Cross-cultural differences in figure–ground perception of cartographic stimuli

References

• Allen, M. J., & Yen, W. M. (2002). Introduction to measurement theory. Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Breugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A., & Sam, D. L. (2012). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Blades, M., Blaut, J. M., Darvizeh, Z., Eluguea, S., Sowden, S., Soni, D., … Uttal, D. (1998). A cross-cultural study of young children’s mapping abilities. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 23(2), 269–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blakemore, C., & Cooper, G. F. (1970). Development of the brain depends on the visual environment. Nature, 10(31), 477–478.
   Google Scholar
• Brodersen, L., Andersen, H. H. K., & Weber, S. (2002). Applying eye-movement tracking for the study of map perception and map design. Copenhagen: Kort & Martikelstyrelsen.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, K.-T., & Antes, J. R. (1987). Sex and cultural differences in map reading. American Cartographer, 14(1), 29–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, H., Connor, C. B., Wason, S. E., & Kahan, T. A. (2015). The effects of interdependent and independent priming on Western participants’ ability to perceive changes in visual scenes. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(1), 97–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chua, H., Boland, J., & Nisbett, R. (2005). Cultural variation in eye movements during scene perception. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(35), 12629–12633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, C., & Pederson, E. (2001). Grid patterns and cultural expectations in urban wayfinding. In D. R. Montello (Ed.), Lecture notes in computer science: Spatial information theory. COSIT (Vol. 2205). (pp. 400–414). Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Deregowski, J. B. (1972). Pictorial perception and culture. Scientific American, 227(5), 82–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deregowski, J. B. (1980). Illusions, patterns and pictures: A cross-cultural perspective. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Duffy, S., Toriyama, R., Itakura, S., & Kitayama, S. (2009). Development of cultural strategies of attention in North American and Japanese children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 102(3), 351–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabrikant, S. I., Rebich-Hespañha, S., Andrienko, N., Andrienko, G., & Montello, D. R. (2008). Novel method to measure inference affordance in static small multiple displays representing dynamic processes. Cartographic Journal, 45(3), 201–215.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabrikant, S. I., Rebich-Hespañha, S., & Hegarty, M. (2010). Cognitively inspired and perceptually salient graphic displays for efficient spatial inference making. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100(1), 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garlandini, S., & Fabrikant, S. I. (2009). Evaluating the effectiveness and efficiency of visual variables for geographic information visualization. In K. S. Hornsby, C. Claramunt, M. Denis, & G. Ligozat (eds), Spatial information theory. COSIT 2009. Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 5756). Berlin: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03832-7_12
   Google Scholar
• Grossmann, I., & Varnum, M. (2011). Social class, culture, and cognition. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegarty, M., Canham, M., & Fabrikant, S. I. (2010). Thinking about the weather: How display salience and knowledge affect performance in a graphic inference task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 36(1), 37–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoaglin, D. C., & Iglewitz, B. (1987). Fine-tuning some resistant rules of outlier labeling. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 82(400), 1147–1149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoaglin, D. C., Iglewitz, B., & Tukey, J. W. (1986). Performance of some resistant rules for outlier labeling. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 81(396), 991–999.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, H. S., & Hanley, J. R. (1995). Phonological awareness and visual skills in learning to read Chinese and English. Cognition, 54(1), 73–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson, W. (1960). Pictorial depth perception in sub-cultural groups in Africa. Journal of Social Psychology, 52(2), 183–208.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishii, K. (2013). Culture and the mode of thought: A review. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 16(2), 123–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitayama, S., & Cohen, D. (2010). Handbook of cultural psychology. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kitayama, S., Duffy, S., Kawamura, T., & Larsen, J. (2003). Perceiving an object and its context in different cultures: A cultural look at new look. Psychological Science, 14(3), 201–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozhevnikov, M. (2007). Cognitive styles in the context of modern psychology: Toward an integrated framework of cognitive style. Psychological Bulletin, 133(3), 464–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krygier, J., & Wood, D. (2005). Making maps: A visual guide to map design for GIS. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kubíček, P., Šašinka, Č., Stachoň, Z., Štěrba, Z., Apeltauer, J., & Urbánek, T. (2017). Cartographic design and usability of visual variables for linear features. Cartographic Journal, 54(1), 91–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuwabara, M., & Smith, L. (2012). Cross-cultural differences in cognitive development: Attention to relations and objects. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 113(1), 20–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, D., Shin, H. J., Weldon, R. B., & Sohn, M.-H. (2016). Cross-cultural differences in consistent mapping effects of targets and distractors. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 47(4), 525–539.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, X., Çöltekin, A., & Kraak, M.-J. (2010). Visual exploration of eye movement data using the space-time-cube. In S. I. Fabrikant, T. Reichenbacher, M. van Kreveld, & C. Schlieder (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 6292. GIScience 2010: Geographic information science (pp. 295–309). Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lloyd, R. (1997). Visual search processes used in map reading. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 34(1), 11–32.
   Google Scholar
• Louis, R. P. (2006, March). Difficulties of incorporating indigenous spatial perceptions with western cartographic traditions. Paper presented at the Association of American Geographers Annual Conference, Chicago, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Ma, L.-Q., Xu, K., Wong, -T.-T., Jiang, B.-Y., & Hu, S.-M. (2013). Change blindness images. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 19(11), 1808–1819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda, T., & Nisbett, R. (2001). Attending holistically versus analytically: Comparing the context sensitivity of Japanese and Americans. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(5), 922–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda, T., & Nisbett, R. (2006). Culture and change blindness. Cognitive Science, 30(2), 381–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto, D., Kudoh, T., & Takeuchi, S. (1996). Changing patterns of individualism and collectivism in the United States and Japan. Culture & Psychology, 2(1), 77–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyamoto, Y., Nisbett, R., & Masuda, T. (2006). Culture and the physical environment holistic versus analytic perceptual affordances. Psychological Science, 17(2), 113–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montello, D. (2002). Cognitive map-design research in the twentieth century: Theoretical and empirical approaches. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 29, 3.
   Google Scholar
• Montello, D. R. (1995). How significant are cultural differences in spatial cognition? In A. U. Frank & W. Kuhn (Eds.), Lectures notes in computer science: Spatial information theory; a theoretical basis for GIS. COSIT 1995 (Vol. 988, pp. 485–500). Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Navon, D. (1977). Forest before trees: The precedence of global features in visual perception. Cognitive Psychology, 9(3), 353–383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbett, R., & Masuda, T. (2003). Culture and point of view. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 100(19), 11163–11170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nisbett, R., & Miyamoto, Y. (2005). The influence of culture: Holistic versus analytic perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9(10), 467–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ooms, K., De Maeyer, P., Dupont, L., Van der Veken, N., van de Weghe, N., & Verplaetse, S. (2015). Education in cartography: What is the status of young people’s map-reading skills? Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 43(2), 134–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyserman, D., & Lee, S. (2008). Does culture influence what and how we think? Effects of priming individualism and collectivism. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 311–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popelka, S., Stachoň, Z., Šašinka, Č., & Doležalová, J. (2016). Eyetribe tracker data accuracy evaluation and its interconnection with hypothesis software for cartographic purposes. Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2016. doi:10.1155/2016/9172506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, S. G., & Riding, R. J. (1997). Towards a categorisation of cognitive styles and learning styles. Educational Psychology, 17(1&2), 5–28.
   Google Scholar
• Rivers, W. H. (1905). Observations of the senses of the Todas. British Journal of Psychology, 1(4), 321–396.
   Google Scholar
• Šašinka, Č., Morong, K., & Stachoň, Z. (2017). The hypothesis platform: An online tool for experimental research into work with maps and behavior in electronic environments. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 407(6), 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Segall, M. H., Dasen, P. R., Berry, J. W., & Poortinga, Y. H. (1990). Human behavior in global perspective: An introduction to cross-cultural psychology. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Shin, G., & Kim, C. (2015). Neural correlates of cognitive style and flexible cognitive control. Neuroimage, 113, 78–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spotorno, S., & Faure, S. (2011). Change detection in complex scenes: Hemispheric contribution and the role of perceptual and semantic factors. Perception, 40(1), 5–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stachoň, Z., Šašinka, Č., Štěrba, Z., Zbořil, J., Březinová, Š., & Švancara, J. (2013). Influence of graphic design of cartographic symbols on perception structure. Kartographische Nachrichten, 4, 216–220.
   Google Scholar
• Stachoň, Z., & Šašinka, Č. (2012). Human cognition: People in the world and world in their minds. In T. Podobnikar & M. Čeh (Eds.), Universal ontology of geographic space: Semantic enrichment for spatial data. Ljubljana: IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Stea, D., Blaut, J. M., & Stephens, J. (1996). Mapping as a cultural universal. In J. Portugali (Ed.), The construction of cognitive maps (pp. 345–360). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Svatoňová, H., & Kolejka, J. (2017). Comparative research of visual interpretation of aerial images and topographic maps for unskilled users: Searching for objects important for decision-making in crisis situations. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 6(8), 231.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiedemann, J. (1989). Measures of cognitive styles: A critical review. Educational Psychologist, 24(3), 261–275.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tukey, J. W. (1977). Exploratory data analysis. Reading, MA: Adison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Poortinga, Y. H. (2005). Conceptual and methodological issues in adapting tests. In R. K. Hambleton, P. F. Merenda, & C. D. Spielberger (Eds.), Adapting educational and psychological tests for cross-cultural research (pp. 39–64). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Varnum, M. E. W., Grossman, I., Kitayama, S., & Nisbett, R. (2010). The origin of cultural differences in cognition: Evidence for the social orientation hypothesis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19(1), 9–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagemans, J., Elder, J. H., Kubovy, M., Palmer, S. E., Peterson, M. A., Singh, M., & Von Der Heydt, R. (2012). A century of Gestalt psychology in visual perception: I. Perceptual grouping and figure-ground organization. Psychological Bulletin, 138(6), 1172–1217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waxman, S. R., Fu, X., Ferguson, B., Geraghty, K., Leddon, E., Liang, J., & Zhao, M.-F. (2016). How early is infants’ attention to objects and actions shaped by culture? New evidence from 24-month-olds raised in the US and China. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(97), 1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Witkin, H. A., & Goodenough, D. R. (1977). Field dependence and interpersonal behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 84(4), 661–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeatts, P. P., & Strag, G. A. (2014). Flexibility of cognitive style and its relationship to academic achievement in fourth and sixth grades. The Journal of Educational Research, 64(8), 345–346.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, B., & Seo, H.-S. (2015). Visual attention toward food-item images can vary as a function of background saliency and culture: An eye-tracking study. Food Quality and Preference, 51, 172–179.
   Google Scholar