Soil invertebrate abundance, diversity, and community composition across steep high elevation snowmelt gradients in the European Alps

References

• Bates, D., M. Mächler, B. Bolker, and S. Walker. 2015. Fitting linear mixed-effects models using Lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67 (1):48. https://www.jstatsoft.org/index.php/jss/article/view/v067i01.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beniston, M., F. Keller, B. Koffi, and S. Goyette. 2003. Estimates of snow accumulation and volume in the Swiss Alps under changing climatic conditions. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 76 (3–4):125–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-003-0016-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beniston, M. 2006. Mountain weather and climate: A general overview and a focus on climatic change in the Alps. Hydrobiologia 562 (1):3–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-005-1802-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björk, R. G., and U. Molau. 2007. Ecology of Alpine snowbeds and the impact of global change. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 39 (1):34–43. doi:https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2007)39[34:EOASAT]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bretfeld, G. 1999. Synopses on Palaearctic Collembola Pt 2: Symphypleona. Goerlitz: Senckenberg Museum of Natural History.
   Google Scholar
• Carbognani, M., A. Petraglia, and M. Tomaselli. 2012. Influence of snowmelt time on species richness, density and production in a late snowbed community. Acta Oecologica 43:113–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2012.06.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbognani, M., A. Petraglia, and M. Tomaselli. 2014. Warming effects and plant trait control on the early-decomposition in alpine snowbeds. Plant and Soil 376 (1–2):277–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1982-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbognani, M., G. Bernareggi, F. Perucco, M. Tomaselli, and A. Petraglia. 2016. Micro-climatic controls and warming effects on flowering time in alpine snowbeds. Oecologia 182: 573–585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christian, E. 1987. Catalogus Faunae Austriae, Part XII a: U.-Kl.: Collembola (Springschwänze). Vienna, Austria: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, D. C., M. A. Callaham, and D. Crossley. 2017. Fundamentals of soil ecology. 3rd ed. San Diego: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• de Deyn, G. B., and W. H. van der Putten. 2005. Linking Aboveground-belowground diversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20 (11): 625–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.08.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson, K. J. M., A. F. Mark, B. I. P. Barratt, and B. H. Patrick. 1998. Rapid ecological survey, inventory and implementation: A case study from Waikaia Ecological Region, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 28 (1):83–156. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.1998.9517556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domènech, M., B. Komac, J. Peñuelas, and J. A. Conesa. 2016. Site-specific factors influence the richness and phenology of snowbed plants in the Pyrenees. Plant Biosystems 150 (4):741–49. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/11263504.2014.990941.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducarme, X., H. M. André, G. Wauthy, and P. Lebrun. 2004. Are there real endogeic species in temperate forest mites? Pedobiologia 48 (2):139–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2003.10.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dullinger, S., T. Dirnböck, and G. Grabherr. 2000. Reconsidering endemism in the North-Eastern Limestone Alps. Acta Botanica Croatica 59 (1):55–82.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenhauer, N., A. Bonn, and C. A. Guerra. 2019. Recognizing the quiet extinction of invertebrates. Nature Communications 10 (1):1–3. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07916-1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eisenhauer, N. 2012. Aboveground-Belowground interactions as a source of complementarity effects in biodiversity experiments. Plant and Soil 351 (1–2):1–22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-011-1027-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fjellberg, A. University of T. 1998. The Collembola of Fennoscandia and Denmark, part I: Poduromorpha. Fauna Ento. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Fjellberg, A. 2007. The Collembola of Fennoscandia and Denmark, Part II: Entomobryomorpha and Symphypleona. Fauna Ento. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Fowler, J. F., and S. Overby. 2016. Snow duration effects on density of the alpine endemic plant Packera franciscana. Western North American Naturalist 76 (3):383–87. doi:https://doi.org/10.3398/064.076.0301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedel, H. 1961. Schneedeckendauer Und Vegetationsverteilungen Im Gelände. In: Ökologische Untersuchungen in Der Subalpinen Stufe - Teil 1. Mitteilungen Der Forstlichen Bundes-Versuchsanstalt Mariabrunn: 317–369.
   Google Scholar
• Galen, C., and M. L. Stanton. 1995. Responses of snowbed plant species to changes in growing-season length. Ecology 76 (5):1546–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1938156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, K., and R. Slatyer. 2019. Arthropod community composition along snowmelt gradients in snowbeds in the snowy mountains of South-Eastern Australia. Australia Ecology 45: 144–157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gritsch, A., T. Dirnböck, and S. Dullinger. 2016. Recent changes in alpine vegetation differ among plant communities. Journal of Vegetation Science 27 (6):1177–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagvar, S., J. Melaen, and E. Ostbye. 1974. Quantitative studies of the invertebrate fauna in an alpine snow-bed community at Finse, South Norway. Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 21:45–51.
   Google Scholar
• Hågvar, S. 2010. A review of Fennoscandian arthropods living on and in snow. European Journal of Entomology 107 (3):281–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.14411/eje.2010.037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartig, F. 2020. DHARMa: Residual diagnostics for hierarchical (multi-level/mixed) regression models. R Package Version 0.3.2.0.
   Google Scholar
• Haybach, G. 1992. Zur Collembolenfauna verschiedener Gebirgsstandorte in Österreich. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft Österreichs 129:159–214.
   Google Scholar
• Hiller, B., A. Nuebel, G. Broll, and F. K. Holtmeier. 2005. Snowbeds on silicate rocks in the Upper Engadine (Central Alps, Switzerland) - Pedogenesis and interactions among soil, vegetation, and snow cover. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 37 (4):465–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2005)037[0465:SOSRIT]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hock, R., G. Rasul, C. Adler, B. Cáceres, S. Gruber, Y. Hirabayashi, M. Jackson, et al. 2019. High mountain areas. In The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate., ed. H.-O. Pörtner, D. C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, et al., 94. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
   Google Scholar
• Hothorn, B. F., P. Westfall, R. M. Heiberger, A. Schuetzenmeister, and S. Scheibe. 2019. Package “Multcomp”: Simultaneous inference in general parametric models. R Package Version 1.4–10. https://cran.r-project.org/package=multcomp.
   Google Scholar
• Huelber, K., M. Gottfried, H. Pauli, K. Reiter, M. Winkler, and G. Grabherr. 2006. Responses of snowbed species to snow removal dates in the Central Alps: Implications for climate warming. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 38:99–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janetschek, H. 1993. Über Wirbellosen-Faunationen in Hochlagen der Zillertaler Alpen. Berichte des Naturwissenschaftlichen-Medizinischen Vereins Innsbsruck 80:121–65.
   Google Scholar
• Kardol, P., and D. A. Wardle. 2010. How understanding aboveground-belowground linkages can assist restoration ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 25 (11):670–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2010.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann, R. 2001. Invertebrate sucession on an Alpine glacier foreland. Ecology 82 (8):2261–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2261:ISOAAG]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempson, D., M. Lloyd, and R. Ghelardi. 1963. A new extractor for woodland litter. Pedobiologia 3 (1):1–21 .
   Google Scholar
• Komac, B., C. Pladevall, J. Peñuelas, J. V. Conesa, and M. Domènech. 2015. Variations in functional diversity in snowbed plant communities determining snowbed continuity. Plant Ecology 216 (9):1257–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-015-0506-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• König, T., R. Kaufmann, and S. Scheu. 2011. The formation of terrestrial food webs in glacier foreland: Evidence for the pivotal role of decomposer prey and intraguild predation. Pedobiologia 54 (2):147–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2010.12.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Körner, C., S. Riedl, T. Keplinger, A. Richter, J. Wiesenbauer, F. Schweingruber, and E. Hiltbrunner. 2019. Life at 0 °C: The biology of the alpine snowbed plant Soldanella pusilla. Alpine Botany 129 (2):63–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00035-019-00220-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Körner, C. 2003. Alpine plant life. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lavelle, P., and A. Spain. 2001. Soil ecology. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science & Business Media.
   Google Scholar
• Leingärtner, A., J. Krauss, and I. Steffan-Dewenter. 2014. Elevation and experimental snowmelt manipulation affect emergence phenology and abundance of soil-hibernating arthropods. Ecological Entomology 39 (4):412–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/een.12112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little, C. J.,J. A. Wheeler, J. Sedlacek, A. J. Cortés, and C. Rixen. 2016. Small-scale drivers: The importance of nutrient availability and snowmelt timing on performance of the alpine shrub Salix herbacea. Oecologia 180 (4):1015–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-015-3394-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lluent, A., A. Anadon-Rosell, J. M. Ninot, O. Grau, and E. Carrillo. 2013. Phenology and seed setting success of snowbed plant species in contrasting snowmelt regimes in the central Pyrenees. Flora: Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 208 (3):220–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2013.03.004.
   Google Scholar
• Lüdecke, D., D. Makowski, and P. Waggoner. 2020. Performance: Assessment of regression models performance. R Package Version 0.4.4.
   Google Scholar
• Macfadyen, A. 1953. Notes on methods for the extraction of small soil arthropods. Journal of Animal Ecology 22 (1):65–77. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1691.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matteodo, M., K. Ammann, E. P. Verrecchia, and P. Vittoz. 2016. Snowbeds are more affected than other subalpine–alpine plant communities by climate change in the Swiss Alps. Ecology and Evolution 6 (19):6969–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meshcheryakova, E. N., and D. I. Berman. 2014. Cold hardiness and geographic distribution of earthworms (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae, Moniligastridae). Entomological Review 94 (4):486–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873814040046.
   Google Scholar
• Minor, M. A., A. B. Babenko, and S. G. Ermilov. 2017. Oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) and Springtails (Collembola) in alpine habitats of Southern New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 44 (1):65–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2016.1251950.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, E. 2019. Langzeitmonitoring von Ökosystemprozessen Im Nationalpark Hohe Tauern. Modul 03: Bodenmesofauna. In Methoden-Handbuch. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna, Austria.
   Google Scholar
• Newesely, C., U. Tappeiner, and C. Körner 2019. Langzeitmonitoring von Ökosystemprozessen Im Nationalpark Hohe Tauern. Modul 01: Standortklima, Bodenphysik, Bodenchemie Und Pflanzliche Produktivität. In Methoden-Handbuch Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna, Austria.
   Google Scholar
• Oksanen, J., F. G. Blanchet, M. Friendly, R. Kindt, P. Legendre, D. McGlinn, P. R. Minchin, R. B. O’Hara, G. L. Simpson, P. Solymos, et al. 2019. Vegan: Community ecology package. R Package Version 2.5–6.
   Google Scholar
• Petraglia, A., M. Tomaselli, A. Mondoni, L. Brancaleoni, and M. Carbognani. 2014. Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus supply on growth and flowering phenology of the snowbed forb Gnaphalium supinum L. Flora: Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 209 (5–6):271–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2014.03.005.
   Google Scholar
• Potapov, M. 2001. Synopses on palaearctic Collembola Pt 3: Lsotomidae. Goerlitz: Senckenberg Museum of Natural History.
   Google Scholar
• R Core Team. 2020. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
   Google Scholar
• R Studio Team. 2020. RStudio: Integrated development for R. Boston: RStudio, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Raso, L., D. Sint, R. Mayer, S. Plangg, T. Recheis, S. Brunner, R. Kaufmann, and M. Traugott. 2014. Intraguild predation in pioneer predator communities of alpine glacier forelands. Molecular Ecology 23 (15):3744–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.12649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Römbke, J., J. Bernard, and F. Martin-Laurent. 2018. Standard methods for the assessment of structural and functional diversity of soil organisms: A review. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 14 (4):463–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer, M. 2009. Brohmer - Fauna von Deutschland: Ein Bestimmungsbuch Unserer Heimischen Tierwelt. 23rd ed. Wiebelsheim: Quelle & Meyer Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Schatz, H. 1983. Catalogus Faunae Austriae, Teil IXi: Unt.Ordn.: Oribatei, Hornmilben. Vienna, Austria: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Schimel, J. P., C. Bilbrough, and J. M. Welker. 2004. Increased snow depth affects microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in two Arctic tundra communities. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 36 (2):217–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2003.09.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedlacek, J., J.A. Wheeler, A.J. Cortés, O. Bossdorf, G. Hoch, C. Lexer, S. Wipf, S. Karrenberg, M. Van Kleunen, and C. Rixen. 2015. The response of the alpine dwarf shrub Salix herbacea to altered snowmelt timing: Lessons from a multi-site transplant experiment. PLoS ONE 10: 1–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimono, Y., and G. Kudo. 2003. Intraspecific variations in seedling emergence and survival of Potentilla matsumurae (Rosaceae) between alpine fellfield and snowbed habitats. Annals of Botany 91 (1):21–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcg002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Søvik, G., H. P. Leinaas, R. A. Ims, and T. Solhøy. 2003. Population dynamics and life history of the oribatid mite Ameronothrus lineatus (Acari, Oribatida) on the high arctic archipelago of Svalbard. Pedobiologia 47(3): 257–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1078/0031-4056-00189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinwandter, M., A. Rief, S. Scheu, M. Traugott, and J. Seeber. 2018. Structural and functional characteristics of high alpine soil macro-invertebrate communities. European Journal of Soil Biology 86 ( September 2017):72–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2018.03.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teets, N. M., and D. L. Denlinger. 2014. Surviving in a frozen desert: Environmental stress physiology of terrestrial Antarctic arthropods. Journal of Experimental Biology 217 (1):84–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.089490.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thibaud, J.-M., H.-J. Schulz, and M. M. Da Gama Assalino. 2004. Synopses on Palaearctic Collembola Pt 4: Hypogastruridae. Goerlitz: Senckenberg Museum of Natural History.
   Google Scholar
• Tonin, R., R. Gerdol, M. Tomaselli, A. Petraglia, M. Carbognani, and C. Wellstein. 2019. Intraspecific functional trait response to advanced snowmelt suggests increase of growth potential but decrease of seed production in snowbed plant species. Frontiers in Plant Science 10 (March):1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00289.
   Google Scholar
• Vorkauf, M., A. Kahmen, C. Körner, and E. Hiltbrunner. 2021. Flowering phenology in alpine grassland strongly responds to shifts in snowmelt but weakly to summer drought. Alpine Botany 131 (1):73–88. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00035-021-00252-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigmann, G. Freie U.B. 2006. Hornmilben (Oribatida). Tierwelt Deutschlands. Keltern, Germany: Goecke & Evers.
   Google Scholar
• Winkler, M., P. Illmer, P. Querner, B. M. Fischer, K. Hofmann, A. Lamprecht, N. Praeg, J. Schied, K. Steinbauer, and H. Pauli. 2018. Side by side? Vascular plant, invertebrate, and microorganism distribution patterns along an alpine to nival elevation gradient. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 50 (1):e1475951. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2018.1475951.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar