Local governments in the driving seat? A comparative analysis of public and private responsibilities for adaptation to climate change in European and North-American cities

References

• Aakre, S., & Rübbelke, D. T. G. (2010). Objectives of public economic policy and the adaptation to climate change. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 53(6), 767–791. doi: 10.1080/09640568.2010.488116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adam, S., & Kriesi, H. (2007). The network approach. In P. A. Sabatier & C. Weible (Eds.), Theories of the policy process (pp. 189–220). Boulder: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Adger, W. N., Brown, K., Fairbrass, J., Jordan, A., Paavola, J., Rosendo, S., & Seyfang, G. (2003). Governance for sustainability: Towards a ‘thick’ understanding of environmental decision-making. Environment and Planning A, 35, 1095–1110. doi: 10.1068/a35289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adger, W. N., Dessai, S., Goulden, M., Hulme, M., Lorenzoni, I., Nelson, D. R., … Wreford, A. (2009). Are there social limits to adaptation to climate change? Climatic Change, 93, 335–354. doi: 10.1007/s10584-008-9520-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawala, S., & Fankhauser, S. (2008). Economic aspects of adaptation to climate change: Costs, benefits, and policy instruments. Executive summary. Paris: OECD.
   Google Scholar
• Amundsen, H., Berglund, F., & Westskog, H. (2010). Overcoming barriers to climate change adaptation – a question of multilevel governance? Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 28, 276–289. doi: 10.1068/c0941
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arts, B. (2014). Assessing forest governance from a ‘Triple G’ perspective: Government, governance, governmentality. Forest Policy and Economics, 49, 17–22. doi: 10.1016/j.forpol.2014.05.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekkers, V., & Edwards, A. (2007). Legitimacy and democracy: A conceptual framework for assessing governance practices. In V. Bekkers, G. Dijkstra, A. Edwards, & M. Fenger (Eds.), Governance and the Democratic Deficit. Assessing the democratic legitimacy of governance practices (pp. 35–60). Hampshire: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Berkhout, F. (2005). Rationales for adaptation in EU climate change policies. Climate Policy, 5(3), 377–391. doi: 10.1080/14693062.2005.9685564
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berrang-Ford, L., Ford, J. D., & Paterson, J. (2011). Are we adapting to climate change? Global Environmental Change, 21(1), 25–33. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodin, O., & Crona, B. I. (2009). The role of social networks in natural resource governance: What relational patterns make a difference? Global Environmental Change, 19, 366–374. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogason, P., & Musso, J. A. (2006). The democratic prospects of network governance. The American Review of Public Administration, 36, 3–18. doi: 10.1177/0275074005282581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulkeley, H. (2013). Cities and climate change. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bulkeley, H., Andonova, L., Backstrand, K., Betsill, M., Compagnon, D., Duffy, R., … VanDeveer, S. (2012). Governing climate change transnationally: Assessing the evidence from a database of sixty initiatives. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 30(4), 591–612. doi: 10.1068/c11126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulkeley, H., Carmin, J., Castán Broto, V., & Edwards, G. A. S. (2013). Climate justice and global cities: Mapping the emerging discourses. Global Environmental Change, 23, 914–925. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.05.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulkeley, H., & Schroeder, H. (2012). Beyond state/non-state divides: Global cities and the governing of climate change. European Journal of International Relations, 18(4), 743–766. doi: 10.1177/1354066111413308
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnham, P., Gilland Lutz, K., Grant, W., & Layton-Henry, Z. (2008). Comparative methods. In P. Burnham, K. Gilland Lutz, W. Grant, & Z. Layton-Henry (Eds.), Research methods in politics (pp. 69–95). Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, S. (2003). Case studies in planning: Comparative advantages and the problem of generalization. Urban and Regional Research Collaborative Working Paper Series, URRC 02-07.
   Google Scholar
• Capano, G., Howlett, M., & Ramesh, M. (2015). Bringing governments back in: Governance and governing in comparative policy analysis. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 17(4), 311–321. doi: 10.1080/13876988.2015.1031977
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, J. G. (2011). Climate change adaptation in European cities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainabilitym, 3(3), 193–198. doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2010.12.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CIRCLE. (2013). Circle-2 Adaptation inspiration book. Retrieved form http://www.circle-era.eu/np4/552.html
   Google Scholar
• Crabbé, A., & Leroy, P. (2008). The handbook of environmental policy evaluation. London: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Driessen, P. P. J., Dieperink, C., van Laerhoven, F., Runhaar, H. A. C., & Vermeulen, W. J. V. (2012). Towards a conceptual framework for the study of shifts in environmental governance. Experiences from the Netherlands. Environmental Policy and Governance, 22(3), 143–160. doi: 10.1002/eet.1580
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driessen, P. P. J., & van Rijswick, H. F. M. W. (2011). Normative aspects of climate adaptation policy. Climate Law, 2(4), 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Dryzek, J. S. (2000). Deliberative democracy and beyond. Liberals, critics, contestations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dubbink, W. (2003). Assisting the invisible hand. Contested relations between market, state and civil society. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Eakin, H., & Lemos, M. C. (2006). Adaptation and the state: Latin America and the challenge of capacity-building under globalization. Global Environmental Change, 16, 7–18. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2005.10.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EEA. (2012). Urban adaptation to climate change in Europe. Challenges and opportunities for cities together with supportive national and European policies. European Environment Agency Report No 2/2012.
   Google Scholar
• Fünfgeld, H. (2010). Institutional challenges to climate risk management in cities. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2(3), 156–160. doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2010.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, J., Termeer, K., Klostermann, J., Meijerink, S. M., den Brink, P., Jong, S. N., & Bergsma, E. (2010). The adaptive capacity wheel: A method to assess the inherent characteristics of Institutions to enable the adaptive capacity of society. Environmental Science & Policy, 13, 459–471. doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2010.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey, D. (2005). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heltberg, R., Siegel, P. B. & Jorgensen, S. L. (2009). Addressing human vulnerability to climate change: Toward a ‘no-regrets’ approach. Global Environmental Change, 19, 89–99. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.11.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess, J. J., Malilay, J. N., & Parkinson, A. J. (2008). Climate change: The importance of place. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(5), 468–478. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.08.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howlett, M. (2009). Process sequencing policy dynamics: Beyond homeostasis and path dependency. Journal of Public Policy, 29(3), 241–262. doi: 10.1017/S0143814X09990158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, A., & Watkiss, P. (2011). Climate change impacts and adaptation in cities: A review of the literature. Climatic Change, 104(1), 13–49. doi: 10.1007/s10584-010-9975-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hysing, E. (2009). From government to governance? A comparison of environmental governing in Swedish forestry and transport. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 22, 647–672. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0491.2009.01457.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IPCC. (2013). IPCC WGII AR5 Chapter 8. Urban Areas. Final Draft. Retrieved from http://ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/images/uploads/WGIIAR5-Chap8_FGDall.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, A., & Huitema, D. (2014). Innovations in climate policy: The politics of invention, diffusion, and evaluation. Environmental Politics, 23(5), 715–734. doi: 10.1080/09644016.2014.923614
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jordan, A., Wurzel, R. K., & Zito, A. (2005). The rise of ‘new’ policy instruments in comparative perspective: Has governance eclipsed government? Political studies, 53(3), 477–496. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00540.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juhola, S., & Westerhoff, L. (2011). Challenges of adaptation to climate change across multiple scales: A case study of network governance in two European countries. Environmental Science & Policy, 14, 239–247. doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2010.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjær, A. M. (2004). Governance in public administration and public policy: Steering inter-organizational networks. In A. M. Kjær (Ed.), Governance (pp. 19–58). Cambridge: Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Knill, C. (1998). European policies: The impact of national administrative traditions. Journal of Public Policy, 18(1), 1–28. doi: 10.1017/S0143814X98000014
   Google Scholar
• Kooiman, J. (2002). Governance. A social-political perspective. In J. R. Grote & B. Gbikpi (Eds.), Participatory governance (pp. 71–96). Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften.
   Google Scholar
• Lemos, M. C., & Agrawal, A. (2006). Environmental governance. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 31, 297–325. doi: 10.1146/annurev.energy.31.042605.135621
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberherr, E., & Truffer, B. (2015). The impact of privatization on sustainability transitions: A comparative analysis of dynamic capabilities in three water utilities. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 15, 101–122. doi: 10.1016/j.eist.2013.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzoni, I., Jones, M., & Turnpenny, J. R. (2007). Climate change, human genetics, and post-normality in the UK. Future, 39, 65–82. doi: 10.1016/j.futures.2006.03.005
   Google Scholar
• Lundqvist, L. J., & Von Borgstede, C. (2008). Whose responsibility? Swedish local decision makers and the scale of climate change abatement. Urban Affairs Review, 43(3), 299–324. doi: 10.1177/1078087407304689
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino, E., & Ribot, J. (2012). Special issue introduction: Adding insult to injury: Climate change and the inequities of climate intervention. Global Environmental Change, 22(2), 323–328. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meadowcroft, J. (2007). Who is in charge here? Governance for sustainable development in a complex world. Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning, 9(3–4), 299–314. doi: 10.1080/15239080701631544
   Google Scholar
• Measham, T. G., Preston, B. L., Smith, T. F., Brooke, C., Gorddard, R., Withycombe, G., & Morrison, C. (2011). Adapting to climate change through local municipal planning: Barriers and challenges. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 16(8), 889–909. doi: 10.1007/s11027-011-9301-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mees, H. L. P., & Driessen, P. P. J. (2011). Adaptation to climate change in urban areas: Climate-greening London, Rotterdam, and Toronto. Climate Law, 2(2), 251–280.
   Google Scholar
• Mees, H. L. P., Driessen, P. P. J., & Runhaar, H. A. C. (2012). Exploring the scope of public and private responsibilities for climate adaptation. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 14(3), 305–330. doi: 10.1080/1523908X.2012.707407
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelsohn, R. (2006). The role of markets and governments in helping society adapt to a changing climate. Climatic Change, 78, 203–215. doi: 10.1007/s10584-006-9088-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, D. (2007). National responsibility and global justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mostert, E. (2015). Who should do what in environmental management? Twelve principles for allocating responsibilities. Environmental Science & Policy, 45, 123–131. doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2014.10.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nalau, J., Preston, B. L., & Maloney, M. C. (2015). Is adaptation a local responsibility? Environmental Science & Policy, 48, 89–98. doi: 10.1016/j.envsci.2014.12.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niu, H., Clark, C., Zhou, J., & Adriaens, P. (2010). Scaling of economic benefits from green roof implementation in Washington, DC. Environmental Science & Technology, 44(11), 4302–4308. doi: 10.1021/es902456x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osberghaus, D., Dannenberg, A., & Mennel, T. (2010). The role of the government in adaptation to climate change. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 28, 834–850. doi: 10.1068/c09179j
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paavola, J. (2008). Science and social justice in the governance of adaptation to climate change. Environmental Politics, 17(4), 644–659. doi: 10.1080/09644010802193609
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pahl-Wostl, C. (2009). A conceptual framework for analysing adaptive capacity and multi-level learning processes in resource governance regimes. Global Environmental Change, 19, 354–365. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickvance, C. G. (2001). Four varieties of comparative analysis. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 16, 7–28. doi: 10.1023/A:1011533211521
   Google Scholar
• Pierson, P. (2000). Increasing returns, path dependence, and the study of politics. American Political Science Review, 94(2), 251–267. doi: 10.2307/2586011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston, B. L., Westaway, R. M., & Yuen, E. J. (2011). Climate adaptation planning in practice: An evaluation of adaptation plans from three developed nations. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 16, 407–438. doi: 10.1007/s11027-010-9270-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, R. A. (2007). Understanding governance: Ten years on. Organization Studies, 28(8), 1243–1264. doi: 10.1177/0170840607076586
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, G. (2003). Deliberative democracy and green political theory. In G. Smith (Ed.), Deliberative democracy and the environment (pp. 53–76). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Stern, N. (2007). The economics of climate change. The stern review. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stoker, G. (1998). Governance as theory: Five propositions. International Social Science Journal, 50, 17–28. doi: 10.1111/1468-2451.00106
   Google Scholar
• Storbjörk, S. (2007). Governing climate adaptation in the local arena: Challenges of risk management and planning in Sweden. Local Environment, 12(5), 457–469. doi: 10.1080/13549830701656960
   Google Scholar
• Tennekes, J., Driessen, P. P. J., van Rijswick, H. F. M. W., & van Bree, L. (2014). Out of the comfort zone: Institutional context and the scope for legitimate climate adaptation policy. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 16(2), 241–259. doi: 10.1080/1523908X.2013.836961
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Termeer, C., Dewulf, A., & Breeman, G. (2013). Governance of wicked climate adaptation problems. In J. Knieling & W. Leal Filho (Eds.), Climate change governance (pp. 27–39). Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, G., Frances, J., Levacic, R., & Mitchell, J. (1991). Markets, hierarchies and networks: The co-ordination of social life. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Uittenbroek, C. J., Janssen-Jansen, L. B., Spit, T. J., Salet, W. G., & Runhaar, H .A. C. (2014). Political commitment in organising municipal responses to climate adaptation: The dedicated approach versus the mainstreaming approach. Environmental Politics, 23(6), 1043–1063. doi: 10.1080/09644016.2014.920563
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urwin, K., & Jordan, A. (2008). Does public policy support or undermine climate change adaptation? Exploring policy interplay across different scales of governance. Global Environmental Change, 18, 180–191. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.08.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Kersbergen, K., & Waarden, B. F. (2004). ‘Governance’ as a bridge between disciplines: Cross-disciplinary inspiration regarding shifts in governance and problems of governability, accountability and legitimacy. European Journal of Political Research, 43, 143–171. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2004.00149.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vink, M. J., Benson, D., Boezeman, D., Cook, H. E., Dewulf, A. R. P. J., & Termeer, C. J. A. M. (2015). Do state traditions matter? Comparing deliberative governance initiatives for climate change adaptation in Dutch corporatism and British pluralism. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 6(1), 71–88. doi: 10.2166/wcc.2014.119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogel, B., & Henstra, D. (2015). Studying local climate adaptation: A heuristic research framework for comparative policy analysis. Global Environmental Change, 31, 110–120. doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wamsler, C., & Brink, E. (2014). Interfacing citizens’ and institutions’ practice and responsibilities for climate change adaptation. Urban Climate, 7, 64–91. doi: 10.1016/j.uclim.2013.10.009
   Google Scholar
• Wardekker, J. A., De Jong, A., Van Bree, L., Turkenburg, W., & Van der Sluijs, J. P. (2012). Health risks of climate change: An assessment of uncertainties and its implications for adaptation policies. Environmental Health, 11(67), 1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, M. (2013). Noise policy: Sound policy? A meta level analysis and evaluation of noise policy in the Netherlands. Dissertation. ISBN 978-90-6266-344-6.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, K., Gupta, R., Hopkins, D., Gregg, M., Payne, C., Joynt, J., … Bates-Brkljac, N. (2013). Retrofitting England’s suburbs to adapt to climate change. Building Research & Information, 41(5), 517–531. doi: 10.1080/09613218.2013.808893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar