Forest damage and its braking effect on the extreme snow avalanche on Mt. Nodanishoji, Japan, in 2021

References

• Bartelt, P., and V. Stöckli. 2001. The influence of tree and branch fracture, overturning and debris entrainment on snow avalanche flow. Annals of Glaciology 32: 209–17. doi:10.3189/172756401781819544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brang, P., W. Schönenberger, M. Frehner, R. Schwitter, J. J. Thormann, and B. Wasser. 2006. Management of protection forests in the European Alps: An overview. Forest Snow and Landscape Research 80: 23–44. https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl%3A15332/datastream/PDF/Brang-2006-Management_of_protection_forests_in-%28published_version%29.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Breidenbach, J., L. T. Waser, M. Debella-Gilo, J. Schumacher, J. Rahlf, M. Hauglin, S. Puliti, and R. Astrup. 2021. National mapping and estimation of forest area by dominant tree species using Sentinel-2 data. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51: 365–79. doi:10.1139/cjfr-2020-0170.
   Google Scholar
• Christen, M., P. Bartelt, and J. Kowalski. 2010. Back calculation of the In den Arelen avalanche with RAMMS: Interpretation of model results. Annals of Glaciology 51, no. 54: 161–8. doi:10.3189/172756410791386553.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Avalanche Warning Services (EAWS). 2023. Avalanche size. https://www.avalanches.org/standards/avalanche-size/ (accessed May 12, 2023).
   Google Scholar
• Feistl, T., P. Bebi, Y. Bühler, M. Christen, M. Teich, and P. Bartelt. 2012. Stopping behavior of snow avalanches in forests. In Proceedings of the 2012 International Snow Science Workshop, Anchorage, Alaska, 420–6. https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl%3A16972/datastream/PDF/Feistl-2012-Stopping_behavior_of_snow_avalanches-%28published_version%29.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Feistl, T., P. Bebi, M. Christen, S. Margreth, L. Diefenbach, and P. Bartelt. 2015. Forest damage and snow avalanche flow regime. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15: 1275–88. doi:10.5194/nhess-15-1275-2015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feistl, T., P. Bebi, S. Margreth, and P. Bartelt. 2014. Forest damage by wet and powder snow avalanches. In Proceedings of International Snow Science Workshop 2014, 29 September–3 October, Banff, Canada, 657–64. https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/wsl/islandora/object/wsl%3A17056/datastream/PDF/Feistl-2014-Forest_damage_by_wet_and-%28published_version%29.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gauer, P. 2018. Avalanche probability: Slab release and the effect of forest cover. In Proceedings of the 2018 International Snow Science Workshop, 7–12 October, Innsbruck, Austria, 76–83. https://arc.lib.montana.edu/snow-science/item.php?id=2490.
   Google Scholar
• Gubler, H. 1987. Measurements and modelling of snow avalanche speeds. In Symposium at Davos 1986 – Avalanche Formation, Movement and Effects, IAHS Publication No. 162, 405–20.
   Google Scholar
• Gubler, H., and J. Rychetnik. 1991. Effects of forests near the timberline on avalanche formation. In Proceedings of the Vienna Symposium, 1991 – Snow, hydrology and forests in high alpine areas, ed. H. Bergmann, H. Lang, W. Frey, D. Issler, and B. Salm, IAHS Publication No. 205, 19–38.
   Google Scholar
• Ishida, T. 2016. Relation of crown and diameter in Cryptomeria planted forest in Gunma prefecture. Research Report of Gunma Prefectural Forestry Experiment Station 20: 44–51. https://www.pref.gunma.jp/uploaded/attachment/45838.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ishikawa, M., S. Sato, and T. Kawaguchi. 1969. Stand density of avalanche prevention forest, Seppyo. Journal of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice 31, no. 1: 14–18. doi:10.5331/seppyo.31.14.
   Google Scholar
• Issler, D. 2003. Experimental information on the dynamics of dry-snow avalanches, in: Dynamic Response of Granular and Porous Materials under Large and Catastrophic Deformations. In Lecture notes in applied and computational mechanics, 11, ed. K. Hutter and N. Kirchner, 109–60. Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Issler, D., P. Gauer, M. Schaer, and S. Keller. 2020. Inferences on mixed snow avalanches from field observations. Geosciences 10: 2. doi:10.3390/geosciences10010002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issler, D., K. Gleditsch Gisnås, and U. Domaas. 2020. Approaches to including climate and forest effects in avalanche hazard indication maps in Norway. Technical Note 20150457-10-TN. Norwegian Geotechnical Institute. Oslo, Norway doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.14211.68643.
   Google Scholar
• Issler, D., K. Gleditsch Gisnås, P. Gauer, S. Glimsdal, U. Domaas, and K. Sverdrup-Thygeson. 2023. NAKSIN – A new approach to snow avalanche hazard indication mapping in Norway. [ preprint]. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4530311.
   Google Scholar
• Izumi, K. 1985. Mobility of large-scale avalanche. Annual Report of the Research Institute for Hazards in Snowy AreasNiigata University 7: 187–94. https://niigata-u.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/28166.
   Google Scholar
• JAN. 2021. Nodanishoji-yama deno nadare (The avalanche at Mt. Nodanishoji (translated from Japanese by authors)), JAN MAGAZINES Vol.10, Japan Avalanche Network [WWW Document]. https://snow.nadare.jp/magazines/2021/000031.html (accessed May 12, 2023).
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, R. C., Jr., G. E. Ramey, and D. S. O’Hagan. 1982. Wind induced forces on trees. Journal of Fluids Engineering 104: 25–39. doi:10.1115/1.3240848.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashiyama, T. 1967. Avalanche injury and wind damage relationship for forest trees, Seppyo. Journal of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice 29, no. 4: 107–9. doi:10.5331/seppyo.29.107.
   Google Scholar
• Katsushima, T., S. Adachi, H. Arakawa, Y. Katsuyama, Y. Takeuchi, and K. Kawashima. 2021. Characteristics of deposition depth in dry snow slab avalanche at Mt. Nodanishoji. In Proceedings of JSSI & JSSE Joint Conference on Snow and Ice Research - 2021 Chiba-Online, 170, doi:10.14851/jcsir.2021.0_170.
   Google Scholar
• Katsuyama, Y., T. Katsushima, S. Adachi, and Y. Takeuchi. 2023. Estimation of spatial snowpack properties in a snow-avalanche release area: An extreme case on Mt. Nodanishoji, Japan, in 2021. Journal of Disaster Research 18, no. 8: 895–910. doi:10.20965/jdr.2023.p0895.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koizumi, A. 1987. Studies on the estimation of the mechanical properties of standing trees by non-destructive bending test. Research Bulletins of the College Experiment Forests Hokkaido University 44, no. 4: 1329–415. http://hdl.handle.net/2115/21252.
   Google Scholar
• Koizumi, A. 1988. Nama-ryuboku no hihakai-zaishitsu-shiken −Jukan no Young keisu wo sokutei-suru− (The non-destructive test for the mechanical properties of standing trees −Measuring Young’s modulus of tree trunks− (translated from Japanese by authors)). Northern Forestry, Japan 40: 2–6.
   Google Scholar
• McClung, D. M. 2003. Magnitude and frequency of avalanches in relation to terrain and forest cover. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 35, no. 1: 82–90. doi:10.1657/1523-0430(2003)035[0082:MAFOAI]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClung, D. M., and P. Schaerer, 2006. Avalanche terrain, motion, and effects, in: The Avalanche Handbook. Third ed, Seattle: The Mountaineers Books. 109–45.
   Google Scholar
• Mori, K., K. Nishimura, K. Tsunematsu, O. Abe, and A. Patra. 2018. Snow avalanche simulation with TITAN2D, Part 2: Development of a hazard map using PCQ, Seppyo. Journal of the Japanese Society of Snow and Ice 80, no. 4: 289–96. doi:10.5331/seppyo.80.4_289.
   Google Scholar
• Nishimura, K., and Y. Ito. 1997. Velocity distribution in snow avalanches. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 102, no. B12: 27,297–27,303. doi:10.1029/97JB02120.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patra, A., A. C. Bauer, C. C. Nichita, E. B. Pitman, M. F. Sheridan, M. Bursik, B. Rupp, et al. 2005. Parallel adaptive numerical simulation of dry avalanches over natural terrain. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 139: 1–21. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.06.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitman, E. B., C. C. Nichita, A. Patra, A. Bauer, M. Sheridan, and M. Bursik. 2003. Computing granular avalanches and landslides. Physics of Fluids 15, no. 12: 3638–46. doi:10.1063/1.1614253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawada, M. 1985. Shinyouju-kouzouzai no zaishitsu-hyouka ni tsuite (On the evaluation of the mechanical properties of softwood structural material (translated from Japanese by authors)). Wood Industry 40, no. 2: 56–60.
   Google Scholar
• Shi-igai, H. 1993. On the hydrodynamical drag coefficient of trees, Nagare. Journal of the Japan Society of Fluid Mechanics “Nagare” 12: 11–19. doi:10.11426/nagare1982.12.11.
   Google Scholar
• Sovilla, B., J. N. McElwaine, and A. Köhler. 2018. The intermittency regions of powder snow avalanches. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 123: 2525–45. doi:10.1029/2018JF004678.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stritih, A. 2021. Dealing with uncertainties in the assessment of the avalanche protective effects of forests, in protective forests as ecosystem-based solution for disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR). ed. M. Teich, C. Accastello, F. Perzl, and K. Kleemayr. London: IntechOpen. doi:10.5772/intechopen.99515.
   Google Scholar
• Takeuchi, Y., K. Nishimura, and A. Patra. 2018. Observations and numerical simulations of the braking effect of forests on large-scale avalanches. Annals of Glaciology 59, no. 77: 50–8. doi:10.1017/aog.2018.22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi, Y., H. Torita, K. Nishimura, and H. Hirashima. 2011. Study of a large-scale dry slab avalanche and the extent of damage to a cedar forest in the Makunosawa valley, Myoko, Japan. Annals of Glaciology 52, no. 58: 119–28. doi:10.3189/172756411797252059.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teich, M., P. Bartelt, A. Grêt-Regamey, and P. Bebi. 2012. Snow avalanches in forested terrain: Influence of forest parameters, topography, and avalanche characteristics on runout distance. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 44, no. 4: 509–19. doi:10.1657/1938-4246-44.4.509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teich, M., and P. Bebi. 2009. Evaluating the benefit of avalanche protection forest with GIS-based risk analyses―A case study in Switzerland. Forest Ecology and Management 257: 1910–19. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.046.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teich, M., J. T. Fischer, T. Feistl, P. Bebi, M. Christen, and A. Grêt-Regamey. 2014. Computational snow avalanche simulation in forested terrain. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14: 2233–48. doi:10.5194/nhess-14-2233-2014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todo, C., K. Yamase, T. Tanikawa, M. Ohashi, H. Ikeno, M. Dannoura, and Y. Hirano. 2015. Effect of thinning on the critical turning moment of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica (L.f.) D. Don). Journal of the Japanese Society of Revegetation Technology 41, no. 2: 308–14. doi:10.7211/jjsrt.41.308.
   Google Scholar
• Védrine, L., X. Li, and J. Gaume. 2022. Detrainment and braking of snow avalanches interacting with forests. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22: 1015–28. doi:10.5194/nhess-22-1015-2022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar