11,066
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Empirical Article

Effects of Bilingual Language Use and Language Proficiency on 24-month-olds’ Cognitive Control

, &

References

  • Adesope, O. O., Lavin, T., Thompson, T., & Ungerleider, C. (2010). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cognitive correlates of bilingualism. Review of Educational Research, 80, 207–245. doi:10.3102/0034654310368803
  • Baguley, T. (2012). Serious stats: A guide to advanced statistics for the behavioral sciences. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://seriousstats.wordpress.com/2012/02/01/intro/
  • Barr, D. J., Levy, R., Scheepers, C., & Tily, H. J. (2013). Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language, 68, 255–278. doi:10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001
  • Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting linear mixed- effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software, 67, 1–48. doi:10.18637/jss.v067.i01
  • Bedore, L. M., Peňa, E. D., Joyner, D., & Macken, C. (2011). Parent and teacher rating of bilingual proficiency and language development concerns. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 14, 489–511. doi:10.1080/13670050.2010.529102
  • Bedore, L. M., Peňa, E. D., Summers, C. L., Boerger, K. M., Resendiz, M. D., Greene, K., & Gillam, R. B. (2012). The measure matters: Language dominance profiles across measures in Spanish-English bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15, 616–629. doi:10.1017/S1366728912000090
  • Bialystok, E. (2001). Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy, and cognition. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Bialystok, E. (2017). The bilingual adaptation: How minds accommodate experience. Psychological Bulletin, 143, 233–262. doi:10.1037/bul0000099
  • Bialystok, E., Barac, R., Blaye, A., & Poulin-Dubois, P. (2011). Word mapping and executive functioning in young monolingual and bilingual children. Journal of Cognition and Development, 11, 485–508. doi:10.1080/15248372.2010.516420
  • Bialystok, E., & Martin, M. M. (2004). Attention and inhibition in bilingual children: Evidence from the dimensional change card sort. Developmental Science, 7, 325–339. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00351.x
  • Bialystok, E., Martin, M. M., & Viswanathan, M. (2005). Bilingualism across the lifespan: The rise and fall of inhibitory control. International Journal of Bilingualism, 9, 103–119. doi:10.1177/13670069050090010701
  • Blom, E., Küntay, A. K., Messer, M. H., Verhagen, J., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2014). The benefits of being bilingual: Working memory in bilingual Turkish-Dutch children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 128, 105–199. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2014.06.007
  • Brito, N., & Barr, R. (2014). Flexible memory retrieval in bilingual 6-month-old infants. Developmental Psychobiology, 56, 1156–1163. doi:10.1002/dev.21188
  • Calvo, A., & Bialystok, E. (2013). Independent effects of bilingualism and socioeconomic status on language ability and executive functioning. Cognition, 130, 278–288. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00675.x
  • Carlson, S. M., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2008). Bilingual experience and executive functioning in young children. Developmental Science, 11, 282–298. doi:10.1111/j.14677687.2008.00675.x
  • Comishen, K., Bialystok, E., & Adler, S. A. (2019). The impact of bilingual environments on selective attention in infancy. Developmental Science, 22(4), e12797. doi:10.1111/desc.12797
  • Costa, A., Hernández, M., Costa-Faidella, J., & Sebastián-Gallés, N. (2009). On the bilingual advantage in conflict processing: Now you see it, now you don’t. Cognition, 113, 135–149. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.001
  • Crivello, C., Kuzyk, O., Rodrigues, M., Friend, M., Zesiger, P., & Poulin-Dubois, D. (2016). The effects of bilingual growth on toddlers’ executive function. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 141, 121–132. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2015.08.004
  • Dale, P. S. (1991). The validity of a parent report measure of vocabulary and syntax at 24 months. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34, 565–571. doi:10.1044/jshr.3403.565
  • de Bree, E., Verhagen, J., Kerkhoff, A., Doedens, W., & Unsworth, S. (2017). Language learning from inconsistent input: Bilingual and monolingual toddlers compared. Infant and Child Development, 26, e1996. doi:10.1002/icd.1996
  • de Leeuw, E., & Bogulski, C. A. (2016). Frequent L2 language use enhanced executive control in bilinguals. Bilingualism, 1, 1–7. doi:10.1017/S1366728916000201
  • Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
  • Duñabeitia, J. A., Hernández, J. A., Antón, E., Macizo, P., Estévez, A., & Fuentes, L. J. (2014). The inhibitory advantage in bilingual children revisited: Myth or reality? Experimental Psychology, 61, 234–251. doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000243
  • Engel de Abreu, P. M. A., Cruz-Santos, A., Tourinho, C. J., Martin, R., & Bialystok, E. (2012). Bilingualism enriches the poor: Enhanced cognitive control in low-income minority children. Psychological Science, 23, 1364–1371. doi:10.1177/095679761244383
  • Feldman, H. M., Campbell, T. F., Kurs-Lasky, M., Rockette, H. E., Dale, P. S., Colborn, D. K., & Paradise, J. L. (2006). Concurrent and predictive validity of parent reports of child language at ages 2 and 3 years. Child Development, 76, 856–868. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2005.00882.x
  • Fuhs, M. W., & Day, J. D. (2011). Verbal ability and executive functioning development in preschoolers at head start. Developmental Psychology, 47, 404–416. doi:10.1037/a0021065
  • Gathercole, V. C. M., Thomas, E. M., Jones, L., Viñas Guasch, N., Young, N., & Hughes, E. K. (2010). Cognitive effects of bilingualism: Digging deeper for the contributions of language dominance, linguistic knowledge, socioeconomic status, and cognitive abilities. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 13, 617–664. doi:10.1080/13670050.2010.488289
  • Gooch, D., Thompson, P., Nash, H. M., Snowling, M. J., & Hulme, C. (2016). The development of executive function and language skills in the early school years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57, 180–187. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12458
  • Goriot, C., Broersma, M., McQueen, J. M., Unsworth, S., & van Hout, R. (2018). Language balance and switching ability in children acquiring English as a second language. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 173, 168–186. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2018.03.019
  • Green, D. W. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 67–81. doi:10.1017/S1366728998000133
  • Green, D. W., & Abutalebi, J. (2013). Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25, 515–530. doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.796377
  • Green, D. W., & Wei, L. (2014). A control process model of code-switching. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 29, 499–511. doi:10.1080/23273798.2014.882515
  • Guerrero, S. L., Smith, S., & Luk, G. (2016). Home language use and executive function in bilingual preschoolers. In J. W. Schwieter (Ed.), Cognitive control and consequences of multilingualism (pp. 351–374). John Benjamins. https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/books/9789027266729
  • Gutiérrez-Clellen, V. F., & Kreiter, J. (2003). Understanding child bilingual acquisition using parent and teacher reports. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24, 267–288. doi:10.1017/S0142716403000158
  • Hilchey, M. D., & Klein, R. M. (2011). Are there bilingual advantages on nonlinguistic interference tasks? Implications for the plasticity of executive control processes. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18, 625–658. doi:10.3758/s13423-011-0116-7
  • Hoff, E., Core, C., Place, S., Rumiche, R., Señor, M., & Parra, M. (2012). Dual language exposure and early bilingual development. Journal of Child Language, 39, 1–27. doi:10.1017/S0305000910000759
  • Hofweber, J., Marinis, T., & Treffers-Daller, J. (2016). Effects of dense code-switching on executive control. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 6, 648–668. doi:10.1075/lab.15052.hof
  • Huttenlocher, J., Waterfall, H., Vasilyeva, M., Vevea, J., & Hedges, L. V. (2010). Sources of variability in children’s language growth. Cognitive Psychology, 61, 343–365. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2010.08.002
  • Kapa, L. L., & Colombo, J. (2013). Attentional control in early and later bilingual children. Cognitive Development, 28, 233–246. doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2013.01.011
  • Kochanska, G., Murray, K. T., & Harlan, E. T. (2000). Effortful control in early childhood: Continuity and change, antecedents, and implications for social development. Developmental Psychology, 36, 220–232. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.2.220
  • Kovács, A. M., & Mehler, J. (2009). Cognitive gains in 7-month-old bilingual infants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 6556–6560. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811323106.
  • Luk, G., & Bialystok, E. (2013). Bilingualism is not a categorical variable: Interaction between language proficiency and usage. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25, 605–621. doi:10.1080/20445911.2013.795574
  • Luk, G., De Sa, E., & Bialystok, E. (2011). Is there a relation between onset age of bilingualism and enhancement of cognitive control? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 14, 588–595. doi:10.1017/S1366728911000010
  • Majdandžić, M., & van den Boom, D. C. (2007). Multimethod longitudinal assessment of temperament in early childhood. Journal of Personality, 75, 121–168. doi:10.1038/35036228
  • Marchman, V. A., Martinez, L. Z., Hurtado, N., Grüter, T., & Fernald, A. (2017). Caregiver talk to young Spanish-English bilinguals: Comparing direct observation and parent-report measures of dual-language exposure. Developmental Science, 20, 1–13. doi:10.1111/desc.12425
  • Miller, E. K. (2000). The prefrontal cortex and cognitive control. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 1, 59–65. doi:10.1038/35036228
  • Morales, J., Calvo, A., & Bialystok, E. (2013). Working memory development in monolingual and bilingual children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 114, 187–202. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.09.002
  • Morton, J. B., & Harper, S. N. (2007). What did Simon say? Revisiting the bilingual advantage. Developmental Science, 10, 719–726. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00623.x
  • Mulder, H., Hoofs, H., Verhagen, J., van der Veen, I., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2014). Psychometric properties and convergent validity of an executive function test battery for 2-year-olds using item response theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 733. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00733
  • NCKO. (2011). Nederlands Consortium Kinderopvang Onderzoek [Dutch consortium for child care research]. In Pedagogische kwaliteit van de kinderopvang en de ontwikkeling van jonge kinderen: Een longitudinale studie [Pedagogical quality of Dutch child care and the development of young children: A longitudinal study]. Amsterdam: NCKO.
  • Okanda, M., Moriguchi, Y., & Itakura, S. (2010). Language cognitive shifting: Evidence from young monolingual and bilingual children. Psychological Reports, 107, 68–78. doi:10.2466/03.10.28.PR0.107.4
  • Paap, K. R., & Greenberg, Z. I. (2013). There is no coherent evidence for a bilingual advantage in executive processing. Cognitive Psychology, 66, 232–258. doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.12.002
  • Paradis, J. (2011). Individual differences in child English second language acquisition: Comparing child-internal and child-external factors. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 1, 213–237. doi:10.1075/lab.1.3.01par
  • Poarch, G., & van Hell, J. (2012). Executive functions and inhibitory control in multilingual children: Evidence from second-language learners, bilinguals, and trilinguals. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 113, 535–551. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.06.013
  • Poulin-Dubois, D., Blaye, A., Coutya, J., & Bialystok, E. (2011). The effects of bilingualism on toddlers’ executive functioning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108, 567–579. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.10.009
  • Prior, A., Goldwasser, N., Ravet-Hirsch, R., & Schwartz, M. (2016). Executive functions in bilingual children: Is there a role for language balance?. In J. W. Schwieter (Ed.), Cognitive control and consequences in the multilingual mind (pp. 323–350). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Putnam, S. P., Gartstein, M. A., & Rothbart, M. K. (2006). Measurement of fine-grained aspects of toddler temperament: The early childhood behavior questionnaire. Infant Behavior & Development, 29, 386–401. doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.01.004
  • R Core Team. (2015). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from https://www.R-project.org/
  • Rothbart, M. K., Ellis, L. K., Rueda, M. R., & Posner, M. I. (2003). Developing mechanisms of s temperamental effortful control. Journal of Personality, 71, 1113–1144. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.7106009
  • Singh, L., Fu, C. S., Rahman, A. A., Hameed, W. B., Sanmugam, S., Agarwal, P., … Rifkin-Graboi, A.; GUSTO Research Team. (2015). Back to basics: A bilingual advantage in infant visual habituation. Child Development, 86, 294–302. doi:10.1111/cdev.12271
  • Soveri, A., Rodriguez-Fornells, A., & Laine, M. (2011). Is there a relationship between language switching and executive functions in bilingualism? Introducing a within group analysis approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 1–8. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00183
  • Tao, L., Marzecova, A., Taft, M., Asanowicz, D., & Wodniecka, Z. (2011). The efficiency of attentional networks in early and late bilinguals: The role of age of acquisition. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 123. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00123
  • Thordardottir, E. (2011). The relationship between bilingual exposure and vocabulary s development. International Journal of Bilingualism, 15, 426–445. doi:10.3109/17549507.2014.92350
  • Tse, C. S., & Altarriba, J. (2014). The relationship between language proficiency and attentional control in Cantonese-English bilingual children: Evidence from Simon, Simon switching, and working memory tasks. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 395. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00954
  • Unsworth, S. (2013). Assessing the role of amount and timing of exposure in simultaneous bilingual development and ultimate attainment. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 16, 86–110. doi:10.1017/S1366728912000284
  • Unsworth, S., Brouwer, S. M., de Bree, E., & Verhagen, J. (2019). Predicting bilingual preschoolers’ patterns of language development: Degree of non-native input matters. Applied Psycholinguistics, 40, 1189–1219. doi:10.1017/S0142716419000225
  • Vega, C., & Fernandez, M. (2011). Errors on the WCST correlate with language proficiency scores in Spanish-English bilingual children. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 26, 158–164. doi:10.1093/arclin/acq097
  • Vega-Mendoza, M., West, H., Sorace, A., & Bak, T. H. (2015). The impact of late, non-balanced bilingualism on cognitive performance. Cognition, 137, 40–46. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.12.008
  • Verhagen, J., Mulder, H., & Leseman, P. P. M. (2017). Effects of home language environment on inhibitory control in bilingual three-year-old children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 20, 114–127. doi:10.1017/S1366728915000590
  • Woumans, E., Ceuleers, E., & Duyck, W. (2013). Language control influences cognitive Control: The effect of language switching and interpreting. Paper presented at the Workshop on Neurobilingualism, The Netherlands. Groningen.
  • Zink, I., & Lejaegere, M. (2002). N‐CDIs: Lijsten voor communicatieve ontwikkeling [NCDIs: Lists for communicative development]. Leuven, Belgium: Acco.