Streamflow variability and the role of snowmelt in a marginal snow environment

References

• Adam, J. C., A. F. Hamlet, and D. P. Lettenmaier. 2009. Implications of global climate change for snowmelt hydrology in the twenty-first century. Hydrological Processes 23 (7):962–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp7201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett, T. P., J. C. Adam, and D. P. Lettenmaier. 2005. Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions. Nature 438 (7066):303–09. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnhart, T. B., N. P. Molotch, B. Livneh, A. A. Harpold, J. F. Knowles, and D. Schneider. 2016. Snowmelt rate dictates streamflow. Geophysical Research Letters 43 (15):8006–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069690.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bavay, M., M. Lehning, T. Jonas, and H. Löwe. 2009. Simulations of future snow cover and discharge in Alpine headwater catchments. Hydrological Processes 23 (1):95–108. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beniston, M., and M. Stoffel. 2016. Rain-on-snow events, floods and climate change in the Alps: Events may increase with warming up to 4 °C and decrease thereafter. Science of the Total Environment 571:228–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berghuijs, W. R., R. A. Woods, and M. Hrachowitz. 2014. A precipitation shift from snow towards rain leads to a decrease in streamflow. Nature Climate Change 4 (7):583–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE2246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilish, S. P., H. A. McGowan, and J. N. Callow. 2018. Energy balance and snowmelt drivers of a marginal subalpine snowpack. Hydrological Processes 32 (26):3837–51. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13293.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilish, S. P., J. N. Callow, G. S. McGrath, and H. A. McGowan. 2019. Spatial controls on the distribution and dynamics of a marginal snowpack in the Australian Alps. Hydrological Processes 33 (12):1739–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bormann, K. J., J. P. Evans, and M. F. McCabe. 2014. Constraining snowmelt in a temperature‐index model using simulated snow densities. Journal of Hydrology 517:652–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.05.073.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, R. D., and P. W. Mote. 2009. The response of Northern Hemisphere snow cover to a changing climate. Journal of Climate 22 (8):2124–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2665.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bureau of Meteorology. 2012. Exceptional rainfall across southeast Australia (Special Climate Statement 30). http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/current/statements/scs39.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cai, W., and T. Cowan. 2008. Evidence of impacts from rising temperature on inflows to the Murray-Darling Basin. Geophysical Research Letters 35 (7):L07701. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033390.
   Google Scholar
• Capell, R., D. Tetzlaff, and C. Soulsby. 2013. Will catchment characteristics moderate the projected effects of climate change on flow regimes in the Scottish Highlands? Hydrological Processes 27 (5):687–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9626.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartwright, I., and U. Morgenstern. 2016. Contrasting transit times of water from peatlands and eucalypt forests in the Australian Alps determined by tritium: Implications for vulnerability and the source of water in upland catchments. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20 (12):4757–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-20-4757-2016.
   Google Scholar
• Chubb, T. H., M. J. Manton, S. T. Siems, and A. D. Peace. 2016. Evaluation of the AWAP daily precipitation analysis with an independent gauge network in the Snowy Mountains. Journal of Southern Hemisphere Earth Systems Science 66 (1):55–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.22499/3.00000.
   Google Scholar
• Chubb, T. H., M. J. Manton, S. T. Siems, A. D. Peace, and S. P. Bilish. 2015. Estimation of wind-induced losses from a precipitation gauge network in the Australian Snowy Mountains. Journal of Hydrometeorology 16 (6):2619–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-14-0216.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chubb, T. H., S. T. Siems, and M. J. Manton. 2011. On the decline of wintertime precipitation in the Snowy Mountains of southeastern Australia. Journal of Hydrometeorology 12 (6):1483–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-10-05021.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, C. J. 2013. Towards the development of long-term winter records for the Snowy Mountains. Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal 63 (2):303–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.22499/2.00000.
   Google Scholar
• Dettinger, M. D., and H. F. Diaz. 2000. Global characteristics of stream flow seasonality and variability. Journal of Hydrometeorology 1 (4):289–310. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/1525-7541(2000)001<0289:GCOSFS>2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Luca, A., J. P. Evans, and F. Ji. 2018. Australian snowpack in the NARCliM ensemble: Evaluation, bias correction and future projections. Climate Dynamics 51 (1–2):639–66. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3946-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fayad, A., S. Gascoin, G. Faour, J. I. López-Moreno, L. Drapeau, M. Le Page, and R. Escadafal. 2017. Snow hydrology in Mediterranean mountain regions: A review. Journal of Hydrology 551:374–96. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.05.063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiddes, S. L., A. B. Pezza, and V. Barras. 2015. A new perspective on Australian snow. Atmospheric Science Letters 16 (3):246–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/asl2.549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiddes, S. L., and B. Timbal. 2016. Assessment and reconstruction of catchment streamflow trends and variability in response to rainfall across Victoria, Australia. Climate Research 67 (1):43–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, L. M., L. A. Bearup, N. P. Molotch, P. D. Brooks, and R. M. Maxwell. 2016. Energy budget increases reduce mean streamflow more than snow-rain transitions: Using integrated modeling to isolate climate change impacts on Rocky Mountain hydrology. Environmental Research Letters 11 (4):044015. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/044015.
   Google Scholar
• Frost, A. J., A. Ramchurn, and A. Smith. 2018. The Australian landscape water balance model (AWRA-L v6). Bureau of Meteorology Technical Report, Technical Description of the Australian Water Resources Assessment Landscape model version 6. http://www.bom.gov.au/water/landscape/assets/static/publications/AWRALv6_Model_Description_Report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Green, K., and C. M. Pickering. 2009. The decline of snowpatches in the Snowy Mountains of Australia: Importance of climate warming, variable snow, and wind. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 41 (2):212–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1657/1938‐4246‐41.2.212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, J. C., F. A. Saavedra, and S. K. Kampf. 2018. How does snow persistence relate to annual streamflow in mountain watersheds of the Western U.S. with wet maritime and dry continental climates? Water Resources Research 54 (4):2605–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR021899.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hope, G., R. Nanson, and P. Jones. 2012. Peat-forming bogs and fens of the Snowy Mountains of NSW. Technical Report, Office of Environment and Heritage, Sydney. https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Parks-reserves-and-protected-areas/Types-of-protected-areas/peat-forming-bogs-and-fens-snowy-mountains-technical-report-120257.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Jepsen, S. M., T. C. Harmon, D. L. Ficklin, N. P. Molotch, and B. Guan. 2018. Evapotranspiration sensitivity to air temperature across a snow-influenced watershed: Space-for-time substitution versus integrated watershed modeling. Journal of Hydrology 556:645–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.11.042.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, D. A., W. Wang, and R. Fawcett. 2009. High-quality spatial climate data-sets for Australia. Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal 58:233–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.22499/2.5804.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leblanc, M., S. Tweed, A. van Dijk, and B. Timbal. 2012. A review of historic and future hydrological changes in the Murray-Darling Basin. Global and Planetary Change 80–81:226–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.10.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López‐Moreno, J. I. 2005. Recent variations of snowpack depth in the central Spanish Pyrenees. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 37 (2):253–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2005)037[0253:RVOSDI]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• López-Moreno, J. I., S. Gascoin, J. Herrero, E. A. Sproles, M. Pons, E. Alonso-González, et al. 2017. Different sensitivities of snowpacks to warming in Mediterranean climate mountain areas. Environmental Research Letters 12:074006. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1748‐9326/aa70cb.
   Google Scholar
• McGowan, H. A., J. N. Callow, J. Soderholm, G. McGrath, M. Campbell, and J. Zhao. 2018. Global warming in the context of 2000 years of Australian alpine temperature and snow cover. Scientific Reports 8 (1):4394. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22766-z.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowan, H. A., S. K. Marx, J. Denholm, J. Soderholm, and B. S. Kamber. 2009. Reconstructing annual inflows to the headwater catchments of the Murray River, Australia, using the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Geophysical Research Letters 36 (6):L06707. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL037049.
   Google Scholar
• McNamara, J. P., D. Chandler, M. Seyfried, and S. Achet. 2005. Soil moisture states, lateral flow, and streamflow generation in a semi-arid, snowmelt-driven catchment. Hydrological Processes 19 (20):4023–38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5869.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merz, R., G. Blöschl, and J. Parajka. 2006. Spatio-temporal variability of event runoff coefficients. Journal of Hydrology 331 (3–4):591–604. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.06.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musselman, K. N., M. P. Clark, C. Liu, K. Ikeda, and R. Rasmussen. 2017. Slower snowmelt in a warmer world. Nature Climate Change 7 (3):214–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/NCLIMATE3225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, N. 2005. Climate variability, climate change and the Australian snow season. Australian Meteorological Magazine 54:177–85.
   Google Scholar
• Nolin, A. W., and C. Daly. 2006. Mapping “at risk” snow in the Pacific Northwest. Journal of Hydrometeorology 7 (5):1164–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM543.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepler, A. S., B. Trewin, and C. Ganter. 2015. The influences of climate drivers on the Australian snow season. Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Journal 65:195–205. doi:https://doi.org/10.22499/2.6502.002.
   Google Scholar
• Petersky, R., and A. Harpold. 2018. Now you see it, now you don’t: A case study of ephemeral snowpacks and soil moisture response in the Great Basin, USA. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22 (9):4891–906. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-4891-2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, R., B. Baker, J. Kochendorfer, T. Meyers, S. Landolt, A. P. Fischer, J. Black, J. M. Thériault, P. Kucera, D. Gochis, et al. 2012. How well are we measuring snow: The NOAA/FAA/NCAR winter precipitation test bed. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 93 (6):811–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS‐D‐11‐00052.1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinfelds, I., E. Swanson, T. Cohen, J. Larsen, and A. Nolan. 2014. Hydrospatial assessment of streamflow yields and effects of climate change: Snowy Mountains, Australia. Journal of Hydrology 512:206–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.02.038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safeeq, M., S. Shukla, I. Arismendi, G. E. Grant, S. L. Lewis, and A. Nolin. 2016. Influence of winter season climate variability on snow-precipitation ratio in the western United States. International Journal of Climatology 36 (9):3175–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.4545.
   Google Scholar
• Sanecki, G. M., K. Green, H. Wood, and D. Lindenmayer. 2006. The characteristics and classification of Australian snow cover: An ecological perspective. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 38 (3):429–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2006)38[429:TCACOA]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, I. T. 2009. Changes in snowpack and snowmelt runoff for key mountain regions. Hydrological Processes 23 (1):78–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stromsoe, N., S. K. Marx, J. N. Callow, H. A. McGowan, and H. Heijnis. 2016. Estimates of late Holocene soil production and erosion in the Snowy Mountains, Australia. Catena 145:68–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.05.013.
   Google Scholar
• Sturm, M., J. Holmgren, and G. E. Liston. 1995. A seasonal snow cover classification system for local to global applications. Journal of Climate 8:1261–1283. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<261:assccs>2.0.CO;2
   Google Scholar
• Theobald, A., H. McGowan, and J. Speirs. 2016. Trends in synoptic circulation and precipitation in the Snowy Mountains region, Australia, in the period 1958–2012. Atmospheric Research 169:434–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.05.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dijk, A. I. J. M., H. E. Beck, R. S. Crosbie, R. A. M. de Jeu, Y. Y. Liu, G. M. Podger, B. Timbal, and N. R. Viney. 2013. The Millennium Drought in southeast Australia (2001–2009): Natural and human causes and implications for water resources, ecosystems, economy, and society. Water Resources Research 49 (2):1040–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viviroli, D., H. H. Dürr, B. Messerli, M. Meybeck, and R. Weingartner. 2007. Mountains of the world, water towers for humanity: Typology, mapping, and global significance. Water Resources Research 43 (7):W07447. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2006WRR005653.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, R., M. Kumar, and T. E. Link. 2016. Potential trends in snowmelt-generated peak streamflows in a warming climate. Geophysical Research Letters 43:5052–5059. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL068935.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, S., J. Huang, D. Yang, G. Pavlic, and J. Li. 2015. Long-term water budget imbalances and error sources for cold region drainage basins. Hydrological Processes 29 (9):2125–36. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, D., Z. Cong, G. Ni, D. Yang, and S. Hu. 2015. Effects of snow ratio on annual runoff within the Budyko framework. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19 (4):1977–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1977-2015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar