1,185
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Non-native vascular flora of alpine areas in the White Mountains, New Hampshire, USA

, &
Article: 2243704 | Received 13 Apr 2022, Accepted 23 Jul 2023, Published online: 06 Sep 2023

References

  • Alaska Exotic Plants Information Clearinghouse (AKEPIC). 2020. Alaska Center for Conservation Science, University of Alaska. http://aknhp.uaa.alaska.edu/apps/akepic/ ( accessed June, 2020).
  • Alexander, J. M., J. J. Lembrechts, L. A. Cavieres, C. Daehler, S. Haider, C. Kueffer, G. Liu, et al. 2016. Plant invasions into mountains and alpine ecosystems: Current status and future challenges. Alpine Botany 126, no. 2: 89–32. doi:10.1007/s00035-016-0172-8.
  • Anderson, L. G., S. Rocliffe, N. R. Haddaway, and A. M. Dunn. 2015. The role of tourism and recreation in the spread of non-native species: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 10, no. 10: e0140833. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140833.
  • Antevs, E. 1932. Alpine zone of Mt. Washington Range. Auburn, ME: Merrill & Webber Company.
  • Bartlett, J. C., K. B. Westergaard, I. M. G. Paulsen, R. E. M. Wedegärtner, F. Wilken, and V. Ravolainen. 2021. Moving out of town? The status of alien plants in high-Arctic Svalbard, and a method for monitoring of alien flora in high-risk, polar environments. Ecological Solutions and Evidence 2, no. 1. doi: 10.1002/2688-8319.12056.
  • Becker, T., H. Dietz, R. Billeter, H. Buschmann, and P. J. Edwards. 2005. Altitudinal distribution of alien plant species in the Swiss Alps. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 7: 173–83. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2005.09.006.
  • Bell, A. W. 2015. Dandelions – Lowland nuisance, alpine menace. Randolph Mountain Club News. June issue, p. 9.
  • Bliss, L. C. 1963. Alpine plant communities of the Presidential Range, New Hampshire. Ecology 44, no. 4: 678–97. doi:10.2307/1933014.
  • Capers, R. S., and D. W. Taylor. 2014. Slow recovery in a Mount Washington, New Hampshire, alpine plant community four years after disturbance. Rhodora 116, no. 965: 1–24. doi:10.3119/13-01.
  • Carlson, M. L., I. V. Lapina, M. Shephard, J. S. Conn, R. Densmore, P. Spencer, J. Heys, J. Riley, and J. Nielsen. 2008. Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of Alaska. USDA Forest Service. Region 10-TP-143.
  • Casterline, J. 2020. A survey of non-native plants associated with gravel sediment projects in the White Mountain National Forest. Master’s Thesis. Plymouth State University, Plymouth, NH.
  • Cavieres, L. A., E. I. Badano, A. Sierra-Almeida, and M. A. Molina-Montenegro. 2007. Microclimatic modifications of cushion plants and their consequences for seedling survival of native and non-native herbaceous species in the high Andes of central Chile. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 39, no. 2: 229–36. doi:10.1657/1523-0430(2007)39[229:MMOCPA]2.0.CO;2.
  • Cavieres, L. A., C. L. Quiroz, and M. A. Molina-Montenegro. 2008. Facilitation of the non-native Taraxacum officinale by native nurse cushion species in the high Andes of central Chile: Are there differences between nurses? Functional Ecology 22: 148–56.
  • Cavieres, L. A., C. L. Quiroz, M. A. Molina-Montenegro, A. A. Muñoz, and A. Pauchard. 2005. Nurse effect of the native cushion plant Azorella monantha on the invasive non-native Taraxacum officinale in the high-Andes of central Chile. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 7, no. 3: 217–26. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2005.09.002.
  • Chen, W. B., and B. M. Chen. 2019. Considering the preference for nitrogen forms by invasive plants: A case study from a hydroponic culture experiment. Weed Research 59: 49–57.
  • Chown, S. L., A. H. L. Huiskes, N. J. M. Gremmen, J. E. Lee, A. Terauds, K. Crosbie, Y. Frenot, et al. 2012. Continent-wide risk assessment for the establishment of nonindigenous species in Antarctica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, no. 13: 4938–43.
  • Clasen, B. M., N. G. Moss, M. A. Chandler, and A. G. Smith. 2011. A preliminary genetic structure study of the non-native weed, common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare). Canadian Journal of Plant Science 91, no. 4: 717–23. doi:10.4141/cjps10203.
  • Cogbill, C. V. 2016. Vegetation of Franconia Ridge, New Hampshire: Evaluation of 42 years of trail management and vegetation change. Beyond Ktaadn for USDA Forest Service. Campton, NH: White Mountain National Forest.
  • Connor, E. F., and E. D. McCoy. 1979. The statistics and biology of the species-area relationship. The American Naturalist 113, no. 6: 791–833. doi:10.1086/283438.
  • Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF). 2022. Arctic Council Secretariat. https://caff.is ( accessed March, 2022).
  • Consortium of California Herbaria (CCH). 2021. https://www.cch2.org/portal/collections/index.php ( accessed January, 2021).
  • Consortium of Midwest Herbaria (CMH). 2021. https://midwestherbaria.org/portal/collections/index.php ( accessed January, 2021).
  • Consortium of Northeastern Herbaria (CNH). 2022. http://www.neherbaria.org/portal/collections/index.php ( accessed January, 2021).
  • Consortium of Pacific Northwest Herbaria (CPNWH). 2021. https://www.pnwherbaria.org/data/search.php ( accessed January, 2021).
  • Crawford, L. 1845. The history of the White Mountains, from the first settlement of Upper Coos and Pequaket. Portland, ME: B. Thurston and Company.
  • Crow, G. E., and I. M. Storks. 1980. Rare and endangered plants of New Hampshire: A phytogeographic viewpoint. Rhodora 82, no. 829: 173–89.
  • Deschenes, E., E. Caubel, and L. Sirois. 2019. Parental plant elevation does not affect nonnative Poa annua’s seed germination and propagation potential. Natural Areas Journal 39, no. 2: 333–8. doi:10.3375/043.039.0305.
  • Dietz, H., and P. J. Edwards. 2006. Recognition of changing processes during plant invasions may help reconcile conflicting evidence of the causes. Ecology 87, no. 6: 1359–67. doi:10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[1359:RTCPCD]2.0.CO;2.
  • Diez, J. M., C. M. D’Antonio, J. S. Dukes, E. D. Grosholz, J. Olden, C. J. B. Sorte, D. M. Blumenthal, et al. 2012. Will extreme climatic events facilitate biological invasions? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 10, no. 5: 249–57. doi:10.1890/110137.
  • Dullinger, S., T. Dirnböck, and G. Grabherr. 2003. Patterns of shrub invasion into high mountain grasslands of the Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 35, no. 4: 434–41. doi:10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0434:POSIIH]2.0.CO;2.
  • Essl, F., S. Dullinger, W. Rabitsch, P. E. Hulme, K. Hülber, V. Jarošík, I. Kleinbauer, et al. 2011. Socioeconomic legacy yields an invasion debt. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108, no. 1: 203–7.
  • Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray’s Manual of Botany. 18th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
  • Fox, J., and S. Weisberg. 2019. An R companion to applied regression, Third Edition. https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion/ ( accessed April, 2023).
  • Fuentes, N., E. Ugarte, I. Kühn, and S. Klotz. 2010. Alien plants in Southern South America. A framework for evaluation and management of mutual risk of invasion between Chile and Argentina. Biological Invasions 12, no. 9: 3227–36. doi:10.1007/s10530-010-9716-9.
  • Galera, H., A. Znój, K. J. Chwedorzewska, and M. Wódkiewicz. 2021. Evaluation of factors influencing the eradication of annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) from Point Thomas Oasis, King George Island, Maritime Antarctica. Polar Biology 44, no. 12: 2255–68. doi:10.1007/s00300-021-02941-1.
  • Gimingham, C. H., D. Welch, E. J. Clement, and P. Lane. 2002. A large population of Plagiobothrys scouleri (Boraginaceae) in north-east Scotland, and notes on occurrences elsewhere in Britain. Watsonia 24: 159–69.
  • Google Earth Pro 7.3. 2022. Presidential Range (44.27°, -71.30°) and Franconia Ridge (44.16°, -71.64°), NH, USA. Available at: google.com/earth/versions (accessed 24 March 2023).
  • Grime, J. P. 1977. Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. American Naturalist 111, no. 982: 1169–94. doi:10.1086/283244.
  • Grytnes, J. A. 2003. Species-richness patterns of vascular plants along seven altitudinal transects in Norway. Ecography 26, no. 3: 291–300.
  • Haines, A. 2019. Tracheophyte checklist of New England (4 February 2019). http://www.arthurhaines.com/tracheophyte-checklist/ ( accessed March, 2022).
  • Harris, S. K., J. H. Langenheim, and F. L. Steele. 1964. Appalachian Mountain Club field guide to the mountain flowers of New England. Boston, MA: Appalachian Mountain Club.
  • Hughes, K. A., O. L. Pescott, J. Peyton, T. Adriaens, E. J. Cottier-Cook, G. Key, W. Rabitsch, et al. 2020. Invasive non-native species likely to threaten biodiversity and ecosystems in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Global Change Biology 13, no. 26: 2702–16. doi:10.1111/gcb.14938.
  • Hupp, N., L. D. Llambi, L. Ramirez, and R. Callaway. 2017. Alpine cushion plants have species-specific effects on microhabitat and community structure in the tropical Andes. Journal of Vegetation Science 28, no. 5: 1–11. doi:10.1111/jvs.12553.
  • International Plant Names Index (IPNI). 2022. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries, and Australian National Botanic Gardens. http://www.ipni.org ( accessed April, 2022).
  • Jacobs, J. 2008. Ecology and management of common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.). United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Invasive Species Technical Note No. MT-18.
  • Jodoin, Y., C. Lavoie, P. Villeneuve, M. Theriault, J. Beaulieu, and F. Belzile. 2008. Highways as corridors and habitats for the invasive common reed Phragmites australis in Quebec, Canada. Journal of Applied Ecology 45, no. 2: 459–66. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01362.x.
  • Johnson, F. M., and C. Pickering. 2001. Alien plants in the Australian Alps. Mountain Research and Development 21, no. 3: 284–91. doi:10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0284:APITAA]2.0.CO;2.
  • Jones, M. T., and L. L. Willey. 2012. Eastern alpine guide: Natural history and conservation of mountain tundra east of the Rockies. New Salem, MA: Beyond Ktaadn.
  • Kalwij, J. M., M. P. Robertson, and B. J. van Rensburg. 2015. Annual monitoring reveals rapid upward movement of exotic plants in a montane ecosystem. Biological Invasions 17, no. 12: 3517–29. doi:10.1007/s10530-015-0975-3.
  • Kašák, J., M. Mazalová, J. Šipoš, and T. Kuras. 2015. Dwarf pine: Invasive plant threatens biodiversity of alpine beetles. Biodiversity and Conservation 24, no. 10: 2399–415. doi:10.1007/s10531-015-0929-1.
  • Kimball, K. D., and D. M. Weihrauch. 2000. Alpine vegetation communities and the alpine-treeline ecotone boundary in New England as biomonitors for climate change. In S. F. McCool, D. N. Cole, W. T. Borrie, and J. O’Loughlin, eds., Wilderness Science in a Time of Change. 2000. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-15-VOL-3, Missoula, MT, pp. 93–101.
  • Kudo, G., Y. Amagai, B. Hoshino, and M. Kaneko. 2011. Invasion of dwarf bamboo into alpine snow-meadows in northern Japan: Pattern of expansion and impact on species diversity. Ecology and Evolution 1, no. 1: 85–96. doi:10.1002/ece3.9.
  • Kueffer, C., K. McDougall, J. M. Alexander, C. Daehler, P. J. Edwards, S. Haider, A. Milbau, et al. 2013. Plant invasions into mountain protected areas: Assessment, prevention and control at multiple spatial scales. In Plant invasions in protected areas: Patterns, problems and challenges, ed. L. C. Foxcroft, P. Pyšek, D. M. Richardson, and P. Genovesi, 89–116. Dordrecht, NL: Springer.
  • Lembrechts, J. J., J. M. Alexander, L. A. Cavieres, S. Haider, J. Lenoir, C. Kueffer, K. McDougall, et al. 2017. Mountain roads shift native and non-native plant species’ ranges. Ecography 40, no. 3: 353–64. doi:10.1111/ecog.02200.
  • Lipowsky, A., C. Roscher, J. Schumacher, and B. Schmid. 2012. Density-independent mortality and increasing plant diversity are associated with differentiation of Taraxacum officinale into r- and K-strategists. PLoS ONE 7, no. 1: e28121. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028121.
  • MacArthur, R., and E. O. Wilson. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Mallen, J. 1986. Introduced vascular plants in the high altitude and high latitude areas of Australasia, with particular reference to the Kosciuszko alpine area, New South Wales. In Flora and fauna of the alpine Australasia: Ages and origins, ed. B. A. Barlow, 249–58. Melbourne, AU: CSIRO.
  • McCune, B., and M. J. Mefford. 2018. PC-ORD. Multivariate analysis of ecological data. Version 7.10.
  • McDougall, K. L., J. W. Morgan, N. G. Walsh, and R. J. Williams. 2005. Plant invasions in treeless vegetation of the Australian Alps. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 7, no. 3: 159–71. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2005.09.001.
  • Merrill, G. D. 1888. History of Coos County. Syracuse, NY: W. A. Fergusson & Co.
  • Meunier, G., and C. Lavoie. 2012. Roads as corridors for invasive plant species: New evidence from smooth bedstraw (Galium mollugo). Invasive Plant Science and Management 5, no. 1: 92–100. doi:10.1614/IPSM-D-11-00049.1.
  • Milbau, A., A. Shevtsova, N. Osler, M. Mooshammer, and B. J. Graae. 2013. Plant community type and small-scale disturbances, but not altitude, influence the invasibility in subarctic ecosystems. New Phytologist 197, no. 3: 1002–11. doi:10.1111/nph.12054.
  • Molina-Montenegro, M. A., D. M. Bergstrom, K. J. Chwedorzewska, and S. L. Chown. 2019. Increasing impacts by Antarctica’s most widespread invasive plant species as a result of direct competition with native vascular plants. NeoBiota 51: 19–40. doi:10.3897/neobiota.51.37250.
  • Morgan, J. W., and V. Carnegie. 2009. Backcountry huts as introduction points for invasion by non-native species into subalpine vegetation. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 41, no. 2: 238–45. doi:10.1657/1938-4246-41.2.238.
  • Mountain Invasion Research Network (MIREN). 2014. Linking local and global scales for addressing an ecological consequence of global change. GAIA 23, no. 3: 263–5. doi:10.14512/gaia.23.3.11.
  • Muñoz, A. A., and L. A. Cavieres. 2008. The presence of a showy invasive plant disrupts pollinator service and reproductive output in native alpine species only at high densities. Journal of Ecology 96, no. 3: 459–67. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01361.x.
  • Murray, G. L. D., A. M. Colgan, S. J. Nelson, E. P. Kelsey, and K. D. Kimball. 2021. Climate trends on the highest peak of the Northeast: Mount Washington, NH. Northeastern Naturalist 28, no. 11: 64–82. doi:10.1656/045.028.s1105.
  • National Park Service. 2014. Invasive and exotic plant management in Denali National Park and Preserve. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS/DENA/NRDS—2014/739.
  • New Hampshire Natural Heritage Bureau. 2021. Biotics database. Division of Forests and Lands. Concord, NH: Department of Natural and Cultural Resources.
  • Northrop, J. I., and A. R. Northrop. 1889. Notes on the Plant Distribution of Mt. Washington, N.H. In A naturalist in the Bahamas: Life and writings of John I. Northrop. 1910, ed. H. F. Osborn, 255–8. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  • Parks, C. G., S. R. Radosevich, B. A. Endress, B. J. Naylor, D. Anzinger, L. J. Rew, B. D. Maxwell, and K. A. Dwire. 2005. Natural and land-use history of the Northwest mountain ecoregions (USA) in relation to patterns of plant invasions. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 7, no. 3: 137–58. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2005.09.007.
  • Pauchard, A., and P. B. Alaback. 2004. Influence of elevation, land use, and landscape context on patterns of alien plant invasions along roadsides in protected areas of south-central Chile. Conservation Biology 18, no. 1: 238–48. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00300.x.
  • Pauchard, A., C. Kueffer, H. Dietz, C. Daehler, J. Alexander, P. Edwards, J. Arévalo, et al. 2009. Ain’t no mountain high enough: Plant invasions reaching new elevations. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7, no. 9: 479–86. doi:10.1890/080072.
  • Pease, A. S. 1924. Vascular flora of Coos County, New Hampshire. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 37: 339–88.
  • Pease, A. S. 1964. A flora of northern New Hampshire. Cambridge, MA: New England Botanical Club, Inc.
  • Pease, A. S. 1916. Notes on the botanical explorations of the White Mountains. In Appalachia, Vol. XIV. 1916–1919, and C. E. Fay, 157–78. Boston, MA: The Appalachian Mountain Club.
  • Pickering, C., and A. Mount. 2010. Do tourists disperse weed seed? A global review of unintentional human-mediated terrestrial seed dispersal on clothing, vehicles, and horses. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 18, no. 2: 239–56. doi:10.1080/09669580903406613.
  • Pollnac, F., T. Seipel, C. Repath, and L. J. Rew. 2012. Plant invasion at landscape and local scales along roadways in the mountainous region of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Biological Invasions 14, no. 8: 1753–63. doi:10.1007/s10530-012-0188-y.
  • Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment (PAME). 2022. Arctic Council Secretariat. www.arctic-council.org ( accessed March, 2022).
  • Quiroz, C. L., P. Choler, F. Baptist, M. González-Teuber, M. A. Molina-Montenegro, and L. A. Cavieres. 2009. Alpine dandelions originated in the native and introduced range differ in their responses to environmental constraints. Ecological Research 24, no. 1: 175–83. doi:10.1007/s11284-008-0498-9.
  • Rahbek, C. 1995. The elevational gradient of species richness: A uniform pattern? Ecography 18, no. 2: 200–5. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0587.1995.tb00341.x.
  • Rew, L. J., K. L. McDougall, J. M. Alexander, C. C. Daehler, F. Essl, S. Haider, C. Kueffer, et al. 2020. Moving up and over: Redistribution of plants in alpine, Arctic, and Antarctic ecosystems under global change. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 52, no. 1: 651–65. doi:10.1080/15230430.2020.1845919.
  • Schreiner, E. G. 1982. The role of non-indigenous species in plant succession following human disturbance in an alpine area of Olympic National Park, Washington. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Washington, Seattle.
  • Simberloff, D. S. 1972. Models in biogeography. In Models in paleobiology, ed. T. J. M. Schopf, 160–91. San Francisco, CA: Freeman, Cooper, and Co.
  • Southeast Regional Network of Expertise and Collections (SERNEC). 2021. https://sernecportal.org/portal/collections/index.php ( accessed January 2021).
  • Sperduto, D., and C. Cogbill. 1999. Alpine and subalpine vegetation of the White Mountains, New Hampshire. New Hampshire Natural Heritage Inventory, Department of Resources and Economic Development. Concord, NH.
  • Sperduto, D., and B. Kimball. 2011. The nature of New Hampshire: Natural communities of the Granite State. Hanover and London: University of New Hampshire Press, Durham, NH and University Press of New England. p. 40.
  • Sperduto, D., and W. Nichols. 2011. Natural communities of New Hampshire. 2nd ed. Durham: New Hampshire Natural Heritage Bureau, Concord, NH. Pub. UNH Cooperative Extension.
  • Steinmann, V. W., L. Arredondo-Amezcua, R. A. Hernández-Cárdenas, and Y. Ramírez-Amezcua. 2021. Diversity and origin of the central Mexican alpine flora. Diversity 13, no. 31: 1–25.
  • Storks, I. M., and G. E. Crow. 1979. Endangered, threatened and rare plants of the White Mountain National Forest, New Hampshire. Report prepared for the White Mountain National Forest, USFS in cooperation with the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station, Durham, NH.
  • Thoreau, H. D. 1906. The writings of Henry David Thoreau. Journal. XI. 7/2/1858–2/28/1859. Houghton Mifflin and Company, Boston and New York.
  • Totland, O. 1996. Flower heliotropism in an alpine population of Ranunculus acris (Ranunculaceae): Effect on flower temperature, insect visitation, and seed production. American Journal of Botany 83, no. 4: 452–8. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1996.tb12726.x.
  • Tyser, R., and C. Worley. 1992. Alien flora in grasslands adjacent to road and trail corridors in Glacier National Park, Montana (U.S.A.). Conservation Biology 6, no. 2: 253–62. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1992.620253.x.
  • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 2009. Climate Change Science Compendium 2009. Nairobi, KE: EarthPrint.
  • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2015. Mount Washington dandelion removal project. Campton, NH: Supervisor’s Office, White Mountain National Forest.
  • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2016. Invasive dandelion removal in the alpine zone. Campton, NH: Supervisor’s Office, White Mountain National Forest.
  • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2017. Lakes of the Clouds septic system replacement project. Campton, NH: Pemigewasset Ranger District, White Mountain National Forest.
  • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). 2023. National Threatened, Endangered and Sensitive Species (TES) Program. (threatened, endangered & sensitive species | US Forest Service) www.usda.gov ( accessed May, 2023).
  • Vacchiano, G., E. Barni, M. Lonati, D. Masante, A. Curtaz, S. Tutino, and C. Siniscalco. 2013. Monitoring and modeling the invasion of the fast spreading alien Senecio inaequidens DC. in an alpine region. Plant Biosystems 147, no. 4: 1139–47. doi:10.1080/11263504.2013.861535.
  • Ware, C., D. Berge, E. Muller, and I. G. Alsos. 2012. Humans introduce viable seeds to the Arctic on footwear. Biological Invasions 14, no. 3: 567–77. doi:10.1007/s10530-011-0098-4.
  • Wasowicz, P. 2016. Non-native species in the vascular flora of highlands and mountains of Iceland. PeerJournal 4: e1559. doi:10.7717/peerj.1559.
  • Wasowicz, P., E. M. Przedpelska-Wasowicz, and H. Kristinsson. 2013. Alien vascular plants in Iceland: Diversity, spatial patterns, temporal trends, and the impact of climate change. Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 208, no. 10–12: 648–73. doi:10.1016/j.flora.2013.09.009.
  • Wasowicz, P., A. N. Sennikov, K. B. Westergaard, K. Spellman, M. Carlson, L. J. Gillespie, J. M. Saarela, et al. 2020. Non-native vascular flora of the Arctic: Taxonomic richness, distribution and pathways. Ambio 49, no. 3: 693–703. doi:10.1007/s13280-019-01296-6.
  • Wódkiewicz, M., H. Galera, K. J. Chwedorzewska, I. Giełwanowska, and M. Olech. 2013. Diaspores of the introduced species Poa annua L. in soil samples from King George Island (South Shetlands, Antarctica). Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 45, no. 3: 415–9. doi:10.1657/1938-4246-45.3.415.