Sex Selling and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Impaired Capacity, Free Enterprise, or Sexual Victimization?

REFERENCES

• Allen, D., Evans, C., Hider, A., Hawkins, S., Peckett, H., & Morgan, H. (2008). Offending behaviour in adults with Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(4), 748–758. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0442-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Appelbaum, P. S. (2010). Consent in impaired populations. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 10(5), 367–373. doi:10.1007/s11910-010-0123-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrigo, B. (2000). Introduction to forensic psychology. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ball, G. F., & Balthazart, J. (2008). How useful is the appetitive and consummatory distinction for our understanding of the neuroendocrine control of sexual behavior? Hormones and Behavior, 53(2), 307–311. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.09.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A., Caprara, G. V., Barbanelli, C., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(2), 364–374. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baral, S. D., Friedman, M. R., Geibel, S., Rebe, K., Bozhinov, B., Diouf, D. . . . Cáceres, C. F. (2015). Male sex workers: Practices, contexts and vulnerabilities for HIV acquisition and transmission. Lancet, 385(9964), 260–273. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60801-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbalat, G., Domenech, P., Vernet, M., & Fourneret, P. (2010). Risk-taking in adolescence: A neuroeconomics approach. Encephale, 36(2), 147–154. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2009.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen, S., Lombardo, M. V., Auyeung, B., Ashwin, E., Chakrabarti, B., & Knickmeyer, R. (2011). Why are autism spectrum conditions more prevalent in males. Public Library of Science—Biology, 9(6), 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Bartels, D. M., & Pizarro, D. A. (2011). The mismeasure of morals: Antisocial personality traits predict utilitarian responses to moral dilemmas. Cognition, 121(1), 154–161. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.05.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bimbi, D. S. (2007). Male prostitution: Pathology, paradigms, progress in research. Journal of Homosexuality, 53(1–2), 7–35. doi:10.1300/J082v53n01_02
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown-Lavoie, S. M., Viecili, M. A., & Weiss, J. A. (2014). Sexual knowledge and victimization in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(9), 2185–2196. doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2093-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byers, E. S., Nichols, S., & Voyer, S. D. (2013). Challenging stereotypes: Sexual functioning of single adults with high functioning autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(11), 2617–2627. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1813-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun, T. C., & Weaver, G. (1996). Rational decision-making among male street prostitutes. Deviant Behavior, 17(2), 209–227. doi:10.1080/01639625.1996.9968023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christopher, P. P., & Pinals, D. A. (2010). Capacity to consent to sexual acts: Understanding the nature of sexual conduct. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 38(3), 417–420.
   Google Scholar
• Derogatis, L. R., & Melisartos, N. (1983). The brief symptom inventory: An introductory report. Psychological Medicine, 13(3), 595–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devidzee, N., Lee, A. W., Zhou, J., & Pfaff, D. W. (2006). CNS arousal mechanisms bearing on sex and other biologically regulated behaviors. Physiology & Behavior, 88(3), 283–293. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.05.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredlund, C., Svensson, F., Svedin, C. G., Priebe, G., & Wadsby, M. (2013). Adolescents’ lifetime experience of selling sex: Development over five years. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 22(3), 312–325. doi:10.1080/10538712.2013.743950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frith, U. (1991). Autism and Asperger syndrome. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ganzini, L., Volicer, L., Nelson, W. A., Fox, E., & Derse, A. R. (2004). Ten myths about decision making capacity. Journal of the American Medical Director’s Association, 5, 263–267. doi:10.1016/S1525-8610(04)70134-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ghazziudin, M. (2013). Violent behavior in autism spectrum disorder: Is it a fact or fiction? Current Psychiatry, 12(10), 23–32.
   Google Scholar
• Giedd, J. N. (2008). The teen brain: Insights from neuroimaging. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(4), 335–343. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.01.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, J. D., Sommerville, R. B., Nystrom, L. E., Darley, J. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgement. Science, 293(5537), 2105–2108. doi:10.1126/science.1062872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harcourt, C., & Donovan, B. (2005). The many faces of sex work. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 81(3), 201–206. doi:10.1136/sti.2004.012468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haskins, B. G., & Silva, A. J. (2006). Asperger’s disorder and criminal behavior: Forensic psychiatric considerations. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 34(3), 374–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauck, M., Fein, D., Waterhouse, L., & Feinstein, C. (1995). Social initiations by autistic children to adults and other children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 25(6), 579–595. doi:10.1007/BF02178189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humphreys, T. P., & Brousseau, M. M. (2010). The Sexual Consent Scale–Revised: Development, reliability and preliminary validity. Journal of Sex Research, 47(5), 420–428. doi:10.1080/00224490903151358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyde, L. W., Shaw, D. S., & Moilanen, K. L. (2010). Developmental precursors of moral disengagement and the role of moral disengagement in the development of antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(2), 197–209. doi:10.1007/s10802-009-9358-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juvenile Justice Bulletin. (2004). Prostitution of juveniles. patterns from NIBRS. US Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/203946.pdf - accessed on 07/06/2015
   Google Scholar
• Kaestle, C. E. (2012). Selling and buying sex: A longitudinal study of risk and protective factors in adolescence. Prevention Science, 13(3), 314–322. doi:10.1007/s11121-011-0268-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuther, T. L. (2000). Moral reasoning, perceived competence, and adolescent engagement in risky activity. Journal of Adolescence, 23(5), 599–604. doi:10.1006/jado.2000.0346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauritsen, M. B. (2013). Autism spectrum disorders. European Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 22(Suppl 1), 37–42. doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0359-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lerner, M. D., Haque, O. S., Northrup, E. C., Lawer, L., & Bursztajin, H. J. (2012). Emerging perspectives on adolescents and young adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders, violence and criminal law. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 40(2), 177–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotan, G., & Ells, C. (2010). Adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities and participation in decision making: Ethical considerations for professional-client practice. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 48(2), 112–125. doi:10.1352/1934-9556-48.2.112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzone, L., Ruta, L., & Reale, L. (2012). Psychiatric comorbidities in Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism: Diagnostic challenges. Annals of General Psychiatry, 11( 1), 16. Retrieved from http://www.annals-general-psychiatry.com/content/11/1/16
   Google Scholar
• McGuire, B. E., & Bayley, A. (2011). Relationships, sexuality and decision-making capacity in people with an intellectual disability. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 24, 398–402. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e328349bbcb
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melton, G. B., Petrila, J., Poythress, N. G., & Slobogin, C. (2007). Psychological evaluations for the courts. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Merrick, J., Tenebaum, A., & Omar, H. A. (2013). Human sexuality and adolescence. Frontiers in Public Health, 7(1), 41–42.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, G. H., & O’Callaghan, A. (2004). Capacity of adults with intellectual disabilities to consent to sexual relationships. Psychological Medicine, 34(7), 1347–1357. doi:10.1017/S0033291704001941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, N., & Elias, E. R. (2006). Sexuality of children and adolescents with developmental disabilities. Pediatrics, 118(1), 398–403. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols, S. (2002). Norms with feeling: Towards a psychological account of moral judgment. Cognition, 84(2), 221–236. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(02)00048-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noterdaeme, M., Wriedt, E., & Höhne, C. (2010). Asperger’s syndrome and high-functioning autism: Language, motor and cognitive profiles. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 19(6), 475–481. doi:10.1007/s00787-009-0057-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orsmond, G. I., Krauss, M. W., & Seltzer, M. M. (2004). Peer relationships and social recreational activities among adolescents and adults with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34(3), 245–256. doi:10.1023/B:JADD.0000029547.96610.df
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne, H. (2014). Europe votes on penalizing prostitute clients in “Nordic Model.” International Business Times. Retrieved from www.ibt.co.uk/european-parliament-vote-nordic-model-prostitution-that-fines-clients 1433466.
   Google Scholar
• Palermo, M. T. (2004) Pervasive developmental disorders, psychiatric comorbidities and the law. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 48(1), 40–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palermo, M. T., & Bogaerts, S. (2014, Sep 10). The dangers of posthumous diagnoses and the unintended consequences of facile associations: Jeffrey Dahmer and autism spectrum disorders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0306624X14550642
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, W., & Hegna, K. (2003). Children and adolescents who sell sex: A community study. Social Science & Medicine, 56(1), 135–147. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00015-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redley, W., Prince, E., Bateman, N., Pennington, M., & Ring, H. (2013). The involvement of parents in healthcare decisions where adult children are at risk of lacking decision-making capacity: A qualitative study of treatment decisions in epilepsy. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 57(6), 531–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, J. A., & Piquero, A. R. (2014). Age graded risks for commercial sexual exploitation of male and female youth. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(9), 1747–1777. doi:10.1177/0886260513511535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, N. W., Crisp, B. R., Mansson, S. A., & Hawkes, S. (2012). Occupational health and safety among commercial sex workers. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health, 38(2), 105–119. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saulnier, C. A., & Klin, A. (2007). Brief report: Social and communication abilities and disabilities in higher functioning individuals with autism and Asperger syndrome. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(4), 788–793. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0288-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevlever, M., Roth, M. E., & Gillis, J. M. (2013). Sexual abuse and offending in autism spectrum disorders. Sexuality and Disability, 31(2), 189–200. doi:10.1007/s11195-013-9286-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slovenko, R. (2002). Psychiatry in law/law in psychiatry. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, M. D., Grov, C., Seal, D. W., & McCall, P. (2013). A social cognitive analysis of how young men become involved in male escorting. Journal of Sex Research, 50(1), 1–10. doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.681402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofronoff, K., Dark, E., & Stone, V. (2011). Social vulnerability and bullying in children with Asperger syndrome. Autism, 15(3), 355–372. doi:10.1177/1362361310365070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiecker, B., & Steutel, J. (2002). Sex between people with “mental retardation”: An ethical evaluation. Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 155–169. doi:10.1080/03057240220143269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, M., Newton, N., & Kaur, A. (2007). Stalking and social and romantic functioning among adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37(10), 1969–1986. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0344-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes, M. A., & Kaur, A. (2005). High-functioning autism and sexuality: A parental perspective. Autism, 9(3), 266–289. doi:10.1177/1362361305053258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svedin, C. G., & Priebe, G. (2007). Selling sex in a population-based study of high school seniors in Sweden: Demographic and psychosocial correlates. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36(1), 21–32. doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9083-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda, T., Kasai, K., & Kato, N. (2007). Moral judgment in high-functioning pervasive developmental disorders. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 61(4), 407–414. doi:10.1111/pcn.2007.61.issue-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torralva, T., Gleichgerrcht, E., Roca, M., Ibanez, A., Marenco, V., Rattazzi, A., & Manes, F. (2013). Impaired theory of mind but intact decision making in Asperger syndrome: Implications for the relationship between these cognitive domains. Psychiatry Research, 205(3), 282–284. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.08.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyler, K. A. (2009). Risk factors for trading sex among homeless young adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(2), 290–297. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9201-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van de Walle, R., Picavet, C., van Berlo, W., & Verhoeff, A. (2012). Young Dutch people’s experiences of trading sex: A qualitative study. Journal of Sex Research, 49(6), 547–557. doi:10.1080/00224499.2011.618955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincenzi, M. E. (2014). Baby squillo, indagati venti clienti. C’è anche il marito della Mussolini. Retrieved from www.repubblica.it/cronaca/2014/03/11/news/baby_squillo_indagati_venti_clienti_c_anche_il_marito_della_mussolini-80702222/
   Google Scholar
• Weitzer, R. (2009). Sociology of sex work. Annual Review of Sociology, 35, 213–234. doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-070308-120025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellings, K., Collumbien, M., Slaymaker, E., Singh, S., Hodges, Z., Patel, D., & Bajos, N. (2006). Sexual behaviour in context: A global perspective. Lancet, 368(9548), 1706–1728. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69479-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, C. E., Happé, F., Wheelwright, S. J., Ecker, C., Lombardo, M. V., Johnston, P., . . . Murphy, D. G. M. (2014). The neuropsychology of male adults with high-functioning autism or Asperger syndrome. Autism Research, 7(5), 568–581. doi:10.1002/aur.1394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodbury-Smith, M. R., & Volkmar, F. R. (2009). Asperger syndrome. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 18(1), 2–11. doi:10.1007/s00787-008-0701-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. (1988). STD control in prostitution: Guidelines for policy. Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved from www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?id=150
   Google Scholar
• Zalla, T., Barlassina, L., Buon, M., & Leboyer, M. (2011). Moral judgment in adults with autism spectrum disorders. Cognition, 121(1), 115–126. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar