Designing policy mixes for emerging wicked problems. The case of pharmaceutical residues in freshwaters

References

• Arctic Council. 2016). Arctic Resilience Report. M. Carson and G. Peterson (eds). Stockholm Environment Institute and Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm. http://www.arctic-council.org/arr.
   Google Scholar
• Behr, H. (2019). Towards a political concept of reversibility in international relations: Bridging political philosophy and policy studies. European Journal of International Relations, 25(4), 1212–1235.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bixler, R. P., Dell'angelo, J., Mfune, O., & Roba, H. (2015). The political ecology of participatory conservation: institutions and discourse. Journal of Political Ecology, 22(1), 164–182.
   Google Scholar
• Blais, A., & Bodet, M. A. (2006). Does proportional representation foster closer congruence between citizens and policy makers? Comparative Political Studies, 39(10), 1243–1262. doi:10.1177/0010414005284374
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BMUB/UBA (eds.). (2017). Policy-Paper Empfehlungen des Stakeholder-Dialogs »Spuren-stoffstrategie des Bundes« an die Politik zur Reduktion von Spurenstoffeinträgen in die Gewässer. Eds.: Hillenbrand, T.; Tettenborn, F.; Bloser, M.; Bonn: Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit/Dessau: Umweltbundesamt.
   Google Scholar
• BMU/UBA (eds.). (2019). Ergebnispapier - Ergebnisse der Phase 2 des StakeholderDialogs »Spurenstoffstrategie des Bundes« zur Umsetzung von Maßnahmen für die Reduktion von Spurenstoffeinträgen in die Gewässer. Eds.: Hillenbrand, T.; Tettenborn, F.; Bloser, M.; Bonn: Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit/Dessau: Umweltbundesamt.
   Google Scholar
• Capano, G., & Howlett, M. (2020). The knowns and unknowns of policy instrument analysis: Policy tools and the current research agenda on policy mixes. Sage Open, 10(1), 2158244019900568. doi:10.1177/2158244019900568
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capano, G., & Woo, J. J. (2017). Resilience and robustness in policy design: A critical appraisal. Policy Sciences, 50(3), 399–426. doi:10.1007/s11077-016-9273-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke, B., & Kothari, U. (eds.). (2001). Participation: The new tyranny? Zed books.
   Google Scholar
• de Boon, A., Sandström, C., Arbieu, U., Hansen, I., Lehnen, L., Marino, A., Pohja-Mykrä, M., Risvoll, C., Strand, G.-H., & Rønningen, K. (2020). Governing dual objectives within single policy mixes: An empirical analysis of large carnivore policies in six European countries. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 23(4), 399–413. doi:10.1080/1523908X.2020.1841614
   Google Scholar
• Dewulf, A., & Biesbroek, R. (2018). Nine lives of uncertainty in decision-making: Strategies for dealing with uncertainty in environmental governance. Policy and Society, 37(4), 441–458. doi:10.1080/14494035.2018.1504484
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dryzek, J. S. (1983). Don't toss coins in garbage cans: A prologue to policy design. Journal of Public Policy, 3(4), 345–367. doi:10.1017/S0143814X00007510
   Google Scholar
• Duckett, D., Feliciano, D., Martin-Ortega, J., & Munoz-Rojas, J. (2016). Tackling wicked environmental problems: The discourse and its influence on praxis in Scotland. Landscape and Urban Planning, 154, 44–56. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.03.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EC. (2019). Options for a strategic approach to pharmaceuticals in the environment Final Report. Retrieved October 7, 2020, from https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/5371e7bd-25db-11e9-8d04-01aa75ed71a1/language-en
   Google Scholar
• Head, B. W. (2008). Wicked problems in public policy. Public Policy, 3(2), 101–118.
   Google Scholar
• Head, B. W. (2019). Forty years of wicked problems literature: Forging closer links to policy studies. Policy and Society, 38(2), 180–197. doi:10.1080/14494035.2018.1488797
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Head, B. W., & Alford, J. (2015). Wicked problems: Implications for public policy and management. Administration & Society, 47(6), 711–739. doi:10.1177/0095399713481601
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howlett, M. (2000). Managing the “hollow state”: procedural policy instruments and modern governance. Canadian Public Administration, 43(4), 412–431. doi:10.1111/j.1754-7121.2000.tb01152.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howlett, M., & Rayner, J. (2007). Design principles for policy mixes: Cohesion and coherence in ‘new governance arrangements’. Policy and Society, 26(4), 1–18. doi:10.1016/S1449-4035(07)70118-2
   Google Scholar
• Howlett, M., & Rayner, J. (2013). Patching vs packaging in policy formulation: Assessing policy portfolio design. Politics and Governance, 1(2), 170–182. doi:10.17645/pag.v1i2.95
   Google Scholar
• Jones, T. (2002). Policy coherence, global environmental governance, and poverty reduction. International Environmental Agreements, 2(4), 389–401. doi:10.1023/A:1021319804455
   Google Scholar
• Kerber, H., Schmitt, B., & Schramm, E. (2015). Arzneimittel im Abwasser als „geteiltes Risiko“: Beobachtungen aus dem Stakeholder-Dialog des Projekts Sauber+. In: Pinnekamp, J., Palmowski, L., Kümmerer, E., Schramm E (Eds.): Abwasser aus Einrichtungen des Gesundheitswesens – Charakterisierung, Technologien, Kommunikation und Konzept. Ges. z. Förderung d. Siedlungswasserwirtschaft an der RWTH Aachen e. V., Vol. 238, 101-115.
   Google Scholar
• Kirschke, S., Borchardt, D., & Newig, J. (2017). Mapping complexity in environmental governance: A comparative analysis of 37 priority issues in German water management. Environmental Policy and Governance, 27(6), 534–559. doi:10.1002/eet.1778
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschke, S., Franke, C., Newig, J., & Borchardt, D. (2019a). Clusters of water governance problems and their effects on policy delivery. Policy and Society, 38(2), 255–277. doi:10.1080/14494035.2019.1586081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschke, S., Häger, A., Kirschke, D., & Völker, J. (2019b). Agricultural nitrogen pollution of freshwater in Germany. The governance of sustaining a complex problem. Water, 11(2450), 1–19. doi:10.3390/w11122450
   Google Scholar
• Klauer, B., Aicher, C., Bratan, T., Eberle, U., Hillenbrand, T., Kümmerer, K., Reuter, W., Schiller, J., Schulte-Römer, N., Schramm, E., Tettenborn, F., Völker, C., Walz, A. (2019). Arzneimittelrückstände in Trinkwasser und Gewässern. TAB-Arbeitsbericht Nr. 183.
   Google Scholar
• Kosow, H., Weimer-Jehle, W., Leon, C., & Minn, F. (forthcoming). Designing synergetic and sustainable policy mixes - a methodology to address conflictive environmental issues.
   Google Scholar
• Lenschow, A., Bocquillon, P., & Carafa, L. (2018). Understanding coherence between policy spheres. Environmental Policy and Governance, 28(5), 323–328. doi:10.1002/eet.1818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littmann, J., Viens, A. M., & Silva, D. S. (2020). The super-wicked problem of antimicrobial resistance. In Jamrozik, E., Selgelid, M. (eds.) Ethics and drug resistance: Collective responsibility for global public health. Springer, p. 421–443.
   Google Scholar
• Magro, E., & Wilson, J. R. (2013). Complex innovation policy systems: Towards an evaluation mix. Research Policy, 42(9), 1647–1656. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2013.06.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, P. J., Sapotichne, J., & Workman, S. (2006). Policy coherence and policy domains. Policy Studies Journal, 34(3), 381–403. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2006.00178.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metz, F., & Ingold, K. (2014). Sustainable wastewater management: Is it possible to regulate micropollution in the future by learning from the past? A Policy Analysis. Sustainability, 6(4), 1992–2012.
   Google Scholar
• Munaretto, S., Siciliano, G., & Turvani, M. E. (2014). Integrating adaptive governance and participatory multicriteria methods: A framework for climate adaptation governance. Ecology and Society, 19(2), 74. doi:10.5751/ES-06381-190274
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neville, K. J., & Weinthal, E. (2016). Mitigating mistrust? Participation and expertise in hydraulic fracturing governance. Review of Policy Research, 33(6), 578–602. doi:10.1111/ropr.12201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson, M., Zamparutti, T., Petersen, J. E., Nykvist, B., Rudberg, P., & McGuinn, J. (2012). Understanding policy coherence: Analytical framework and examples of sector–environment policy interactions in the EU. Environmental Policy and Governance, 22(6), 395–423. doi:10.1002/eet.1589
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OECD. (2019). Pharmaceutical Residues in Freshwater Hazards and Policy Responses. Policy Highlights. Retrieved October 7, 2020, from http://www.oecd.org/environment/resources/pharmaceutical-residues-in-freshwater-policy-highlights.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Palumbi, S. R., McLeod, K. L., & Grünbaum, D. (2008). Ecosystems in action: Lessons from marine ecology about recovery, resistance, and reversibility. BioScience, 58(1), 33–42. doi:10.1641/B580108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, A. B., Nielsen, HØ, & Daugbjerg, C. (2020). Environmental policy mixes and target group heterogeneity: Analysing Danish farmers’ responses to the pesticide taxes. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 22, (5), 1–12. doi:10.1080/1523908X.2020.1806047.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, G. B. (2005). The problem of policy problems. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 7(4), 349–370. doi:10.1080/13876980500319204.
   Google Scholar
• Peters, B. G., & Pierre, J. (2015). Governance and policy problems: Instruments as unitary and mixed modes of policy intervention. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Administration, 37(4), 224–235. doi:10.1080/23276665.2015.1117179
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen, T., Klauer, B., & Manstetten, R. (2009). The environment as a challenge for governmental responsibility—The case of the European water framework directive. Ecological Economics, 68(7), 2058–2065. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.01.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renn, O. (2006). Participatory processes for designing environmental policies. Land use Policy, 23(1), 34–43. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2004.08.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimmert, M., Baudoin, L., Cotta, B., Kochskämper, E., & Newig, J. (2020). Participation in river basin planning under the Water Framework directive–has it benefitted good water status? Water Alternatives, 13(3), 484–512.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittel, H. W., & Webber, M. M. (1973). Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences, 4(2), 155–169. doi:10.1007/BF01405730
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogge, K. S., Kern, F., & Howlett, M. (2017). Conceptual and empirical advances in analysing policy mixes for energy transitions. Energy Research & Social Science, 33, 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.erss.2017.09.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogge, K. S., & Reichardt, K. (2016). Policy mixes for sustainability transitions: An extended concept and framework for analysis. Research Policy, 45(8), 1620–1635. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2016.04.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, T. S., & Sewerin, S. (2019). Measuring the temporal dynamics of policy mixes – An empirical analysis of renewable energy policy mixes’ balance and design features in nine countries. Research Policy, 48(10), 103557, 1-13. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2018.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Termeer, C. J., & Dewulf, A. (2019). A small wins framework to overcome the evaluation paradox of governing wicked problems. Policy and Society, 38(2), 298–314. doi:10.1080/14494035.2018.1497933
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosun, J., Schaub, S., & Fleig, A. (2020). What determines regulatory preferences? Insights from micropollutants in surface waters. Environmental Science & Policy, 106, 136–144. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2020.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNESCO and HELCOM. (2017). Pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment of the Baltic Sea region – A status report. UNESCO Emerging Pollutants in Water Series – No. 1, UNESCO Publishing, Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Vedung, E. (2017). Public policy and program evaluation. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Verbruggen, A. (2013). Revocability and reversibility in societal decision-making. Ecological Economics, 85, 20–27. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.10.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar