1,708
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Empirical Article

Children’s Evaluation and Categorization of Transgender Children

References

  • Allen, S. (2017, December). The political pettiness of misgendering people. The Daily Beast. Retrieved from https://www.thedailybeast.com/this-is-why-misgendering-hurts-transgender-people-so-much
  • Almeida, J., Johnson, R. M., Corliss, H. L., Molnar, B. E., & Azrael, D. (2009). Emotional distress among LGBT youth: The influence of perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 1001–1014. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9397-9
  • Ansara, Y. G., & Hegarty, P. (2012). Cisgenderism in Psychology: Pathologizing and misgendering children from 1999 to 2008. Psychology & Sexuality, 3, 137–160. doi:10.1080/19419899.2011.576696
  • Bem, S. L. (1989). Genital knowledge and gender constancy in preschool children. Child Development, 60, 649–662. doi:10.2307/1130730
  • Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2007). Developmental intergroup theory: Explaining and reducing children’s social stereotyping and prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 162–166.
  • Blakemore, J. E. O. (2003). Children’s beliefs about violating gender norms: Boys shouldn’t look like girls, and girls shouldn’t act like boys. Sex Roles, 48, 411–419. doi:10.1023/A:1023574427720
  • Braun, S. S., & Davidson, A. J. (2017). Gender (Non) conformity in Middle Childhood: A Mixed Methods Approach to Understanding Gender-Typed Behavior, Friendship, and Peer Preference. Sex Roles, 77(1–2), 16–29. doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0693-z
  • Carter, D. B., & McCloskey, L. A. (1984). Peers and the maintenance of sex-typed behavior: The development of children’s conceptions of cross-gender behavior in their peers. Social Cognition, 2, 294–314. doi:10.1521/soco.1984.2.4.294
  • Carter, D. B., & Patterson, C. J. (1982). Sex roles as social conventions: The development of children’s conceptions of sex-role stereotypes. Developmental Psychology, 18, 812. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.18.6.812
  • Clements-Nolle, K., Marx, R., & Katz, M. (2006). Attempted suicide among transgender persons: The influence of gender-based discrimination and victimization. Journal of homosexuality, 51, 53–69. doi:10.1300/J082v51n03_04
  • Conry‐Murray, C., & Turiel, E. (2012). Jimmy’s baby doll and Jenny’s truck: Young children’s reasoning about gender norms. Child Development, 83, 146–158. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01696.x
  • Diggle, P., Diggle, P. J., Heagerty, P., Heagerty, P. J., Liang, K. Y., & Zeger, S.. (2002). Analysis of longitudinal data. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • D’Augelli, A. R., Grossman, A. H., & Starks, M. T. (2006). Childhood gender atypicality, victimization, and PTSD among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Journal of interpersonal violence, 21, 1462–1482. doi:10.1177/0886260506293482
  • De Vries, A. L. C., McGuire, J. K., Steensma, T. D., Wagenaar, E. C. F., Doreleijers, T. A. H., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2015). Young adult psychological outcome after puberty suppression and gender reassignment. Pediatrics, 134, 696–704. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2958
  • Durwood, L., McLaughlin, K. A., & Olson, K. R. (2017). Mental health and self-worth in socially transitioned transgender youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56, 116–123. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.10.016
  • Fast, A. A., & Olson, K. R. (2018). Gender Development in Transgender Preschool Children. Child Development. doi:10.1111/cdev.12758
  • Goh, J. X., Hall, J. A., & Rosenthal, R. (2016). Mini Meta‐Analysis of Your Own Studies: Some Arguments on Why and a Primer on How. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 10, 535–549. doi:10.1111/spc3.12267
  • Greenwald, A. G., & Pettigrew, T. F. (2014). With malice toward none and charity for some: Ingroup favoritism enables discrimination. American Psychologist, 69. doi:10.1037/a0036056
  • Griffin, R. S., & Gross, A. M. (2004). Childhood bullying: Current empirical findings and future directions for research. Aggression and violent behavior, 9, 379–400. doi:10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00033-8
  • Halloran, L. (2015, April). Survey shows striking increase in Americans who know and support transgender people. Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved from https://www.hrc.org/blog/survey-shows-striking-increase-in-americans-who-know-and-support-transgende
  • Hirschfeld, L. A. (1995). The inheritability of identity: Children’s understanding of the cultural biology of race. Child Development, 66, 1418–1437. doi:10.2307/1131655
  • James, S. E., Herman, J. L., Rankin, S., Keisling, M., Mottet, L., & Anafi, M. (2016). The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality.
  • Jasthi, S. (2014, May). Most LGBT-friendly cities. Nerdwallet. Retrieved from https://www.nerdwallet.com/blog/mortgages/home-search/most-lgbt-friendly-cities/
  • Kohlberg, L. (1966). A Cognitive-Developmental Analysis of Children’s Sex-role Concepts and Attitudes. In E. E. Maccoby & R. G. D’Andrade (Eds.), The Development of Sex Differences. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Kosciw, J. G., & Diaz, E. M. (2008). Involved, Invisible, Ignored: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Parents and Their Children in Our Nation’s K-12 Schools. New York, NY: Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN).
  • Kosciw, J. G., Greytak, E. A., Bartkiewicz, M. J., Boesen, M. J., & Palmer, N. A. (2012). The 2011 National School Climate Survey: The Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth in Our Nation’s Schools. New York, NY: Gay, Lesbian and Straight Education Network (GLSEN).
  • LaFreniere, P. J., Strayer, F. F., & Gauthier, R. (1984). The emergence of same-sex affiliative preferences in children’s play groups: A developmental/ethological perspective. Child Development, 55, 1958–1965. doi:10.2307/1129942
  • Leinbach, M. D., & Fagot, B. I. (1986). Acquisition of gender labels: A test for toddlers. Sex Roles, 15, 655–666. doi:10.1007/BF00288221
  • Levy, G. D., Taylor, M. G., & Gelman, S. A. (1995). Traditional and evaluative aspects of flexibility in gender roles, social conventions, moral rules, and physical laws. Child development, 66, 515–531. doi:10.2307/1131594
  • Maccoby, E. E. (1988). Gender as a social category. Developmental psychology, 24, 755. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.24.6.755
  • Maccoby, E. E. (1990). Gender and relationships: A developmental account. American Psychologist, 45, 513–520.
  • Maguen, S., & Shipherd, J. C. (2010). Suicide risk among transgender individuals. Psychology & Sexuality, 1, 34–43. doi:10.1080/19419891003634430
  • Marcus, D. E., & Overton, W. F. (1978). The development of cognitive gender constancy and sex role preferences. Child Development, 49, 434–444. doi:10.2307/1128708
  • Martin, C. L. (1989). Children’s use of gender-related information in making social judgments. Developmental Psychology, 25, 80–88. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.25.1.80
  • Martin, C. L., & Fabes, R. A. (2001). The stability and consequences of young children’s same-sex peer interactions. Developmental psychology, 37, 431.
  • Martin, C. L., Woods, C. H., & Little, J. K. (1990). The development of gender stereotype components. Child Development, 61, 1891–1904. doi:10.2307/1130845
  • McLemore, K. A. (2015). Experiences with misgendering: Identity misclassification of transgender spectrum individuals. Self and Identity, 14, 51–74. doi:10.1080/15298868.2014.950691
  • Olson, K. R., Durwood, L., DeMeules, M., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016). Mental health of transgender children who are supported in their identities. Pediatrics, 137. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3223
  • Olson, K. R., & Gülgöz, S. (2017). Early Findings From the TransYouth Project: Gender Development in Transgender Children. Child Development Perspectives. doi:10.1111/cdep.12268
  • Olson, K. R., Key, A. C., & Eaton, N. R. (2015). Gender cognition in transgender children. Psychological Science, 26, 467–474. doi:10.1177/0956797614568156
  • Perez-Brumer, A., Day, J. K., Russell, S. T., & Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2017). Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation among transgender youth in California: Findings from a representative, population-based sample of high school students. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.06.010
  • Poulin, F., & Pedersen, S. (2007). Developmental changes in gender composition of friendship networks in adolescent girls and boys. Developmental psychology, 43, 1484. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1484
  • Powlishta, K. K., Serbin, L. A., Doyle, A. B., & White, D. R. (1994). Gender, ethnic, and body type biases: The generality of prejudice in childhood. Developmental Psychology, 30, 526.
  • Payne, E. (2013, June 24). Transgender first-grader wins the right to use girls' restroom. CNN. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/24/us/colorado-transgender-girlschool/
  • Pyne, J. (2014). Gender independent kids: A paradigm shift in approaches to gender non-conforming children. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 23, 1–8.
  • Rhodes, M., Leslie, S. J., Saunders, K., Dunham, Y., & Cimpian, A. (2017). How does social essentialism affect the development of inter‐group relations? Developmental Science. doi:10.1111/desc.12509
  • Roberts, S. O., & Gelman, S. A. (2015). Do children see in Black and White? Children’s and adults’ categorizations of multiracial individuals. Child Development, 86, 1830–1847.
  • Ruble, D. N., Martin, C. L., & Berenbaum, S. A. (1998). Gender development. In W. Damon, N. Eisenberg, (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3, Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 933–1016). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  • Russell, S. T., Ryan, C., Toomey, R. B., Diaz, R. M., & Sanchez, J. (2011). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adolescent school victimization: Implications for young adult health and adjustment. Journal of School Health, 81, 223–230. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2011.00583.x
  • Ryan, C., Huebner, D., Diaz, R. M., & Sanchez, J. (2009). Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in white and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. Pediatrics, 123, 346–352.
  • Ryan, C., Russell, S. T., Huebner, D., Diaz, R., & Sanchez, J. (2010). Family acceptance in adolescence and the health of LGBT young adults. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 23, 205–213.
  • Serbin, L. A., & Sprafkin, C. (1986). The salience of gender and the process of sex typing in three-to seven-year-old children. Child Development, 57, 1188–1199. doi:10.2307/1130442
  • Shrum, W., Cheek, N. H., Jr, & MacD. Hunter, S. (1988). Friendship in school: Gender and racial homophily. Sociology of Education, 61, 227–239. doi:10.2307/2112441
  • Steensma, T. D., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2011). Gender transitioning before puberty? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 649–650. doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9752-2
  • Steinmetz, K. (2014, May 29). The transgender tipping point. Time. Retrieved from http://time.com/135480/transgender-tipping-point/
  • Stoddart, T., & Turiel, E. (1985). Children’s concepts of cross-gender activities. Child Development, 56, 1241–1252. doi:10.2307/1130239
  • Strough, J., & Covatto, A. M. (2002). Context and age differences in same‐and other‐gender peer preferences. Social Development, 11, 346–361. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00204
  • Toomey, R. B., Ryan, C., Diaz, R. M., Card, N. A., & Russell, S. T. (2010). Gender-nonconforming lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: School victimization and young adult psychosocial adjustment. Developmental psychology, 46, 1580. doi:10.1037/a0020705
  • Transgender Law Center. (2017, April). State-by-state overview: Changing gender markers on birth certificates. Retrieved from https://transgenderlawcenter.org/resources/id/state-by-state-overview-changing-gender-markers-on-birth-certificates
  • Trautner, H. M., Ruble, D. N., Cyphers, L., Kirsten, B., Behrendt, R., & Hartmann, P. (2005). Rigidity and flexibility of gender stereotypes in childhood: Developmental or differential? Infant and Child Development, 14, 365–381.
  • Underwood, M. K. (2007). Gender and children’s friendships: Do girls’ and boys’ friendships constitute different peer cultures, and what are the trade-offs for development? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 53, 319–324.
  • Vine, N., & Cupples, J. (2016). Intersectional Geopolitics, Transgender Advocacy and the New Media Environment. The Routledge Research Companion to Geographies of Sex and Sexualities (p. 117). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Wehren, A., & De Lisi, R. (1983). The development of gender understanding: Judgments and explanations. Child Development, 54, 1568–1578. doi:10.2307/1129820
  • Yee, M., & Brown, R. (1994). The development of gender differentiation in young children. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 183–196. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1994.tb01017.x

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.