24(1), 7–32. doi:10.1007/s10664-018-9617-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, A. P., Choi, J.-K., & Franke, T. M. (2009). Poor single mothers with young children: Mastery, relations with nonresident fathers, and child outcomes. Social Work Research, 33(2), 95–106. doi:10.1093/swr/33.2.95
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeynes, W. H. (2015). A meta-analysis: The relationship between father involvement and student academic achievement. Urban Education, 50(4), 387–423. doi:10.1177/0042085914525789
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, T. L., & Prinz, R. J. (2005). Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(3), 341–363. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2004.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley, M. L., Bravo, A. J., Braitman, A. L., Price, R. A., & White, T. D. (2018). Mental health symptoms and parenting among father-only and dual substance use disorder couples. Journal of Family Issues, 39(3), 796–816. 10.1177/0192513XI6680014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraschnewski, J. L., Chuang, C. H., Poole, E. S., Peyton, T., Blubaugh, I., Pauli, J., … Reddy, M. (2014). Paging “Dr. Google": does technology fill the gap created by the prenatal care visit structure? Qualitative focus group study with pregnant women. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(6), e147 doi:10.2196/jmir.3385
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krutz, D. E., Munaiah, N., Meneely, A., & Malachowsky, S. A. (2016). Examining the relationship between security metrics and user ratings of mobile apps: A case study. App Market Analytics, 8–14. doi:10.1145/2993259.2993260.
   Google Scholar
• Larkin, F., Oostenbroek, J., Lee, Y., Hayward, E., & Meins, E. (2019). Proof of concept of a smartphone app to support delivery of an intervention to facilitate mothers’ mind-mindedness. PLoS One, 14(8), e0220948. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0220948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laxman, D. J., Higginbotham, B. J., & Bradford, K. (2019). Predictors of attrition and attendancein a fatherhood education program. Children and Youth Services Review, 103, 287–297. https://. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lecomte, T., Samson, C., Cloutier, B., Francoeur, A., Pennou, A., Potvin, S., … Khazaal, Y. (2020). Mobile apps for mental health issues: Meta-review of meta-analyses. JMIR mHealth and Uhealth, 8(5), e17458. doi:10.2196/17458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C.-Y. S., & Doherty, W. J. (2007). Marital satisfaction and father involvement during the transition to parenthood. Fathering, 5(2), 75–96. doi:10.3149/fth.0502.75
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S. J., & Lee, J. Y. (2020). Full report: Testing the feasibility of an interactive mentor-based, text messaging program to increase fathers' engagement in home visitation. Fatherhood Research and Practice Network. Retrieved at file:///C:/Users/mht18/Downloads/FRPN_Text4Dad_FullReport_021020_R1-2.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S. J., & Walsh, T. B. (2015). Using technology in social work practice: The mDad (Mobile Device Assisted Dad) case study. Advances in Social Work, 1, 107–124.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J. Y., Volling, B. L., Lee, S. J., & Altschul, I. (2020). Longitudinal relations between coparenting and father engagement in low-income residential and nonresidential father families. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(2), 226–236. doi:10.1037/fam0000612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. Y., Knauer, H. A., Lee, S. J., MacEachern, M. P., & Garfield, C. F. (2018). Father-inclusive perinatal parent education programs: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 142(1), e20180437. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-0437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leinonen, J. A., Solantaus, T. S., & Punamäki, R.-L. (2002). The specific mediating paths between economic hardship and the quality of parenting. International Journal of Behavioral Development (Print), 5, 423–435.
   Google Scholar
• Lemmons, B. P. (2017). Exploring the multiple determinants of father involvement among non-resident African American fathers: A mixed methods approach (2016-47708-228). ProQuest Information & Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Love, S. M., Sanders, M. R., Turner, K. M. T., Maurange, M., Knott, T., Prinz, R., … Ainsworth, A. T. (2016). Social media and gamification: Engaging vulnerable parents in an online evidence-based parenting program. Child Abuse & Neglect, 53, 95–107. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucassen, N., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Volling, B. L., Tharner, A., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Verhulst, F. C., … Tiemeier, H. (2011). The association between paternal sensitivity and infant-father attachment security: A meta-analysis of three decades of research. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(6), 986–992. doi:10.1037/a0025855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupton, D., Pedersen, S., & Thomas, G. M. (2016). Parenting and digital media: From the early web to contemporary digital society. Sociology Compass, 10(8), 730–743. doi:10.1111/soc4.12398
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malvey, D. M., & Slovensky, D. J. (2014). MHealth: Transforming healthcare. New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• McHale, J. P., & Lindahl, K. M. (2011). Coparenting: A conceptual and clinical examination of family systems. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, K. (2011). The public health impact of major depression: A call for interdisciplinary prevention efforts. Prevention Science, 12(4), 361–371. doi:10.1007/s11121-011-0231-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendiola, M. F., Kalnicki, M., & Lindenauer, S. (2015). Valuable features in mobile health apps for patients and consumers: Content analysis of apps and user ratings. JMIR mHealth and Uhealth, 3(2), e40–e40. doi:10.2196/mhealth.4283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monte, L. M., & Knop, B. (2019). Men's fertility and fatherhood. U. S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2019/demo/P70-162.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Muradul Bashir, G. M., Hossen, M. S., Karmoker, D., & Kamal, M. J. (2019). Android apps success prediction before uploading on google play store. 2019 International Conference on Sustainable Technologies for Industry 4.0 (STI), Sustainable Technologies for Industry 4.0(STI), 1–6. https://www.doi.org/10.1109/STI47673.2019.9068071.
   Google Scholar
• Nangle, S. M., Kelley, M. L., Fals-Stewart, W., & Levant, R. F. (2003). Work and family variables as related to paternal engagement, responsibility, and accessibility in dual-earner couples with young children. Fathering, 1(1), 71–90. doi:10.3149/fth.0101.71
   Google Scholar
• Nath, S., Russell, G., Ford, T., Kuyken, G., & Psychogio, L. (2015). Postnatal paternal depressive symptoms associated with fathers' subsequent parenting: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 207(6), 558–559. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.148379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) (2006). The NICHD study of early childcare and youth development: Findings for children up to age 4.5 years. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved at https://www.nichd.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/pubs/documents/seccyd_06.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholas, J., Larsen, M. E., Proudfoot, J., & Christensen, H. (2015). Mobile apps for bipolar disorder: A systematic review of features and content quality. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 17(8), e198. doi:10.2196/jmir.4581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholas, D. B., McNeill, T., Montgomery, G., Stapleford, C., & McClure, M. (2004). Communication features in an online group for fathers of children with spina bifida: Considerations for group development among men. Social Work with Groups, 26(2), 65–80. doi:10.1300/J009v26n02_06
   Google Scholar
• Nieuwboer, C. C., Fukkink, R. G., & Hermanns, J. M. A. (2013). Online programs as tools to improve parenting: A meta-analytic review. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(11), 1823–1829. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.08.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nouri, R., Kalhori, S. R. N., Ghazisaeedi, M., Marchand, G., & Yasini, M. (2018). Criteria for assessing the quality of mHealth apps: A systematic review. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 25(8), 1089–1098. doi:10.1093/jamia/ocy050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Toole, B. I., Dadds, M., Burton, M. J., Rothwell, A., & Catts, S. V. (2018). Growing up with a father with PTSD: The family emotional climate of the children of Australian Vietnam veterans. Psychiatry Research, 268, 175–183. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.071
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palkovitz, R., & Hull, J. (2018). Toward a resource theory of fathering. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(1), 181–198. doi:10.1111/jftr.12239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peleg-Oren, N., Rahav, G., & Teichman, M. (2008). School-age children of fathers with a substance use disorder: Are they a high-risk population? Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 52(2), 9–30.
   Google Scholar
• Perez-Brena, N. J., Cookston, J. T., Fabricius, W. V., & Saenz, D. (2012). Patterns of father self evaluations among mexican and european american men and links to adolescent adjustment. Fathering, 10(2), 213–235. doi:10.3149/fth.1002.213
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perzow, S. E. D., Bray, B. C., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2018). Financial stress response profiles and psychosocial functioning in low-income parents. Journal of Family Psychology, 32(4), 517–527. doi:10.1037/fam0000403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilowsky, D. J., Wickramaratne, P., Poh, E., Hernandez, M., Batten, L. A., Flament, M. F., … Weissman, M. M. (2014). Psychopathology and functioning among children of treated depressed fathers and mothers. Journal of Affective Disorders, 164(1), 107–111. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.012
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porzig-Drummond, R., Stevenson, R. J., & Stevenson, C. (2015). Preliminary evaluation of a self-directed video-based 1-2-3 Magic parenting program: A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 66, 32–42. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randles, J. (2020). The means to and meaning of “being there” in responsible fatherhood programming with low‐income fathers. Family Relations, 69(1), 7–20. doi:10.1111/fare.12376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rege, M., Telle, K., & Votruba, M. (2011). Parental job loss and children’s school performance. The Review of Economic Studies, 78(4), 1462–1489. doi:10.1093/restud/rdr002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond-Rakerd, L. S., Slutske, W. S., Lynskey, M. T., Agrawal, A., Madden, P. A. F., Bucholz, K. K., … Martin, N. G. (2016). Age at first use and later substance use disorder: Shared genetic and environmental pathways for nicotine, alcohol, and cannabis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(7), 946–959. doi:10.1037/abn0000191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rienks, S. L., Wadsworth, M. E., Markman, H. J., Einhorn, L., & Etter, E. M. (2011). Father involvement in urban low-income fathers: Baselines associations and changes resulting from preventative intervention. Family Relations, 60(2), 191–204. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2010.00642.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roest, A. M. C., Dubas, J. S., & Gerris, J. R. M. (2009). Value transmissions between fathers, mothers, and adolescent and emerging adult children: The role of the family climate. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(2), 146–155. doi:10.1037/a0015075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, K. M. (2006). Father stories: A life course examination of paternal identity among low-income African American men. Journal of Family Issues, 27(1), 31–54. doi:10.1177/0192513X05275432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, K. M., & Dyson, O. (2010). Making daddies into fathers: Community-based fatherhood programs and the construction of masculinities for low-income African American men. American Journal of Community Psychology, 45(1-2), 139–154. 10.1007/s10460-009-9282-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Ortiz, R., Braza, P., Carreras, R., & Muñoz, J. (2017). Differential effects of mother’s and father’s parenting on prosocial and antisocial behavior: Child sex moderating. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(8), 2182–2190. doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0726-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh, M. F., & Hilton, J. M. (2011). A comparison of the paternal involvement of low-income fathers in four developmental stages: Adolescence, young adult, adult, and midlife. The Family Journal, 19(1), 47–55. doi:10.1177/1066480710387496
   Google Scholar
• Sano, Y., Richards, L. N., & Zvonkovic, A. M. (2008). Are mothers really “gatekeepers” of children? Rural mothers’ perceptions of nonresident fathers’ involvement in low-income families. Journal of Family Issues, 29(12), 1701–1723. doi:10.1177/0192513X08321543
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheibling, C. (2020). Real heroes care": How dad bloggers are reconstructing fatherhood and masculinities. Men and Masculinities, 23(1), 3–19. doi:10.1177/1097184X18816506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semega, J., Kollar, M., Creamer, J., & Mohanty, A. (2018). Income and poverty in the United States: 2018. U.S. Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2019/demo/p60-266.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Sevigny, P. L., & Loutzenhiser, L. (2010). Predictors of parenting self-efficacy in mothers and fathers of toddlers. Child: Care, Health and Development, 2, 179. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00980.x
   Google Scholar
• Silva, B. M. C., Rodrigues, J. J. P. C., de la, T., Diez, I., López-Coronado, M., & Saleem, K. (2015). Mobile-health: A review of current state in 2015. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 56, 265–272. doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2015.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobolewski, J. M., & King, V. (2005). The importance of the coparental relationship for nonresident fathers’ ties to children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67(5), 1196–1212. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2005.00210.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer, C. M., Topham, G. L., & King, E. L. (2020). Do online parenting programs create change?: A meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(3), 364–374. doi:10.1037/fam0000605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahlschmidt, M. J., Threlfall, J., Seay, K. D., Lewis, E. M., & Kohl, P. L. (2013). Recruiting fathers to parenting programs: Advice from dads and fatherhood program providers. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(10), 1734–1741. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stover, C. S., Hall, C., McMahon, T. J., & Easton, C. J. (2012). Fathers entering substance abuse treatment: An examination of substance abuse, trauma symptoms and parenting behaviors. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 43(3), 335–343. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2011.12.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suárez, A., Byrne, S., & Rodrigo, M. J. (2018). Effectiveness of a universal web-based parenting program to promote positive parenting: Patterns and predictors on program satisfaction. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(10), 3345–3357. doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1162-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swendsen, J., Conway, K. P., Degenhardt, L., Dierker, L., Glantz, M., Jin, R., … Kessler, R. C. (2009). Socio-demographic risk factors for alcohol and drug dependence: The 10-year follow-up of the national comorbidity survey. Addiction, 104(8), 1346–1355. https://doi.org/10.111/j1360-0443.2009.02622.x. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02622.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, G. M., Lupton, D., & Pedersen, S. (2018). ‘The appy for a happy pappy’: Expectant fatherhood and pregnancy apps. Journal of Gender Studies, 27(7), 759–770. doi:10.1080/09589236.2017.1301813.
   Google Scholar
• Thornton, L., Quinn, C., Birrell, L., Guillaumier, A., Shaw, B., Forbes, E., … Kay‐Lambkin, F. (2017). Free smoking cessation mobile apps available in Australia: A quality review and content analysis. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 41(6), 625–630. doi:10.1111/1753-6405.12688
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trahan, M. (2018). Paternal self-efficacy and father involvement: A bi-directional relationship. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 19(4), 624–634. doi:10.1037/men0000130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trahan, M., & Shafer, K. (2019). Paternal self-efficacy: A parenting resilience factor for fathers with depression. Social Work Research, 43(2), 101–114. doi:10.1093/swr/svz004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay, S., & Pierce, T. (2011). Perceptions of fatherhood: Longitudinal reciprocal associations within the couple. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences du Comportement, 43(2), 99–110. doi:10.1037/a0022635
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tully, L. A., Piotrowska, P. J., Collins, D. A. J., Frick, P. J., Anderson, V., Moul, C., … Dadds, M. R. (2019). Evaluation of “ 'The Father Effect' Media Campaign to Increase Awareness of, and Participation in, an Online Father-Inclusive Parenting Program” . Health Communication, 34(12), 1423–1432. doi:10.1080/10410236.2018.1495160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau (2016). 2016 Current population survey annual social and economic supplement. https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/2016/comm/cb16-192_living_arrangements.html.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau (2018). Selected demographic characteristics, 2014–2018 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs.
   Google Scholar
• Varghese, C., & Wachen, J. (2016). The determinants of father involvement and connections to children’s literacy and language outcomes: Review of the literature. Marriage & Family Review, 52(4), 331–359. doi:10.1080/01494929.2015.1099587
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, S., & Durbin, E. C. (2010). Effects of paternal depression on fathers' parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(2), 167–180. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.10.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winders Davis, D., Logsdon, M. C., Vogt, K., Rushton, J., Myers, J., Lauf, A., & Hogan, F. (2017). Parent education is changing: A review of smartphone apps. MCN. The American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 42(5), 248–256. doi:10.1097/NMC.0000000000000353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, S., Bellamy, J. L., Kim, W., & Yoon, D. (2017). Father involvement and behavior problems among preadolescents at risk of maltreatment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 1. doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0890-6
   Google Scholar