The significance of the cartographic sign: influences of symbol shape on intuitive judgments

References

• Aiello, G. (2020). Visual semiotics: Key concepts and new directions. In L. Pauwel & D. Mannay (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of visual research methods (pp. 367–380). SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526417015
   Google Scholar
• Aronoff, J., Woike, B. A., & Hyman, L. M. (1992). Which are the stimuli in facial displays of anger and happiness? Configurational bases of emotion recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(6), 1050. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, L. F., & Bliss-Moreau, E. (2009). Affect as a psychological primitive. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 41, 167–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)00404-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belin, L., Henry, L., Destays, M., Hausberger, M., & Grandgeorge, M. (2017). Simple shapes elicit different emotional responses in children with autism spectrum disorder and neurotypical children and adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 91. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00091
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertin, J. (1974). Graphische Semiologie: Diagramme, Netze, Karten. Walter de Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110834901
   Google Scholar
• Board, C. (2011). Cartographic communication. In M. Dodge, R. Kitchin, & C. Perkins (Eds.), The map reader: Theories of mapping practice and cartographic representation (pp. 37–47). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470979587
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, C. A. (1994). Color use guidelines for mapping. Visualization in Modern Cartography, 1994(123–148), 7. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-042415-6.50014-4
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, C. A., Hatchard, G. W., & Harrower, M. A. (2003). ColorBrewer in print: A catalog of color schemes for maps. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 30(1), 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1559/152304003100010929
   Google Scholar
• Brewer, C. A., MacEachren, A. M., Pickle, L. W., & Herrmann, D. (1997). Mapping mortality: Evaluating color schemes for choropleth maps. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 87(3), 411–438. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.00061
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan, E. M., & Scofield, J. E. (2018). Methods to detect low quality data and its implication for psychological research. Behavior Research Methods, 50(6), 2586–2596. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-1035-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrnes, D. A. (1983). Color associations of children. The Journal of Psychology, 113(2), 247–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1983.9923582
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtney, A. J. (1986). Chinese population stereotypes: Color associations. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors & Ergonomics Society, 28(1), 97–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872088602800111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cybulski, P., & Wielebski, Ł. (2019). Effectiveness of dynamic point symbols in quantitative mapping. The Cartographic Journal, 56(2), 146–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2018.1507183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, R. (1961). The fitness of name drawings - A cross-cultural study in Tanganyika. British Journal of Psychology, 52(3), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8295.1961.tb00788.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenman, R., & Rappaport, J. (1967). Complexity preference and semantic differential ratings of complexity-simplicity and symmetry-asymmetry. Psychonomic Science, 7(4), 147–148. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03328508
   Google Scholar
• Evans, J. S. B. (2003). In two minds: Dual-process accounts of reasoning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(10), 454–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2003.08.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, J. S. B. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59(1), 255–278. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans, J. S. B., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Dual-process theories of higher cognition: Advancing the debate. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(3), 223–241. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612460685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabrikant, S. I., Christophe, S., Papastefanou, G., & Lanini-Maggi, S. (2012). Emotional response to map design aesthetics. GIScience 2012: 7th International Conference on Geographical Information Science, Ohio. https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-71701
   Google Scholar
• Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (3rd ed.). SAGE.
   Google Scholar
• Field, K. (2014). A cacophony of cartography. The Cartographic Journal, 51(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1179/0008704114Z.000000000120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedenberg, J., & Bertamini, M. (2015). Aesthetic preference for polygon shape contour variation and perceived beauty of polygon shape polygons and art. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 33(2), 144–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276237415594708
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanada, M. (2018). Correspondence analysis of color–emotion associations. Color Research & Application, 43(2), 224–237. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harley, J. B. (1989). Deconstructing the map. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 26(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3138/E635-7827-1757-9T53
   Google Scholar
• Hemphill, M. (1996). A note on adults’ color–emotion associations. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 157(3), 275–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.1996.9914865
   Google Scholar
• Henrich, J., Heine, S. J., & Norenzayan, A. (2010). The weirdest people in the world? The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 33(2–3), 61–135. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999152X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard, V. A. (1980). Theory of representation: Three questions. In P. A. Kolers, M. E. Wrolstad, & H. Bouma (Eds.), Processing of visible language (pp. 501–515). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1068-6_38
   Google Scholar
• Huang, H., Klettner, S., Schmidt, M., Gartner, G., Leitinger, S., Wagner, A., & Steinmann, R. (2014). AffectRoute–considering people’s affective responses to environments for enhancing route-planning services. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 28(12), 2456–2473. https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2014.931585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenny, B., Stephen, D. M., Muehlenhaus, I., Marston, B. E., Sharma, R., Zhang, E., & Jenny, H. (2018). Design principles for origin-destination flow maps. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 45(1), 62–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2016.1262280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, J. M. (2001). Mapping ethnicity: Color use in depicting ethnic distribution. Cartographic Perspectives, 40(40), 12–31. https://doi.org/10.14714/CP40.576
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. (2002). Maps of bounded rationality: A perspective on intuitive judgment and choice. Nobel Prize Lecture, 8(1), 351–401.
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. (2003). Maps of bounded rationality: Psychology for behavioral economics. American Economic Review, 93(5), 1449–1475. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282803322655392
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2002). Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment. In T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, & D. Kahneman (Eds.), Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment (pp. 49–81). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808098.004
   Google Scholar
• Karp, E. M., & Karp, H. B. (1988). Color associations of male and female fourth-grade school children. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary & Applied, 122(4), 383–388. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1988.9915525
   Google Scholar
• Keates, J. S. (1996). Understanding maps (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315843360
   Google Scholar
• Kent, A. (2018). Form follows feedback: Rethinking cartographic communication. Westminster Papers in Communication & Culture, 13(2), 96–112. https://doi.org/10.16997/wpcc.296
   Google Scholar
• Kinkeldey, C., MacEachren, A. M., & Schiewe, J. (2014). How to assess visual communication of uncertainty? A systematic review of geospatial uncertainty visualization user studies. The Cartographic Journal, 51(4), 372–386. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743277414Y.0000000099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitao, K., & Kitao, S. K. (1986). A study of color association differences between Americans and Japanese. Human Communications Studies, 13, 59–75.
   Google Scholar
• Klettner, S. (2019). Why shape matters—on the inherent qualities of geometric shapes for cartographic representations. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 8(5), 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8050217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klettner, S. (2020a). Affective communication of map symbols: A semantic differential analysis. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(5), 289. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9050289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klettner, S. (2020b). Form follows content: An empirical study on symbol-content (in) Congruences in thematic maps. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(12), 719. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9120719
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Köhler, W. (1947). Gestalt psychology (2nd ed.). Liveright.
   Google Scholar
• Koláčný, A. (1969). Cartographic information—a fundamental concept and term in modern cartography. The Cartographic Journal, 6(1), 47–49. https://doi.org/10.1179/caj.1969.6.1.47
   Google Scholar
• Korpi, J., & Ahonen-Rainio, P. (2015). Effect of cultural differences and referent characteristics on the design of pictographic map symbols. Cartography-Maps Connecting the World: 27th International Cartographic Conference 2015. Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Kraak, M. J., & Ormeling, F. (2011). Cartography: Visualization of spatial data. Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kress, G. (2001). Sociolinguistics and social semiotics. In P. Cobley (Ed.), The Routledge companion to semiotics and linguistics. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203996089
   Google Scholar
• Krippendorff, K. (1995). Redesigning design; an invitation to a responsible future. In P. Tahkokallio & S. Vihma (Eds.), Design: Pleasure or responsibility (pp. 138–162). University of Art and Design UIAH.
   Google Scholar
• Larson, C. L., Aronoff, J., & Stearns, J. J. (2007). The shape of threat: Simple geometric forms evoke rapid and sustained capture of attention. Emotion, 7(3), 526–534. https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.3.526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lechner, V. E. (2020). What a line can say: Investigating the semiotic potential of the connecting line in data visualizations. In M. Engebretsen & H. Kennedy (Eds.), Data visualization in society (pp. 329–346). Amsterdam University Press. https://doi.org/10.5117/9789463722902_ch20
   Google Scholar
• Lee, B., Dachselt, R., Isenberg, P., & Choe, E. K. (Eds.). (2021). Mobile data visualization. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003090823
   Google Scholar
• LimeSurvey GmbH. (2019). LimeSurvey: An open source survey tool. LimeSurvey Project.
   Google Scholar
• Little, A. C., & Hill, R. A. (2007). Attribution to red suggests special role in dominance signalling. Journal of Evolutionary Psychology, 5(1), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.1556/jep.2007.1008
   Google Scholar
• Loftus, E. F., & Palmer, J. C. (1974). Reconstruction of automobile destruction: An example of the interaction between language and memory. Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 13(5), 585–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(74)80011-3
   Google Scholar
• MacEachren, A. M. (1995). How maps work: Representation, visualization, and design. The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• MacEachren, A. M., Roth, R. E., O’Brien, J., Li, B., Swingley, D., & Gahegan, M. (2012). Visual semiotics & uncertainty visualization: An empirical study. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 18(12), 2496–2505. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2012.279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manav, B. (2007). Color‐emotion associations and color preferences: A case study for residences. Color Research & Application, 32(2), 144–150. https://doi.org/10.1002/col.20294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monmonier, M. (1996). How to lie with maps. The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Muehlenhaus, I. (2012). If looks could kill: The impact of different rhetorical styles on persuasive geocommunication. The Cartographic Journal, 49(4), 361–375. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743277412Y.0000000032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muehlenhaus, I. (2013). The design and composition of persuasive maps. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 40(5), 401–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230406.2013.783450
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nöth, W. (1995). Handbook of semiotics. Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Osborne, J. W. (2013). Best practices in data cleaning: A complete guide to everything you need to do before and after collecting your data. SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452269948
   Google Scholar
• Padilla, L. M., Creem-Regehr, S. H., Hegarty, M., & Stefanucci, J. K. (2018). Decision making with visualizations: A cognitive framework across disciplines. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 3(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-018-0120-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Padilla, L. M., Ruginski, I. T., & Creem-Regehr, S. H. (2017). Effects of ensemble and summary displays on interpretations of geospatial uncertainty data. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 2(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-017-0076-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petchenik, B. B. (1977). Cognition in cartography. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 14(1), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.3138/97R4-84N4-4226-0P24
   Google Scholar
• Ramachandran, V. S., & Hubbard, E. M. (2001). Synaesthesia - a window into perception, thought and language. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8(12), 3–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, C. E., Pröllochs, N., Schwarzenegger, K., Pärnamets, P., Van Bavel, J. J., & Feuerriegel, S. (2023). Negativity drives online news consumption. Nature Human Behaviour, 7(5), 812–822. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-023-01538-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouw, R., Case, L., Gosavi, R., & Ramachandran, V. (2014). Color associations for days and letters across different languages. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 369. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozado, D., Hughes, R., Halberstadt, J., & Consoli, S. (2022). Longitudinal analysis of sentiment and emotion in news media headlines using automated labelling with transformer language models. Public Library of Science One, 17(10), e0276367. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276367
   Google Scholar
• Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161–1178. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077714
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, J. A. (2003). Core affect and the psychological construction of emotion. Psychological Review, 110(1), 145–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.1.145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapir, E. (1929). A study in phonetic symbolism. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 12(3), 225–239. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0070931
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, B., & Nocke, T. (2018). The feeling of red and blue—A constructive critique of color mapping in visual climate change communication. In W. L. Filho, E. Manolas, A. Azul, U. Azeiteiro, & H. McGhie (Eds.), Handbook of climate change communication: Vol. 2. climate change management (pp. 289–303). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-70066-3_19
   Google Scholar
• Sianipar, A., Van Groenestijn, P., & Dijkstra, T. (2016). Affective meaning, concreteness, and subjective frequency norms for Indonesian words. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1907. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Słomska, K. (2018). Types of maps used as a stimuli in cartographical empirical research. Miscellanea Geographica, 22(3), 157–171. https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2018-0014
   Google Scholar
• Spence, C. (2011). Crossmodal correspondences: A tutorial review. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 73(4), 971–995. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-010-0073-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stachoň, Z., Šašinka, Č., Čeněk, J., Angsüsser, S., Kubíček, P., Štěrba, Z., & Bilíková, M. (2018). Effect of size, shape and map background in cartographic visualization: Experimental study on Czech and Chinese populations. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 7(11), 427. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7110427
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg, R. J. (2009). Cognitive psychology (5th ed.). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Sutton, T. M., & Altarriba, J. (2016). Color associations to emotion and emotion-laden words: A collection of norms for stimulus construction and selection. Behavior Research Methods, 48(2), 686–728. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0598-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, M. A., Lindsay, J. M., & Gaillard, J. C. (2015). The influence of probabilistic volcanic hazard map properties on hazard communication. Journal of Applied Volcanology, 4(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13617-015-0023-0
   Google Scholar
• Tversky, B. (2000). Some ways that maps and diagrams communicate. In C. Freska, W. Brauer, C. Label, & K. F. Wender (Eds.), Spatial cognition II: Integrating abstract theories, empirical studies, formal methods, and practical applications (pp. 72–79). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45460-8_6
   Google Scholar
• Tversky, B., Morrison, J. B., & Betrancourt, M. (2002). Animation: can it facilitate? International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 57(4), 247–262. https://doi.org/10.1006/ijhc.2002.1017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Leeuwen, T. (2005). Introducing social semiotics. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Velasco, C., Woods, A. T., Marks, L. E., Cheok, A. D., & Spence, C. (2016). The semantic basis of taste-shape associations. PeerJ, 4, e1644. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, P. (2012). Cross-sensory correspondences and cross talk between dimensions of connotative meaning: Visual angularity is hard, high-pitched, and bright. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 74(8), 1792–1809. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-012-0341-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilms, L., & Oberfeld, D. (2018). Color and emotion: Effects of hue, saturation, and brightness. Psychological Research, 82(5), 896–914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-017-0880-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkielman, P., Schwarz, N., Reber, R., & Fazendeiro, T. A. (2003). Cognitive and affective consequences of visual fluency: When seeing is easy on the mind. In L. M. Scott & R. Batra (Eds.), Persuasive imagery: A consumer response perspective (pp. 75–89). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410607256
   Google Scholar
• Wood, D. (2010). Rethinking the power of maps. The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, D., & Fels, J. (1986). Designs on signs/myth and meaning in maps. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 23(3), 54–103. https://doi.org/10.3138/R831-50R3-7247-2124
   Google Scholar
• Wood, D., & Fels, J. (2008). The natures of maps: Cartographic constructions of the natural world. Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization, 43(3), 189–202. https://doi.org/10.3138/carto.43.3.189
   Google Scholar