Transferable Mitigation of Environmental Impacts of Development: Two Cases of Offsets in Australia

References

• Australian Government . 1999 . The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act , Canberra : ComLaw .
   Google Scholar
• Australian Government Department of the Environment Water Heritage and the Arts (2007a) Draft Policy Statement: Use of Environmental Offsets under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Canberra: Australian Government).
   Google Scholar
• Australian Government Department of the Environment Water Heritage and the Arts . 2007b . Use of Environmental Offsets Under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act , Canberra : Commonwealth of Australia .
   Google Scholar
• Australian Government Department of Sustainability Environment Water Population and Communities . 2011 . EPBC Act Environmental Offsets Policy Consultation Draft , Canberra : Australian Government .
   Google Scholar
• Australian Government Department of Sustainability Environment Water Population and Communities (2012) Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 Environmental Offsets Policy (Canberra: Australian Government).
   Google Scholar
• Barzel , Y. 1997 . Economic Analysis of Property Rights , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bayon, R. (2008) Banking on biodiversity, in: WorldWatch Institute (Ed) State of the World. Innovations for a Sustainable Economy, pp. 123–239 (Washington: WorldWatch Institute).
   Google Scholar
• Bekessy , S. A. , Wintle , B. A. , Lindenmayer , D. B. , McCarthy , M. A. , Colyvan , M. , Burgman , M. A. and Possingham , H. P. 2010 . The biodiversity bank cannot be a lending bank . Conservation Letters , 3 ( 3 ) : 151 – 158 . doi: 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2010.00110.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendor , T. 2009 . A dynamic analysis of the wetland mitigation process and its effects on no net loss policy . Landscape and Urban Planning , 89 ( 1–2 ) : 17 – 27 . doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.09.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BenDor , T. and Brozovic , N. 2007 . Determinants of spatial and temporal patterns in compensatory wetland mitigation . Environmental Management , 40 ( 3 ) : 349 – 364 . doi: 10.1007/s00267-006-0310-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bromley , D. 1991 . Environment and Economy: Property Rights and Public Policy , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Coase, R. H. (1960) The problem of social cost, Journal of Law and Economics, 3(October), pp. 1–44.
   Google Scholar
• Coggan , A. , Whitten , S. M. and Bennett , J. 2010 . Influences of transaction costs in environmental policy . Ecological Economics , 69 ( 9 ) : 1777 – 1784 . doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.04.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coggan , A. , Buitelaar , E. , Whitten , S. M. and Bennett , J. 2013 . Intermediaries in environmental offset markets: Actions and incentives . Land Use Policy , 32 ( 1 ) : 145 – 154 . (doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.10.002)
   Google Scholar
• Crome , F. and Moore , L. A. 1990 . Cassowaries in North-eastern Queensland. Report of a survey and a review and assessment of their status and conservation and management needs . Australian Wildlife Research , 17 ( 4 ) : 369 – 385 . (doi:10.1071/WR9900369)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crook , A. , Monk , S. , Rowley , S. and Whitehead , C. 2006 . Planning gain and the supply of new affordable housing in England: Understanding the numbers . Town Planning Review , 77 ( 3 ) : 353 – 373 . (doi:10.3828/tpr.77.3.7)
   Google Scholar
• Crowe , M. and ten Kate , K. 2010 . Biodiversity Offsets: Policy Options for Government , Washington , DC : Forest Trends .
   Google Scholar
• Eisenhardt , K. 1989 . Building theories form case study research . Academy of Management: The Academy of Management Review , 14 ( 4 ) : 532 – 550 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falconer , K. 2000 . Farm-level constraints on agri-environmental scheme participation: A transactional perspective . Journal of Rural Studies , 16 ( 3 ) : 379 – 394 . (doi:10.1016/S0743-0167(99)00066-2)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falconer , K. 2002 . “ Developing co-operative approaches to agri-environmental policy: A transactions cost perspective on farmer participation in voluntary schemes ” . In Environmental Co-Operation and Institutional Change: Theories and Policies for European Agriculture , Edited by: Hagedorn , K. 239 – 259 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Falconer , K. , Dupraz , P. and Whitby , M. 2001 . An investigation of policy administrative costs using panel data for the English environmentally sensitive areas . Journal of Agricultural Economics , 52 ( 1 ) : 83 – 103 . (doi:10.1111/j.1477-9552.2001.tb00911.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , J. and Nino-Murcia , A. 2005 . Status of species conservation banking in the United States . Conservation Biology , 19 ( 4 ) : 996 – 1007 . doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00231.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbons , P. and Lindenmayer , D. B. 2007 . Offsets for land clearing: No net loss or the tail wagging the dog? . Ecological Management & Restoration , 8 ( 1 ) : 26 – 31 . doi: 10.1111/j.1442-8903.2007.00328.x
   Google Scholar
• Harper , D. J. and Quigley , J. T. 2005 . No net loss of fish habitat: A review and analysis of habitat compensation in Canada . Environmental Management , 36 ( 3 ) : 343 – 355 . doi: 10.1007/s00267-004-0114-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodgson , G. M. 2002 . The legal nature of the firm and the myth of the firm-market hybrid . International Journal of Economics and Business , 9 ( 1 ) : 37 – 60 . (doi:10.1080/13571510110102967)
   Google Scholar
• Howitt , R. E. 1994 . Empirical analysis of water market institutions: The 1991 California water market . Resource and Energy Economics , 16 ( 4 ) : 357 – 371 . (doi:10.1016/0928-7655(94)90026-4)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen-Jansen , L. , Spaans , M. and van der Veen , M. 2008 . New Instruments in Spatial Planning: An International Perspective on Non-Financial Compensation , Amsterdam : IOS Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kasper , W. 1998 . Property Rights and Competition , Canberra : The Centre for Independent Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Kiesecker , J. M. , Copeland , H. , Pocewicz , A. , Nibbelink , N. , McKenney , B. , Dahlke , J. , Holloran , M. and Stroud , D. 2009 . A Framework for implementing biodiversity offsets: Selecting sites and determining scale . Bioscience , 59 ( 1 ) : 77 – 84 . doi: 10.1525/bio.2009.59.1.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuperan , K. , Abdullah , N. M. R. , Pomeroy , R. S. , Genio , E. L. and Salamanca , A. M. 2008 . Measuring transaction costs of fisheries co-management . Coastal Management , 36 ( 3 ) : 225 – 240 . doi: 10.1080/08920750701681991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libecap , G. 1989 . Contracting for Property Rights , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lindblom , C. E. 2001 . The Market System. What It Is, How It Works and What to Make of It , London : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Madsen, B., Carroll, N. & Moore Brands, K. (2010) State of biodiversity markets report: Offsets and compensation programs worldwide. Ecosystem Marketplace. Available at http://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/documents/acrobat/sbdmr.pdf (accessed 26 July 2012).
   Google Scholar
• Malone , T. W. , Yates , J. and Benjamin , R. I. 1987 . Electronic markets and electronic hierarchies . Communications of the ACM , 30 : 484 – 497 . (doi:10.1145/214762.214766)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maron , M. , Dunn , P. K. , McAlpine , C. A. and Apan , A. 2010 . Can offsets really compensate for habitat removal? The case of the endangered red-tailed black-cockatoo . Journal of Applied Ecology , 47 ( 2 ) : 348 – 355 . doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01787.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maron , M. , Hobbs , R. , Moilanen , A. , Matthews , J. W. , Christie , K. , Gardner , T. , Keith , D. , Lindenmayer , D. B. and McAlpine , C. A. 2012 . Faustian bargains? Restoration realities in the context of biodiversity offset policies . Biological Conservation , 155 : 141 – 148 . (doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2012.06.003)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews , J. W. and Endress , A. G. 2008 . Performance criteria, compliance success, and vegetation development in compensatory mitigation wetlands . Environmental Management , 41 ( 1 ) : 130 – 141 . doi: 10.1007/s00267-007-9002-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann , L. and Easter , K. W. 2000 . Estimates of public sector transaction costs in NRCS programs . Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics , 32 ( 3 ) : 555 – 563 .
   Google Scholar
• McCann , L. , Colby , B. , Easter , K. W. , Kasterine , A. and Kuperan , K. V. 2005 . Transaction cost measurement for evaluating environmental policies . Ecological Economics , 52 ( 4 ) : 527 – 542 . doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenney , B. A. and Kiesecker , J. M. 2010 . Policy development for biodiversity offsets: A review of offset frameworks . Environmental Management , 45 ( 1 ) : 165 – 176 . (doi:10.1007/s00267-009-9396-3)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mettepenningen , E. , Verspecht , A. and Van Huylenbroeck , G. 2009 . Measuring private transaction costs of European agri-environmental schemes . Journal of Environmental Planning and Management , 52 ( 5 ) : 649 – 667 . (doi:10.1080/09640560902958206)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micelli , E. 2002 . Development rights markets to manage urban plans in Italy . Urban Studies , 39 ( 1 ) : 141 – 154 . doi: 10.1080/00420980220099122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles , M. and Huberman , A. 1994 . Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook , 2 , California : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Moilanen , A. , van Teeffelen , A. J. A. , Ben-Haim , Y. and Ferrier , S. 2009 . How much compensation is enough? A framework for incorporating uncertainty and time discounting when calculating offset ratios for impacted habitat . Restoration Ecology , 17 ( 4 ) : 470 – 478 . doi: 10.1111/j.1526-100X.2008.00382.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , L. A. 2007 . Population ecology of the southern cassowary Casuarius casuarius johnsonii, Mission Beach North Queensland . Journal of Ornithology , 148 ( 3 ) : 357 – 366 . doi: 10.1007/s10336-007-0137-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North , D. 1990 . Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Norton , D. A. 2009 . Biodiversity offsets: Two New Zealand case studies and an assessment framework . Environmental Management , 43 ( 4 ) : 698 – 706 . doi: 10.1007/s00267-008-9192-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrom , E. and Ostrom , V. 1999 . “ Public good and public choices ” . In Polycentricity and Local Public Economics: Readings From the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis , Edited by: McGinnis , M. 79 – 103 . Michigan : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Queensland Government (1999) Vegetation Managment Act. Available at http://www.legislation.qld.gov.au/legisltn/current/v/vegetmana99.pdf (accessed 10 June 2009).
   Google Scholar
• Queensland Government (2008) Queensland Government Environmental Offsets Policy: Queensland Government. Available at http://www.ehp.qld.gov.au/register/p02501aa.pdf (accessed 10 June 2009).
   Google Scholar
• Queensland Government (2009a) Landholders guide to vegetation clearing applications: Queensland Government Department of Environment and Resource Management (DERM). Available at http://www.nrm.qld.gov.au/vegetation/clearing/pdf/veg_clearing_guide.pdf (accessed 15 March 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Queensland Government (2009b) Policy for vegetation management offsets: Department Environment Resource Management (DERM). Available at http://www.derm.qld.gov.au/about/policy/documents/3450/veg_2006_2888.pdf (accessed 20 January 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Race , M. S. and Fonseca , M. S. 1996 . Fixing compensatory mitigation: What will it take? . Ecological Applications , 6 ( 1 ) : 94 – 101 . doi: 10.2307/2269556
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renard , V. 2007 . Property rights and the transfer of development rights . Town Planning Review , 78 ( 1 ) : 41 – 60 . (doi:10.3828/tpr.78.1.4)
   Google Scholar
• Rorstad , P. K. , Vatn , A. and Kvakkestad , V. 2007 . Why do transaction costs of agricultural policies vary? . Agricultural Economics , 36 ( 1 ) : 1 – 11 . (doi:10.1111/j.1574-0862.2007.00172.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salzman , J. and Ruhl , J. B. 2000 . Currencies and the commodification of environmental law . Stanford Law Review , 53 ( 3 ) : 607 – 694 . doi: 10.2307/1229470
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlager , E. and Ostrom , E. 1992 . Property-rights regimes and natural-resources—a conceptual analysis . Land Economics , 68 ( 3 ) : 249 – 262 . (doi:10.2307/3146375)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shabman, L. & Scodari, P. (2004) Past, Present and Future of Wetland Credits Sales, Discussion Paper 04–48. (Washington: Resources for the Future).
   Google Scholar
• ten Kate, K., Bishop, J. & Bayon, R. (2004) Biodiversity Offsets: Views, Experiences and the Business Case (Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, United Kingdom and London: Insight Investment).
   Google Scholar
• Vatn, A., Kvakkestad, V. & Rorstad, P. (2002) Policies for Multifunctional Agriculture, the Trade Off Between Transaction Costs and Precision (Ås, Norway: Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway).
   Google Scholar
• Williams , P. 2007 . “ Planning and the legislative framework ” . In Planning in Australia: An Overview of Urban and Regional Planning , Edited by: Thompson , E. 91 – 110 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Yin , R. 2009 . Case Study Research: Design and Methods , 4 , California : Thousand Oaks .
   Google Scholar