Evaluating schematic route maps in wayfinding tasks for in-car navigation

References

• Agrawala, M., & Stolte, C. (2001). Rendering effective route maps: Improving usability through generalization. In Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques (Vol.1, pp. 241–249). Los Angeles, CA: ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Anacta, V. J. A., Li, R., Löwen, H., Galvao, M., & Schwering, A. (2018). Spatial distribution of local landmarks in route-based sketch maps. In S. Creem-Regehr, J. Schöning, & A. Klippel (Eds.), Spatial cognition xi (pp. 107–118). Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Anacta, V. J. A., Schwering, A., Li, R., & Muenzer, S. (2017). Orientation information in wayfinding instructions: Evidences from human verbal and visual instructions. GeoJournal, 82(3), 567–583. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-016-9703-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkowsky, T., Latecki, L. J., & Richter, K. F. (2000). Schematizing maps: Simplification of geographic shape by discrete curve evolution. In C. Freksa, C. Habel, W. Brauer, & K. F. Wender (Eds.), Spatial cognition ii: Integrating abstract theories, empirical studies, formal methods, and practical applications (pp. 41–53). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Bartram, D. (1980). Comprehending spatial information: The relative efficiency of different methods of presenting information about bus routes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.65.1.103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, D., Mächler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, Articles, 67(1), 1–48. https://www.jstatsoft.org/v067/i01
   Google Scholar
• Bronzaft, A. L., Dobrow, S. B., & O’Hanlon, T. J. (1976). Spatial orientation in a subway system. Environment and Behavior, 8(4), 575–594. https://doi.org/10.1177/001391657684005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bürkner, P.-C. (2017). brms: An R package for Bayesian multilevel models using Stan. Journal of Statistical Software, 80(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v080.i01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, B., Gelman, A., Hoffman, M. D., Lee, D., Goodrich, B., Betancourt, M., Brubaker, M., Guo, J., Li, P., & Riddell, A. (2017). Stan: A probabilistic programming language. Journal of Statistical Software, 76(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v076.i01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C.-H., & Li, X. (2020). Spatial knowledge acquisition with mobile maps: Effects of map size on users’ wayfinding performance with interactive interfaces. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(11), 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9110614
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Credé, S., & Fabrikant, S. I. (2018). Let’s put the skyscrapers on the display—decoupling spatial learning from working memory. In P. Fogliaroni, A. Ballatore, & E. Clementini (Eds.), Proceedings of workshops and posters at the 13th international conference on spatial information theory (cosit 2017) (pp. 163–170). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Credé, S., Thrash, T., Hölscher, C., & Fabrikant, S. I. (2019). The acquisition of survey knowledge for local and global landmark configurations under time pressure. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 19(3), 190–219. https://doi.org/10.1080/13875868.2019.1569016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delling, D., Gemsa, A., Nöllenburg, M., Pajor, T., & Rutter, I. (2014). On d-regular schematization of embedded paths. Computational Geometry, 47(3), 381–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comgeo.2013.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickmann, F. (2012). City maps versus map-based navigation systems – An empirical approach to building mental representations. The Cartographic Journal, 49(1), 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743277411Y.0000000018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, W., Liao, H., Liu, B., Zhan, Z., Liu, H., Meng, L., & Liu, Y. (2020). Comparing pedestrians’ gaze behavior in desktop and in real environments. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 47(5), 432–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2020.1762513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, W., Qin, T., Liao, H., Liu, Y., & Liu, J. (2020). Comparing the roles of landmark visual salience and semantic salience in visual guidance during indoor wayfinding. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 47(3), 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2019.1697965
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, W., Wu, Y., Qin, T., Bian, X., Zhao, Y., He, Y., Xu, Y., & Yu, C. (2021). What is the difference between augmented reality and 2d navigation electronic maps in pedestrian wayfinding? Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 48(3), 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2021.1871646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, G. W., Skorpanich, M. A., Gärling, T., Bryant, K. J., & Bresolin, B. (1984). The effects of pathway configuration, landmarks and stress on environmental cognition. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 4(4), 323–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(84)80003-1
   Google Scholar
• Frankenstein, J. (2015). Human spatial representations and spatial memory retrieval (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). ETH Zurich.
   Google Scholar
• Galvão, M., Krukar, J., Nöllenburg, M., & Schwering, A. (2020). Route schematization with landmarks. Journal of Spatial Information Science, 21, 99–136. https://doi.org/10.5311/JOSIS.2020.21.589
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvão, M., Krukar, J., & Schwering, A. (2021, May). Rio: An application to test human- computer interaction with route maps. OSF. osf.io/4epr6
   Google Scholar
• Gartner, G., & Radoczky, V. (2005). Schematic vs. topographic maps in pedestrian navigation: How much map detail is necessary to support wayfinding. In Aaai spring symposium: Reasoning with mental and external diagrams: Computational modeling and spatial assistance (Vol.5, pp. 41–47). Palo Alto, CA: AAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Godfrey, L., & Mackaness, W. (2017). The bounds of distortion: Truth, meaning and efficacy in digital geographic representation. International Journal of Cartography, 3(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2017.1301348
   Google Scholar
• Hölscher, C., Tenbrink, T., & Wiener, J. M. (2011). Would you follow your own route description? cognitive strategies in urban route planning. Cognition, 121(2), 228–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2011.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, H., Schmidt, M., & Gartner, G. (2012). Spatial knowledge acquisition with mobile maps, augmented reality and voice in the context of gps-based pedestrian navigation: Results from a field test. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 39(2), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1559/15230406392107
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa, T., Fujiwara, H., Imai, O., & Okabe, A. (2008). Wayfinding with a gps-based mobile navigation system: A comparison with maps and direct experience. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(1), 74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishikawa, T., & Montello, D. R. (2006). Spatial knowledge acquisition from direct experience in the environment: Individual differences in the development of metric knowledge and the integration of separately learned places. Cognitive Psychology, 52(2), 93–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2005.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, K., Bock, O., Labadi, B., & Deak, A. (2020). Acquisition of landmark, route, and survey knowledge in a wayfinding task: In stages or in parallel? Psychological Research, 84(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-018-0974-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klippel, A., Tappe, H., & Habel, C. (2003). Pictorial representations of routes: Chunking route segments during comprehension. In C. Freksa, W. Brauer, C. Habel, & K. Wender (Eds.), Spatial cognition iii. spatial cognition 2002 (pp. 11–33). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Klippel, A., Tappe, H., Kulik, L., & Lee, P. U. (2005). Wayfinding choremes: A language for modeling conceptual route knowledge. Journal of Visual Languages & Computing, 16(4), 311–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvlc.2004.11.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krukar, J., Münzer, S., Lörch, L., Anacta, V. J., Fuest, S., & Schwering, A. (2018). Distinguishing sketch map types: A flexible feature-based classification. In S. Creem-Regehr, J. Schöning, & A. Klippel (Eds.), Spatial cognition xi (pp. 279–292). Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Krukar, J., Anacta, V. J., & Schwering, A. (2020, April). The effect of orientation instructions on the recall and reuse of route and survey elements in wayfinding descriptions. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 68(2), 101407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavie, T., Oron-Gilad, T., & Meyer, J. (2011). Aesthetics and usability of in-vehicle navigation displays. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 69(1), 80–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2010.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, R., Korda, A., Radtke, M., & Schwering, A. (2014). Visualising distant off-screen landmarks on mobile devices to support spatial orientation. Journal of Location Based Services, 8(3), 166–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/17489725.2014.978825
   Google Scholar
• Li, Z. (2015). General principles for automated generation of schematic network maps. The Cartographic Journal, 52(4), 356–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2015.1108661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löwen, H., Krukar, J., & Schwering, A. (2019). Spatial learning with orientation maps: The influence of different environmental features on spatial knowledge acquisition. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 8(3), 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8030149
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luxen, D., & Niklaus, P. (2014, November). A practical approach to generating route sketches. In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGSPATIAL international workshop on interacting with maps (pp. 1–7).  Dallas/Fort Worth, TX:  Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/2677068.2677074
   Google Scholar
• Makowski, D., Ben-Shachar, M. S., & Lüdecke, D. (2019). bayestestr: Describing effects and their uncertainty, existence and significance within the bayesian framework. Journal of Open Source Software, 4(40), 1541. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01541
   Google Scholar
• Manson, S. M., Kne, L., Dyke, K. R., Shannon, J., & Eria, S. (2012). Using eye-tracking and mouse metrics to test usability of web mapping navigation. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 39(1), 48–60. https://doi.org/10.1559/1523040639148
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meilinger, T., Hölscher, C., Büchner, S. J., & Brösamle, M. (2007). How much information do you need? Schematic maps in wayfinding and self localisation. In T. Barkowsky, M. Knauff and G. Ligozat, D. R. Montello (Eds.), Spatial Cognition V Reasoning, Action, Interaction (pp. 381–400). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.  https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75666-8_22
   Google Scholar
• Montello, D. R. (1998). A new framework for understanding the acquisition of spatial knowledge in large-scale environments. In Max J. Egenhofer, Reginald G. Golledge (Eds.), Spatial and temporal reasoning in geographic information systems (pp. 143–154). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org10.1007/978-3-319-05732-3_1
   Google Scholar
• Montello, D. R., & Raubal, M. (2013). Functions and applications of spatial cognition. In D. Waller & L. Nadel (Eds.), Handbook of spatial cognition (pp. 312–321). American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Montello, D. R., Fabrikant, S. I., & Davies, C. (2018). Cognitive perspectives on cartography and other geographic information visualizations. In Daniel R. Montello (Ed.), Handbook of behavioral and cognitive geography (pp. 177–196). Edward Elgar Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Münzer, S., Zimmer, H. D., & Baus, J. (2012). Navigation assistance: A trade-off between wayfinding support and configural learning support. Journal of Experimental Psychology. Applied, 18(1), 18. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Münzer, S., Zimmer, H. D., Schwalm, M., Baus, J., & Aslan, I. (2006). Computer-assisted navigation and the acquisition of route and survey knowledge. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 26(4), 300–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2006.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nivala, A.-M., Brewster, S., & Sarjakoski, T. L. (2008). Usability evaluation of web mapping sites. The Cartographic Journal, 45(2), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1179/174327708X305120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyerges, T. L., Mark, D. M., Laurini, R., & Egenhofer, M. J. (2012). Cognitive aspects of human-computer interaction for geographic information systems (Vol. 83). Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• OpenStreetMap contributors. (2017). Planet dump https://planet.osm.org.https://www.openstreetmap.org
   Google Scholar
• Quesnot, T., & Roche, S. (2015). Measure of landmark semantic salience through geosocial data streams. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 4(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi4010001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing [Computer software manual] https://www.R-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• Richardson, A. E., Montello, D. R., & Hegarty, M. (1999). Spatial knowledge acquisition from maps and from navigation in real and virtual environments. Memory & Cognition, 27(4), 741–750. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03211566
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter, K.-F. (2008). Context-specific route directions: Generation of cognitively motivated wayfinding instructions (Vol. 314). IOS Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, M. J. (2019). Us versus them: Ensuring practical and psychological utility of measurements of schematic map usability. Proceeding of the 2nd Schematic Mapping Workshop, 20, 23–24. https://www.ac.tuwien.ac.at/files/pub/smw19-position-3.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, M. J., Gray, H., & Lesnik, J. (2017, February). Preference versus performance: Investigating the dissociation between objective measures and subjective ratings of usability for schematic metro maps and intuitive theories of design. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 98(2), 109–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, M. J., Newton, E. J., Lagattolla, F. D., Hughes, S., & Hasler, M. C. (2013). Objective versus subjective measures of paris metro map usability: Investigating traditional octolinear versus all-curves schematics. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 71(3), 363–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2012.09.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth, R. E., Çöltekin, A., Delazari, L., Filho, H. F., Griffin, A., Hall, A., Korpi, J., Lokka, I., Mendonça, A., Ooms, K., & Van Elzakker, C. P. (2017). User studies in cartography: Opportunities for empirical research on interactive maps and visualizations. International Journal of Cartography, 3(sup1), 61–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/23729333.2017.1288534
   Google Scholar
• Schmelter, A., Jansen, P., & Heil, M. (2009). Empirical evaluation of virtual environment technology as an experimental tool in developmental spatial cognition research. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 21(5), 724–739. https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440802426465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwering, A., Krukar, J., Li, R., Anacta, V. J., & Fuest, S. (2017). Wayfinding Through Orientation. Spatial Cognition and Computation, 17(4), 273–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/13875868.2017.1322597
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steck, S. D., & Mallot, H. A. (2000). The role of global and local landmarks in virtual environment navigation. Presence: Teleoperators & Virtual Environments, 9(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1162/105474600566628
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorndyke, P. W., & Hayes-Roth, B. (1982). Differences in spatial knowledge acquired from maps and navigation. Cognitive Psychology, 14(4), 560–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(82)90019-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wessel, G., Ziemkiewicz, C., Chang, R., & Sauda, E. (2010). Gps and road map navigation: The case for a spatial framework for semantic information. In Proceedings of the international conference on advanced visual interfaces (p. 207-214). Rome, Italy: ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Winter, S (Ed.). (2014). Landmarks: GIScience for Intelligent Services. In Landmarks. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05732-3_1
   Google Scholar
• Yong-Uk, S., Lee, K.-J., Viswanathan, M., Yang, Y.-K., & Whangbo, T.-K. (2005). Sketch map generation method using leveled spatial indexing technique in a mobile environment. In Proceedings. 2005 ieee international geoscience and remote sensing symposium, Seoul, Korea (South), 2005. igarss ‘05. Vol. 1, p. 6.
   Google Scholar
• You, M., Chen, C., -w., Liu, H., & Lin, H. (2007). A usability evaluation of web map zoom and pan functions. International Journal of Design, 1(1), 15–25. http://www.ijdesign.org/index.php/IJDesign/article/view/31
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar