Implementing the green infrastructure concept in practice: an example of the EU-strategy for Alpine Region

References

• AC. (1991). CONVENTION on the protection of the Alps (Alpine Convention). Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/convention/1996/191/oj (Accessed September 2020).
   Google Scholar
• Ahern, J. (2007). Green infrastructure for cities: The spatial dimension. In V. Novotny, & P. Brown (Eds.), Cities of the future towards integrated sustainable water and landscape management (pp. 267–283). IWA Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Amati, M., & Taylor, L. (2010). From green belts to green infrastructure. Planning Practice & Research, 25(2), 143–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697451003740122
   Google Scholar
• Balsiger, J. (2016). The European Union strategy for the Alpine Region. In S. Gänzle, & K. Kern (Eds.), A ‘macro-regional’ Europe in the making (pp. 189–213). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Belloni, R. (2020). Assessing the rise of macro-regionalism in Europe: the EU Strategy for the Adriatic and Ionian Region (EUSAIR). Journal of International Relations and Development, 23(4), 814–839. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-019-00170-y
   Google Scholar
• Benedict, M., & McMahon, E. (2002). Green infrastructure: Smart conservation for the 21st century. Renewable Resources Journal, 20(3), 12–17.
   Google Scholar
• Bianchi, D. G. (2016). La governance multilivello delle strategie macro-regionali dell’ue: note critiche. Scienze regionali, 15(1), 5–27. https://doi.org/10.3280/SCRE2016-001001
   Google Scholar
• Boehme, K., Zillmer, S., Toptsidou, M., & Holstein, F. (2015). Territorial governance and cohesion policy. Study for directorate-general for internal policies. Brussels, Spatial Foresight, 48.
   Google Scholar
• Bramanti, A., & Rosso, P. (2007). Co-operation for cross-border competition. Euregio, Facts and Ideas of Cooperation between Adriatic and Danube, 2, 26–42.
   Google Scholar
• Connop, S., Vandergert, P., Eisenberg, B., Collier, M. J., Nash, C., Clough, J., & Newport, D. (2016). Renaturing cities using a regionally-focused biodiversity-led multifunctional benefits approach to urban green infrastructure. Environmental Science & Policy, 62, 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.01.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotella, G. (2020). How Europe hits home? The impact of European Union policies on territorial governance and spatial planning. Géocarrefour, 94(94/3).
   Google Scholar
• Crowe, S. (1969). Landscape planning: A policy for an overcrowded world. IUCN. https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/6264.
   Google Scholar
• Del Biaggio, C. (2015). Investigating regional identities within the pan-Alpine governance system: The presence or absence of identification with a “community of problems” among local political actors. Environmental Science & Policy, 49, 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.08.008
   Google Scholar
• Dramstad, W. E., Olson, J. D., & Forman, R. T. T. (1996). Landscape ecology principles in landscape architecture and land-use planning. Washington, Island press.
   Google Scholar
• ESPON. (2018). GRETA – “Green infrastructure: Enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services for territorial development”. Alpine Macroregion. Version 15/11/2018. ESPON.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2011). Our life insurance, our natural capital: an EU biodiversity strategy to 2020 (COM/2011/0244 final). Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52011DC0244&from=EN (Accessed September 2019).
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2013). Green Infrastructure (GI) — Enhancing Europe’s Natural Capital. Brussels. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52013DC0249 (Accessed May 2019).
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2017). What is an EU macro-regional strategy? Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/cooperate/macro_region_strategy/pdf/mrs_factsheet_en.pdf (Accessed March 2022).
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2020). EU biodiversity strategy for 2030. Bringing nature back into our lives. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1590574123338&uri=CELEX:52020DC0380 (Accessed September 2020).
   Google Scholar
• EUSALP. (2017). Alpine green infrastructure – Joining forces for nature, people and the economy. Joint Declaration of Alpine States and Regions.
   Google Scholar
• Fabos, J. G. (2004). Greenway planning in the United States: its origins and recent case studies. Landscape and Urban Planning, 68(2-3), 321–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faludi, A. (2012). Multi-level (territorial) governance: Three criticisms. Planning Theory & Practice, 13(2), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2012.677578
   Google Scholar
• Gänzle, S. (2017). Macro-regional strategies of the European Union (EU) and experimentalist design of multi-level governance: the case of the EU strategy for the Danube region. Regional & Federal Studies, 27(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2016.1270271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerlak, A. K., Elder, A., Pavao-Zuckerman, M., Zuniga-Teran, A., & Sanderford, A. R. (2021). Environmental justice implications of siting criteria in urban green infrastructure planning. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 665–682. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908x.2021.1945916
   Google Scholar
• Ghermandi, A., Ding, H., & Nunes, P. A. (2013). The social dimension of biodiversity policy in the European Union: Valuing the benefits to vulnerable communities. Environmental Science & Policy, 33, 196–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2013.06.004
   Google Scholar
• Gløersen, E., Balsiger, J., Cugusi, B., & Debarbieux, B. (2019). The role of environmental issues in the adoption processes of European Union macro-regional strategies. Environmental Science & Policy, 97, 58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2019.04.002
   Google Scholar
• Gløersen, E., Corbineau, C., & Cugusi, B. (2016). Expected benefits of transnational cooperation in macroregions in the environmental field. Archive ouverte UNIGE.
   Google Scholar
• Gobster, P. H. (1995). Perception and use of a metropolitan greenway system for recreation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 33(1-3), 401–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-2046(94)02031-A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabowski, Z. J., McPhearson, T., Matsler, A. M., Groffman, P., & Pickett, S. T. (2022). What is green infrastructure? A study of definitions in US city planning. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 20(3), 152–160. https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2445
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, R., van Lierop, M., Rolf, W., et al. (2021). Using green infrastructure to stimulate discourse with and for planning practice: experiences with fuzzy concepts from a pan-European, a national and a local perspective. Socio-Ecological Practice Research, 3(3), 257–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42532-021-00087-2
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, S. J., & Dockerill, B. (2023). A park for the people: examining the creation and refurbishment of a public park. Landscape Research, 488–501. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2020.1832452
   Google Scholar
• Hoover, F. A., Meerow, S., Grabowski, Z. J., & McPhearson, T. (2021). Environmental justice implications of siting criteria in urban green infrastructure planning. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 665–682. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908x.2021.1945916
   Google Scholar
• Jerome, G. (2017). Defining community-scale green infrastructure. Landscape Research, 42(2), 223–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2016.1229463
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennon, M. (2015). Green infrastructure and planning policy: A critical assessment. Local Environment, 20(8), 957–980. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2014.880411
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennon, M., Scott, M., Collier, M., & Foley, K. (2017). The emergence of green infrastructure as promoting the centralisation of a landscape perspective in spatial planning—The case of Ireland. Landscape Research, 42(2), 146–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2016.1229460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidström, A. (2007). Territorial governance in transition. Regional & Federal Studies, 17(4), 499–508. https://doi.org/10.1080/13597560701691896
   Google Scholar
• Liquete, C., Kleeschulte, S., Dige, G., Maes, J., Grizzetti, B., Olah, B., & Zulian, G. (2015). Mapping green infrastructure based on ecosystem services and ecological networks: A Pan-European case study. Environmental Science & Policy, 54, 268–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2015.07.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LLausàs, A., & Roe, M. (2012). Green infrastructure planning: Cross-national analysis between the North East of England (UK) and Catalonia (Spain). European Planning Studies, 20(4), 641–663. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2012.665032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, G. (1993). Structural policy and multilevel governance in the EC. The State of the European Community, 2, 391–410.
   Google Scholar
• Marot, N., Penko Seidl, N., Kostanjšek, B., & Harfst, J. (2019 – unpublished). Study on the green infrastructure and ecological connectivity governance in the EUSALP area. Biotechnical Faculty.
   Google Scholar
• MEA (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment). (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: Current state and trends, Vol. 1. Island Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mell, I. (2016). Global green infrastructure: Lessons for successful policy-making, investment and management. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mell, I. (2021). ‘But who’s going to pay for it?’ Contemporary approaches to green infrastructure financing, development and governance in London, UK. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 628–645. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908x.2021.1931064
   Google Scholar
• Mertens, E., Stiles, R., & Karadeniz, N. (2022). Green may be nice, but infrastructure is necessary. Land, 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11010089
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer, C. (2020). Reinforcing comparative monitoring of Smart Specialisation performance across European regions: Transnational RIS3 observatory model as a tool for Smart Specialisation governance. Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, 8(2), 1386.
   Google Scholar
• Monteiro, R., Ferreira, J. C., & Antunes, P. (2022). Green infrastructure planning principles: Identification of priorities using analytic hierarchy process. Sustainability, 14), https://doi.org/10.3390/su14095170
   Google Scholar
• OECD. (2001). OECD Territorial Outlook (2001 Edition).
   Google Scholar
• Permanent Secretariat of the Alpine Convention. (2017). Greening the economy in the alpine region: Report on the state of the Alps. Permanent Secretariat of the Alpine Convention.
   Google Scholar
• Perrin, M., Bertrand, N., & Vanpeene, S. (2022). Ecological connectivity in spatial planning: From the EU framework to its territorial implementation in the French context. Environmental Science & Policy, 129, 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.12.011
   Google Scholar
• Plangger, M. (2019). Exploring the role of territorial actors in cross-border regions. Territory, Politics, Governance, 7(2), 156–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622671.2017.1336938
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roggeri, A. (2015). Could macro-regional strategies be more successful? European Structural & Investment Funds Journal, 3(3), 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Rouse, D. C., & Bunster-Ossa, F. (2013). Green infrastructure: A landscape approach. Chicago, American Planning Association.
   Google Scholar
• Schubert, P., Nils, G. A., Ekelund, N. G. A., Beery, T. H., Wamsler, C., Jönsson, K. I., Roth, A., Stålhammar, S., Bramryd, T., Johansson, M., & Palo, T. (2018). Implementation of the ecosystem services approach in Swedish municipal planning. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 20(3), 298–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2017.1396206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sielker, F. (2016). New approaches in European governance? Perspectives of stakeholders in the Danube macro-region. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 3(1), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2015.1116957
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solly, A., & Berisha, E. (2021). Towards the territorialisation of EU Cohesion Policy? The case of EUSAIR. In Governing territorial development in the Western Balkans: Challenges and prospects of regional cooperation (pp. 333–355). Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Staccione, A., Candiago, S., & Mysiak, J. (2022). Mapping a green infrastructure network: A framework for spatial connectivity applied in Northern Italy. Environmental Science & Policy, 131, 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.01.017
   Google Scholar
• Stead, D. (2014). The rise of territorial governance in European policy. European Planning Studies, 22(7), 1368–1383. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.786684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stead, D., Sielker, F., & Chilla, T. (2016). Macro-regional strategies: Agents of Europeanization and rescaling? In S. Gänzle, & K. Kern (Eds.), A ‘macro-regional’ Europe in the making. Palgrave studies in European Union Politics. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Stephenson, P. (2013). Twenty years of multi-level governance: ‘Where does it come from? What is it? Where is it going?’. Journal of European Public Policy, 20(6), 817–837. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2013.781818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocchiero, A. (2015). Macro-regional strategies and the rescaling of the EU external geopolitics. In Neighbourhood policy and the construction of the European external borders (pp. 155–177). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Svadlenak-Gomez, S. F., Gerritsmann, H., Badura, M., & Walzer, C. (2014). The EU biodiversity policy landscape. Existing policies and their perceived relevance and impact in key sectors in the Alpine Region. greenAlps project.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, P. D., Fahrig, L., Henein, K., & Merriam, G. (1993). Connectivity is a vital element of landscape structure. Oikos, 68(3), 571–573. https://doi.org/10.2307/3544927
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teston, F., & Bramanti, A. (2018). EUSALP and the challenge of multi-level governance policies in the Alps. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 10(2), 140–160. https://doi.org/10.1108/WHATT-12-2017-0079
   Google Scholar
• Travaline, K., Montalto, F., & Hunold, C. (2015). Deliberative policy analysis and policy-making in urban stormwater management. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 17(5), 691–708. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2015.1026593
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Well, L. V., & Schmitt, P. (2015). Understanding territorial governance: Conceptual and practical implications. Europa Regional, 21(4), 209–221.
   Google Scholar
• Willems, J. J., Kenyon, A. V., Sharp, L., & Molenveld, A. (2021). How actors are (dis)integrating policy agendas for multi-functional blue and green infrastructure projects on the ground. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 23(1), 84–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2020.1798750
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, H. (2011). Understanding green infrastructure: The development of a contested concept in England. Local Environment, 16(10), 1003–1019. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2011.631993
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zmelik, K., Schindler, S., & Wrbka, T. (2011). The European Green Belt: International collaboration in biodiversity research and nature conservation along the former Iron Curtain. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 24(3), 273–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2011.592075
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Žak, J., Vaniček, V., & Elliot, H. F. I. (1971). Landscape planning. Papers presented at the international symposium on the relationship between engineering and biology in improving cultural landscape (Let. 1971). IUCN and Brno University of agriculture. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/NS-SP-030.pdf.
   Google Scholar