Export Barriers and Competitiveness of Developing Economies: The Case of the Ethiopian Leather Footwear Industry

References

• Abdullah, M. A. (2000). Myths and realities of SMEs in Malaysia. In M. A. Abdullah & M. I. B. Baker (Eds.), Small and Medium Enterprises in Asia Pacific countries: Roles and issues (pp. 59–74). Huntington: Nova Science Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, Z. U., Julian, C. C., Baalbaki, I., & Hadidian, T. V. (2006). Firm internationalisation and export incentives from a Middle Eastern perspective. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 13(4), 660–669.
   Google Scholar
• Albaum, G. S., Albaum, G., & Duerr, E. (2008). International marketing and export management. Harlow: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Hyari, K., Al-Weshah, G., & Alnsour, M. (2012). Barriers to internationalisation in SMEs: Evidence from Jordan. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 30(2), 188–211.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Rashidi, Y. A. (2011). Factors affecting SMEs decision-makers’ risk perceptions associated with exporting: A comparison study of emerging and advanced markets. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation.) Griffith University, Queensland.
   Google Scholar
• Altıntaş, M. H., Tokol, T., & Harcar, T. (2007). The effects of export barriers on perceived export performance: An empirical research on SMEs in Turkey. EuroMed Journal of Business, 2(1), 36–56.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, W. (2011). Internationalization opportunities and challenges for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises from developing countries. Journal of African Business, 12(2), 198–217.
   Google Scholar
• APICCAPS (2012). Facts and Numbers. Porto: Portuguese Footwear, Components, Leather Goods Manufacturers’ Association.
   Google Scholar
• Atilla Dicle, I., & Dicle, U. (1992). Effects of government export policies on Turkish export trading companies. International Marketing Review, 9(3), 62–76.
   Google Scholar
• Azmera, A. (2013). The role of government policy package in boosting export: A comparative study of Ethiopia, South Korea and Vietnam. IFSMRC AIJRM, 1(1), 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Bakunda, G. (2003). Explaining firm internationalization in Africa using the competence approach. Journal of African Business, 4(1), 57–85.
   Google Scholar
• Belwal, R., & Chala, M. (2008). Catalysts and barriers to cut flower export: A case study of Ethiopian floriculture industry. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 3(2), 216–235.
   Google Scholar
• Bodur, M. (1986). A study on the nature and intensity of problems experienced by Turkish exporting firms. Advances in International Marketing, 1(1), 205–232.
   Google Scholar
• Bodur, M., & Cavusgil, S. (1985). Export market research orientations of Turkish firms. European Journal of Marketing, 19(2), 5–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, M. R., & Frances, A. (1991). Barriers to exporting: An exploratory study of Latin American companies. In R. F. H. Seringhaus & P. J. Rosson (Eds.), Export development and promotion: The role of public organizations (pp. 95–118). New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Burgess, S. M., & Oldenboom, N. (1997). South African and Singaporean exporters: Their attitudes, information sources and export problems. South African Journal of Business Management, 28(1), 53–63.
   Google Scholar
• Cavusgil, S. T., & Zou, S. (1994). Marketing strategy-performance relationship: An investigation of the empirical link in export market ventures. Journal of Marketing, 58(1), 1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Central Statistical Agency (2013). Ethiopia: Livestock sample survey 2011–2012 (2004 E.C). Ministry of Finance and Economic Development, Government of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, C. H., Da Rocha, A., & Gartner, R. G. (1987). An empirical investigation of the factors influencing exporting success of Brazilian firms. Journal of International Business Studies, 18(3), 86–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciuriak, D. (2010). Supply and demand side constraints as barriers for Ethiopian exports: Policy options. BKP Development, Trade and Development Discussion Paper No. 02–2010. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1659655.
   Google Scholar
• Colaiacovo, J. L. (1982). Export development in Latin America. In M. R. Czinkota & G. Tesar (Eds.), Export policy: A global assessment (pp. 102–111). New York, NY: Praeger Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crick, D. (2002). The decision to discontinue exporting: SMEs in two UK trade sectors. Journal of Small Business Management, 40(1), 66–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czinkota, M. R., & Ronkainen, I. A. (2001). International marketing. New York, NY: Harcourt College Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Darley, W. K. (2002). Enhancing Sub-Saharan Africa’s export performance: Challenges, opportunities, and implications. Journal of African Business, 3(2), 7–32.
   Google Scholar
• Da Rocha, A., & Christensen, C. H. (1994). The export experience of a developing country: A review of empirical studies of export behavior and the performance of Brazilian firms. In S. T. Cavusgil & C. Axinn (Eds.), Advances in International Marketing (pp. 258–282). Greenwich: JAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Da Rocha, A., Freitas, Y. A., & Silva, J. F. D. (2008). Do perceived export barriers change over time? A longitudinal study of Brazilian exporters of manufactured goods. Latin American Business Review, 9(1), 102–128.
   Google Scholar
• Day, G. S., & Wensley R. (1988). Assessing advantage: A framework for diagnosing competitive superiority. Journal of Marketing, 52(2), 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DB (2016). Doing business 2016: Measuring regulatory quality and efficiency (13th ed.). Washington: World Bank Group.
   Google Scholar
• Dymsza, W. A. (1983). A national export strategy for Latin American countries. In M. R. Cizinkota (Ed.), US‐Latin American trade relations: Issue and concerns (pp. 5–25). New York, NY: Praeger Press.
   Google Scholar
• Field, A. P. (2000). Discovering statistics using SPSS for Windows: Advanced techniques for the beginner. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Figueiredo, K. F., & Almeida, L. F. (1988). Export barriers in Brazil. In A. Da Rocha (Ed.), The management of exporting in Brazil: Problems and opportunities (pp. 73–86). Sao Paulo: Haworth Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fonchamnyo, D. C., & Akame, A. R. J. (2017). Determinants of export diversification in Sub-Sahara African region: A fractionalized logit estimation model. Journal of Economics and Finance, 41(2), 330–342.
   Google Scholar
• GDS (2006). Value chain analysis for the skins and leather sector in Ethiopia. (Unpublished Report.) Reston: Global Development Solutions.
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (2005). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Helping US Companies Export.’ Export.gov (2017). Retrieved from: https://www.export.gov/article?id=Ethiopia-Market-Overview
   Google Scholar
• Ibeh, K. I., Ibrahim, E., & Ezepue, P. O. (2007). Factors stimulating initial export activity: Any difference for Nigerian firms? Journal of African Business, 8(2), 7–26.
   Google Scholar
• Julian, C. C., & Ahmed, Z. U. (2005). The impact of barriers to export on export marketing performance. Journal of Global Marketing, 19(1), 71–94.
   Google Scholar
• Kahiya, E. T., & Dean, D. L. (2016) Export stages and export barriers: Revisiting traditional export development. Thunderbird International Business Review, 58(1), 75–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaleka, A., & Katsikeas, C. S. (1995). Exporting problems: The relevance of export development. Journal of Marketing Management, 11(5), 499–515.
   Google Scholar
• Kasseeah, H., Ancharaz, V. D., & Tandrayen-Ragoobur, V. (2013) Access to financing as a barrier to trade: Evidence from Mauritius. Journal of African Business, 14(3), 171–185.
   Google Scholar
• Katsikeas, C. S., Leonidou, L. C., & Morgan, N. A. (2000). Firm-level export performance assessment: Review, evaluation, and development. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 28(4), 493–511.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazem, A., & van der Heijden, B. (2006). Exporting firms’ strategic choices: The case of Egyptian SMEs in the food industry. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 71(3), 21–33.
   Google Scholar
• Lall, S. (1991). Marketing barriers facing developing country manufactured exporters: A conceptual note. Journal of Development Studies, 27(4), 137–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonidou, L. C. (1995). Empirical research on export barriers: Review, assessment, and synthesis. Journal of International Marketing, 3(1), 29–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonidou, L. C. (2004). An analysis of the barriers hindering small business export development. Journal of Small Business Management, 42(3), 279–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekonnen, B., & Gezahegn, A. (2008). The leather sector: Growth strategies through Integrated Value Chain. Addis Ababa: Ethiopian Development Research Institute (EDRI).
   Google Scholar
• Mekuria A. (2014). Strategies and tactics of Ethiopian companies to enter leather footwear and products markets of some selected Middle East countries. Unpublished manuscript, Addis Ababa.
   Google Scholar
• Milner, C., & Tandrayen, V. (2007). The impact of exporting and export destination on manufacturing wages: Evidence for Sub‐Saharan Africa. Review of Development Economics, 11(1), 13–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohy-ud-Din, O., Javed, M. S., & Atiq-ur-Rahman. (1997). Export problems of cotton yarn: A case study of Faisalabad yarn market. Economic Review, 28(11), 33–36.
   Google Scholar
• Moini, A. H. (1997). Barriers inhibiting export performance of small and medium-sized manufacturing firms. Journal of Global Marketing, 10(4), 67–93.
   Google Scholar
• Morawetz, D. (1980). Why the emperor’s new clothes are not made in Colombia? A case study in Latin America and East Asia manufactured exports. (World Bank Staff Working Papers No. 368). Washington: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, R. E., & Katsikeas, C. S. (1997). Obstacles to export initiation and expansion. Omega, 25(6), 677–690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mugavin, M. E. (2008). Multidimensional scaling: A brief overview. Nursing Research, 57(1), 64–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulugetta, Y. (2008). Human capacity and institutional development towards a sustainable energy future in Ethiopia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(5), 1435–1450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muranda, Z. (2002). Strategies of developing country exporters: Empirical evidence from Zimbabwe’s manufacturers. Journal of African Business, 3(2), 33–57.
   Google Scholar
• Nwachukwu, S., Andrews, D., Yigletu, A., & Muhammad, A. (2006). Factors impeding the development of export activities: A survey of Louisiana small businesses. Southwest Business & Economics Journal, 15, 19–31,
   Google Scholar
• Pinho, J. C., & Martins, L. (2010). Exporting barriers: Insights from Portuguese small- and medium-sized exporters and non-exporters. Journal of International Entrepreneurship, 8(3), 254–272.
   Google Scholar
• Rabino, S. (1980). An examination of barriers to exporting encountered by small manufacturing companies. Management International Review, 20(1), 67–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rankin, N., Söderbom, M., & Teal, F. (2006). Exporting from manufacturing firms in sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Economies, 15(4), 671–687.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrik, D. (2014). Growth, poverty, and employment: The past, present, and future of economic growth. Challenge, 57(3), 5–39.
   Google Scholar
• Seringhaus, R. (1987). The role of information assistance in small firms’ export involvement. International Small Business Journal, 5(2), 26–36.
   Google Scholar
• Sonobe, T., Akoten, J., & Otsuka, K. (2006). The development of the footwear industry in Ethiopia: How different is it from the East Asian experience. (Fasid Discussion Paper Series on International Development Strategies, 2006-09-003.) Tokyo: Foundation for Advanced Studies on International Development.
   Google Scholar
• Sonobe, T., Akoten, J. E., & Otsuka, K. (2011). The growth process of informal enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa: A case study of a metalworking cluster in Nairobi. Small Business Economics, 36(3), 323–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiglitz, J. E. (2004). Globalization and growth in emerging markets. Journal of Policy Modeling, 25(5), 505–524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutton, J., & Kellow, N. (2011). An enterprise map of Ethiopia: Chinese version. London: International Growth Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Terpstra, V., & Sarathy, R. (1997). International marketing. Fort Worth: Dryden Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tesfom, G., & Lutz, C. (2006). A classification of export marketing problems of small and medium sized manufacturing firms in developing countries. International Journal of Emerging Markets, 1(3), 262–281.
   Google Scholar
• Tesfom, G., Lutz, C., & Ghauri, P. (2006). Solving export marketing problems of small and medium-sized firms from developing countries: Evidence from Eritrea. Journal of African Business, 7(1–2), 57–87.
   Google Scholar
• Tessema, A. D. (2013). Case of the leather sector in Ethiopia. Journal of Business and Administrative Studies, 5(1), 1–46.
   Google Scholar
• Tomas, C. (2011). Performance analysis and improvement of Ethiopian leather footwear factories. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation.) Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
   Google Scholar
• Tseng, J. Y., & Yu, C. M. J. (1991). Export of industrial goods to Europe: The case of large Taiwanese firms. European Journal of Marketing, 25(9), 51–63.
   Google Scholar
• UNCTAD (2005). Improving the competitiveness of SMEs through enhancing productive capacity: Proceedings of four expert meetings. New York: United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• UNIDO (2012). Independent evaluation report Ethiopia. Technical assistance project for the upgrading of the Ethiopian leather and leather products industry. Project number: TE/ETH/08/008. Vienna, United Nations Industrial Development Organization.
   Google Scholar
• USAID (2013). Agricultural growth project: Livestock market development. Value Chain Analysis for Ethiopia. AID-663-C-12-00009. Retrieved from https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1860/
   Google Scholar
• Van Biesebroeck, J. (2005). Exporting raises productivity in sub-Saharan African manufacturing firms. Journal of International Economics, 67(2), 373–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vernon-Wortzel, H., Wortzel, L. H., & Deng, S. (1988). Do neophyte exporters understand importers? Columbia Journal of World Business, 23(4), 49–56.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, K. M., & Pak, J. M. (1990). Export behaviour and attitudes of small- and medium-sized Korean manufacturing firms. International Small Business Journal, 8(4), 59–70.
   Google Scholar
• WEF (2014). The Global Competitiveness Report 2014–2015: Full Data Edition. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Young, S. (1987). Business strategy and the internationalization of business: Recent approaches. Managerial and Decision Economics, 8(1), 31–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zewide, G. (2011). Ethiopia and India: Partners in development. Insight on Africa, 3(1), 43.
   Google Scholar