Relations Among Preschool Children's Understanding of Visual Perspective Taking, False Belief, and Lying

REFERENCES

• Astington , J. W. , & Jenkins , J. M. ( 1999 ). A longitudinal study of the relation between language and theory of mind development . Developmental Psychology , 35 , 1311 – 1320 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avis , J. , & Harris , P. L. ( 1991 ). Belief-desire reasoning among Baka children: Evidence for a universal conception of mind . Child Development , 62 , 460 – 467 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen , S. ( 1989a ). Are autistic children ‘behaviorists'? An examination of their mental-physical and appearance-reality distinctions . Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders , 19 , 579 – 600 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen , S. ( 1989b ). The autistic child's theory of mind: A case of specific developmental delay . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 30 , 285 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen , S. ( 1991 ). Precursors to a theory of mind: Understanding attention in others . In A. Whiten (Ed.), Natural theories of mind: Evolution, development and simulation of everyday mindreading (pp. 233 – 251 ). Oxford : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen , S. ( 1995 ). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baron-Cohen , S. , Leslie , A. M. , & Frith , U. ( 1985 ). Does the autistic child have a theory of mind? Cognition , 21 , 37 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borke , H. ( 1975 ). Piaget's mountains revisited: Changes in the egocentric landscape . Developmental Psychology , 11 , 240 – 243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson , S. M. , Moses , L. J. , & Hix , H. R. ( 1998 ). The role of inhibitory processes in young children's difficulties with deception and false belief . Child Development , 69 , 672 – 691 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler , M. , Fritz , A. S. , & Hala , S. ( 1989 ). Small scale deceit: Deception as a marker of two-, three-, and four-year-olds' early theories of mind . Child Development , 60 , 1263 – 1277 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheney , D. L. , & Seyfarth , R. M. ( 1991 ). Reading minds or reading behavior? Tests for a theory of mind in monkeys . In A. Whiten (Ed.), Natural theories of mind: Evolution, development and simulation of everyday mindreading (pp. 175 – 194 ). Oxford : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , J. , Brown , J. , Slomkowski , C. , Tesla , C. , & Youngblade , L . ( 1991 ). Young children's understanding of other people's feelings and beliefs: Individual differences and their antecedents . Child Development , 62 , 1352 – 1366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn , L. M. , & Dunn , D. M. ( 1997 ). Peabody picture vocabulary test ( , 3rd ed. ). Circle Pines , MN : American Guidance Service .
   Google Scholar
• Farrant , B. M. , Fletcher , J. , & Maybery , M. T. ( 2006 ). Specific language impairment, theory of mind, and visual perspective taking: Evidence for simulation theory and the developmental role of language . Child Development , 77 , 1842 – 1853 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flavell , J. H. ( 1992 ). Perspectives on perspective taking . In H. Beilin & P. Pufall (Eds.), Piaget's theory: Prospects and possibilities (pp. 107 – 139 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Flavell , J. H. , Everett , B. A. , Croft , K. , & Flavell , E. R. (1981). Young children's knowledge about visual perception: Further evidence for the level 1-level 2 distinction. Developmental Psychology , 17, 99–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flavell , J. H. , Green , F. L. , & Flavell , E. R. ( 1986 ). Development of knowledge about the appearance-reality distinction . Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development , 51 , (1, Serial No. 212) .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flavell , J. H. , & Miller , P. H. ( 1998 ). Social cognition . In W. Damon (Series Ed.) , D. Kuhn & R. S. Siegler (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2, Cognition, perception, and language ( , 5th ed. , pp. 851 – 898 ). New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Frye , D. , Zelazo , P. D. , & Palfai , T. ( 1995 ). Theory of mind and rule-based reasoning . Cognitive Development , 10 , 483 – 527 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopnik , A. , & Astington , J. W. ( 1988 ). Children's understanding of representational change and its relation to the understanding of false belief and the appearance-reality distinction . Child Development , 59 , 26 – 37 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gopnik , A. , & Meltzoff , A. N. ( 1997 ). Words, thoughts, and theories . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gopnik , A. , Slaughter , V. , & Meltzoff , A. ( 1994 ). Changing your views: How understanding visual perception can lead to a new theory of mind . In C. Lewis & P. Mitchell (Eds.), Origins of a theory of mind (pp. 157 – 181 ). Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Gopnik , A. , & Wellman , H. M. ( 1994 ). The “theory” theory . In L. A. Hirschfeld & S. A. Gelman (Eds.), Mapping the mind: Domain specificity in cognition and culture (pp. 257 – 293 ). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hala , S. , Chandler , M. , & Fritz , A. S. ( 1991 ). Fledgling theories of mind: Deception as a marker of three-year-olds' understanding of false belief . Child Development , 62 , 83 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , P. L. ( 1992 ). From simulation to folk psychology: The case for development . Mind and Language , 7 , 120 – 144 .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , P. L. ( 1996 ). Desires, beliefs, and language . In P. Carruthers & P. K. Smith (Eds.), Theories of theories of mind (pp. 200 – 220 ). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , C. ( 1998 ). Finding your marbles: Does preschoolers' strategic behavior predict later understanding of mind? Developmental Psychology , 34 , 1326 – 1339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins , J. M. , & Astington , J. W. ( 1996 ). Cognitive factors and family structure associated with theory of mind development in young children . Developmental Psychology , 32 , 70 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lempers , J. D. , Flavell , E. R. , & Flavell , J. H. ( 1977 ). The development in very young children to tacit knowledge concerning visual perception . Genetic Psychology Monographs , 95 , 3 – 53 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis , M. , Stanger , C. , & Sullivan , M. W. ( 1989 ). Deception in 3-year-olds . Developmental Psychology , 25 , 439 – 443 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohmann , H. , & Tomasello , M. ( 2003 ). The role of language in the development of false belief understanding: A training study . Child Development , 74 , 1130 – 1144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masangkay , Z. S. , McCluskey , K. A. , McIntyre , C. W. , Sims-Knight , J. , Vaughn , B. E. , & Flavell , J. H. ( 1974 ). The early development of inferences about visual percepts of others . Child Development , 45 , 357 – 366 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton , P. , Reddy , V. , & Bull , R. ( 2000 ). Children's everyday deception and performance on false-belief tasks . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 18 , 297 – 317 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perner , J. ( 1991 ). Understanding the representational mind . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Perner , J. , Leekam , S. , & Wimmer , H. ( 1987 ). Three-year-olds' difficulty in understanding false belief: Cognitive limitation, lack of knowledge, or pragmatic misunderstanding? British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 5 , 125 – 137 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perner , J. , Ruffman , T. , & Leekam , S. R. ( 1994 ). Theory of mind is contagious: You can catch it from your sibs . Child Development , 65 , 1228 – 1238 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , C. C. , Wellman , H. M. , & Liu , D. (2005). Steps in theory-of-mind development for children with deafness or autism. Child Development , 76, 502–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piaget , J. ( 1956 ). The language and thought of the child . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul (Originally published 1926) .
   Google Scholar
• Polak , A. , & Harris , P. J. ( 1999 ). Deception by young children following noncompliance . Developmental Psychology , 35 , 561 – 568 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Povinelli , D. J. , & Vonk , J. ( 2003 ). Chimpanzee minds: Suspiciously human? Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 7 , 157 – 160 .
   Google Scholar
• Riggs , K. J. , & Peterson , D. M. ( 2000 ). Counterfactual thinking in pre-school children: Mental state and causal inferences . In P. Mitchell & K. J. Riggs (Eds.) Children's reasoning and the mind (pp. 87 – 99 ). East Sussex , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Riggs , K. J. , Peterson , D. M. , Robinson , E. J. , & Mitchell , P. ( 1998 ). Are errors in false belief tasks symptomatic of a broader difficulty with counterfactuality? Cognitive Development , 13 , 73 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruffman , T. , Olson , D. R. , Ash , T. , & Keenan , T. ( 1993 ). The ABC's of deception: Do young children understand deception in the same way as adults? Developmental Psychology , 29 , 74 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell , J. , Mauthner , N. , Sharpe , S. , & Tidswell , T. ( 1991 ). The “windows task” as a measure of strategic deception in preschoolers and autistic subjects . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 9 , 331 – 350 .
   Google Scholar
• Sodian , B. ( 1991 ). The development of deception in young children . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 9 , 173 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sodian , B. , Taylor , C. , Harris , P. , & Perner , J. ( 1991 ). Early deception and the child's theory of mind: False trails and genuine markers . Child Development , 62 , 468 – 483 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomasello , M. , Call , J. , & Hare , B. ( 2003 ). Chimpanzees understand psychological states—the question is which ones and to what extent . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 7 , 153 – 156 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellman , H. M. , Cross , D. , & Watson , J. ( 2001 ). Meta-analysis of theory-of-mind development: The truth about false belief . Child Development , 72 , 655 – 684 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wellman , H. M. , & Gelman , S. A. ( 1998 ). Knowledge acquisition in functional domains . In W. Damon (Series Ed.) , D. Kuhn & R. S. Siegler (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 2, Cognition, perception, and language ( , 5th ed. , pp. 523 – 573 ). New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Wellman , H. M. , & Liu , D. ( 2004 ). Scaling of theory-of-mind tasks . Child Development , 75 , 523 – 541 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiten , A. & Byrne , R. W. ( 1991 ). The emergence of metarepresentation in human ontogeny and primate phylogeny . In A. Whiten (Ed.), Natural theories of mind: Evolution, development and simulation of everyday mindreading (pp. 267 – 281 ). Oxford : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Wimmer , H. , & Perner , J. ( 1983 ). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children's understanding of deception . Cognition , 13 , 103 – 128 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar