An empirical assessment of the impact of the light direction on the relief inversion effect in shaded relief maps: NNW is better than NW

References

• Bengtsson, C., M. Persson, and P. Willenhag. 2005. “Gender and Overconfidence.” Economics Letters 86 (2): 199–203. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2004.07.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berbaum, K., T. Bever, and C. S. Chung. 1983. “Light Source Position in the Perception of Object Shape.” Perception 12 (4): 411–416. doi:10.1068/p120411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernabé-Poveda, M. A., M. A. Manso-Callejo, and D. Ballari (2005). Correction of Relief Inversion in Images Served by a Web Map Server. Proceedings of the International XXII Cartographic Conference, A Coruña, Spain, July 9–16.
   Google Scholar
• Bernabé Poveda, M. A., and A. Çöltekin. 2014. “Prevalence of the Terrain Reversal Effect in Satellite Imagery.” International Journal of Digital Earth 8: 640–655. doi:10.1080/17538947.2014.942714.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernabé-Poveda, M. A., I. Sánchez-Ortega, and A. Çöltekin. 2011. “Techniques for Highlighting Relief on Orthoimagery.” Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 21: 346–352. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.07.028.
   Google Scholar
• Braun, J. 1993. “Shape-From-Shading Is Independent of Visual Attention and May Be a “Texton”.” Spatial Vision 7 (4): 311–322. doi:10.1163/156856893X00469.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brychtova, A., and A. Coltekin. 2014. “An Empirical User Study for Measuring the Influence of Colour Distance and Font Size in Map Reading Using Eye Tracking.” The Cartographic Journal.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Çöltekin, A., S. I. Fabrikant, and M. Lacayo. 2010. “Exploring the Efficiency of Users’ Visual Analytics Strategies Based on Sequence Analysis of Eye Movement Recordings.” International Journal of Geographical Information Science 24 (10): 1559–1575. doi:10.1080/13658816.2010.511718.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlbom, L., A. Jakobsson, N. Jakobsson, and A. Kotsadam. 2011. “Gender and Overconfidence: Are Girls Really Overconfident?” Applied Economics Letters 18 (4): 325–327. doi:10.1080/13504851003670668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerardin, P., Z. Kourtzi, and P. Mamassian. 2010. “Prior Knowledge of Illumination for 3D Perception in the Human Brain.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (37): 16309–16314. doi:10.1073/pnas.1006285107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil, M. L., M. Arza, and A. Avila. 2014. “DEM Shading Method for the Correction of Pseudoscopic Effect on Multi-Platform Satellite Imagery.” GIScience & Remote Sensing 51 (6): 630–643. doi:10.1080/15481603.2014.988433.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, H., and A. Johnston. 2007. “The Hollow-Face Illusion: Object-Specific Knowledge, General Assumptions or Properties of the Stimulus?” Perception 36 (2): 199–223. doi:10.1068/p5523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, I. P. 2002. “Shading and Shadows.” In Seeing in Depth, Vol. 1. Basic Mechanisms (Vol. 1). Toronto: I. Porteous.
   Google Scholar
• Imhof, E. (1965) 2007. “Shading and Shadows.” In Cartographic Relief Presentation, 159–212. English language edition edited by H. J. Steward. Redlands, CA: ESRI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jenny, B. 2010–2016. Terrain Sculptor software. http://terraincartography.com/terrainsculptor.
   Google Scholar
• Kleffner, D. A., and V. S. Ramachandran. 1992. “On the Perception of Shape from Shading.” Perception & Psychophysics 52 (1): 18–36. doi:10.3758/BF03206757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraak, M. J., and F. Ormeling. 2010. Cartography: Visualization of Spatial Data. 3rd ed. Harlow, UK: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Langer, M. S., and H. H. Bülthoff. 2000. “Depth Discrimination from Shading under Diffuse Lighting.” Perception 29 (6): 649–660. doi:10.1068/p3060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langer, M. S., and H. H. Bülthoff. 2001. “A Prior for Global Convexity in Local Shape-From-Shading.” Perception 30 (4): 403–410. doi:10.1068/p3178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonowicz, A. M., B. Jenny, and L. Hurni. 2010. “Terrain Sculptor: Generalizing Terrain Models for Relief Shading.” Cartographic Perspectives 67: 51–60. doi:10.14714/CP67.114.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, B., and J. T. Todd. 2004. “Perceptual Biases in the Interpretation of 3D Shape from Shading.” Vision Research 44 (18): 2135–2145. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2004.03.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamassian, P., and R. Goutcher. 2001. “Prior Knowledge on the Illumination Position.” Cognition 81 (1): B1–9. doi:10.1016/S0010-0277(01)00116-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNemar, Q. 1947. “Note on the Sampling Error of the Difference between Correlated Proportions or Percentages.” Psychometrika 12: 153–157. doi:10.1007/BF02295996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson, T. 2016. “Discussion: Some thoughts about shaded relief presentation.” Accessed 20 March 2016 http://www.shadedrelief.com/retro/discussion.html
   Google Scholar
• Patterson, T., and N. V. Kelso. 2004. “Hal Shelton Revisited: Designing and Producing Natural-Color Maps with Satellite Land Cover Data.” Cartographic Perspectives 28–55. doi:10.14714/CP47.470.
   Google Scholar
• Ramachandran, V. S. 1988. “Perceiving Shape from Shading.” Scientific American 259 (2): 76–83. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0888-76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudnicki, W. 2000. “The New Approach to the Relief Shading Applied in Satellite Image Maps.” In High mountain cartography 2000 : proceedings of the second symposium of the Commission on mountain cartography of the International Cartographic Association held at the Alpine Centre Rudolfshütte (2315 m), Austria, from 29 March to 2 April 2000, edited by Manfred F. Buchroithner, 105–106. Dresden: TU Dresden Institut für Kartographie.
   Google Scholar
• Saraf, A. K., J. D. Das, B. Agarwal, and R. M. Sundaram. 1996. “False Topography Perception Phenomena and Its Correction.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 17 (18): 3725–3733. doi:10.1080/01431169608949180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slocum, T. A., R. B. McMaster, F. C. Kessler, and H. Howard. 2008. Thematic Cartography and Geovisualization. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Soll, J. B., and J. Klayman. 2004. “Overconfidence in Interval Estimates.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 30 (2): 299–314. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.30.2.299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, J., and P. Perona. 1998. “Where Is the Sun?” Nature Neuroscience 1 (3): 183–184. doi:10.1038/630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkening, J., and S. I. Fabrikant. 2011. “The Effect of Gender and Spatial Abilities on Map Use Preferences and Performance in Road Selection Tasks.” In Proceedings of the 25th International Cartographic Conference, edited by Anne Ruas, 232–242. Paris: Comité Français de Cartographie.
   Google Scholar
• Willett, W., B. Jenny, T. Isenberg, and P. Dragicevic. 2015. “Lightweight Relief Shearing for Enhanced Terrain Perception on Interactive Maps.” In CHI ’15 Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 3563–3572. New York: ACM. doi:10.1145/2702123.2702172.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, J. 2016–2009. LandSerf 2.3 Software, and LandSerf Manual. http://www.landserf.org/
   Google Scholar
• Yonas, A., M. Kuskowski, and S. Sternfels. 1979. “The Role of Frames of Reference in the Development of Responsiveness to Shading Information.” Child Development 50 (2): 495–500. doi:10.2307/1129428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar