Mitigating Aggressive Small Trade at Tourist Destinations Through Cognitive Restructuring

References

• Ahmed, P. K., Loh, A. Y. E., & Zairi, M. (1999). Cultures for continuous improvement and learning. Total Quality Management, 10(4/5), S426–S434. doi:10.1080/0954412997361
   Google Scholar
• Ajagunna, I. (2006). Crime and harassment in Jamaica: Consequences for sustainability of the tourism industry. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18(3), 253–259. doi:10.1108/09596110610658652
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Process, 50, 179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akgün, A. E., Bryrne, J., Lynn, G., & Keskin, H. (2007). Organizational unlearning as changes in beliefs and routines in organizations. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 20(6), 794–812. doi:10.1108/09534810710831028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akgün, A. E., Lynn, G. S., & Byrne, J. C. (2006). Antecedents and consequences of unlearning in new product development teams. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 23(1), 73–88. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5885.2005.00182.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albrecht, K. (2004). Take TIME for effective learning. Training, 41(7), 38–42.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, F. M., & Farris, G. F. (1972). Time pressure and performance of scientists and engineers: A five-year panel study. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 8(2), 185–200. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(72)90045-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonacopoulou, E. P. (2006). The relationship between individual and organizational learning: New evidence from managerial learning practices. Management Learning, 37(4), 455–473. doi:10.1177/1350507606070220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argyris, C. (1991). Teaching smart people how to learn. Harvard Business Review, 69(3), 99–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, T., Danielson, C., & Wiggenhorn, W. (1997). The evolution of learning strategies in organizations: From employee development to business redefinition. Academy of Management Executive, 11(4), 47–58.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (1978). Social learning theory of aggression. Journal of Communication, 28(3), 12–29. doi:10.1111/jcom.1978.28.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (Ed.). (1989). Social cognitive theory (Vol. 6). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barkley, S., & Bianco, T. (2000). Training that makes the grade. Office Pro, 60(8), 16–19.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, W., & Hansen, M. (1996). The red queen in organizational evolution. Strategic Management Journal, 17(7), 139–157. doi:10.1002/smj.4250171010
   Google Scholar
• Bassi, L., & McMurrer, D. (2007). Maximizing your return on people. Harvard Business Review, 85(3), 115–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Zur, H., & Breznitz, S. J. (1981). The effect of time pressure on risky choice behavior. Acta Psychologica, 47(2), 89–104. doi:10.1016/0001-6918(81)90001-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Horin Naot, Y., Lipshitz, R., & Popper, M. (2004). Discerning the quality of organizational learning. Management Learning, 35(4), 451–472. doi:10.1177/1350507604048273
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bijlsma-Frankema, K., Rosendaal, B., & Taminiau, Y. (2006). Acting on frictions: Learning blocks and flows in knowledge intensive organizations. Journal of European Industrial Training, 30(4), 291–309. doi:10.1108/03090590610673650
   Google Scholar
• Biong, H., & Selnes, F. (1995). Relational selling behavior and skills in long-term industrial buyer-seller relationships. International Business Review, 4(4), 483–498. doi:10.1016/0969-5931(95)00028-3
   Google Scholar
• Bogenrieder, I. (2002). Social architecture as a prerequisite for organizational learning. Management Learning, 33(2), 197. doi:10.1177/1350507602332003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgoyne, J. (1995). Feeding minds to grow the business. People Management, 1(19), 22.
   Google Scholar
• Burnes, B. (2004). Kurt Lewin and the planned approach to change: A re-appraisal. Journal of Management Studies, 41(6), 977–1002. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6486.2004.00463.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzan, T. (1991). Train your brain. Management Review, 80(5), 28.
   Google Scholar
• Caribbean Hotel and Tourism Association. (2007). Executive summary of the report on the regional policy dialogue on tourist safety and security. Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago: Caribbean Hotel and Tourist Association.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll, J. S., & Edmondson, A. C. (2002). Leading organisational learning in health care. Quality & Safety In Health Care, 11(1), 51–56. doi:10.1136/qhc.11.1.51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chepkwony, R. (2013). The magnitude and effects of tourist harassment on repeat visits: A case study of Kenya’s coastal city of Mombasa. International Journal of Current Research, 5(10), 2978–2981.
   Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. (2001). Harnessing the science of persuasion. Harvard Business Review, pp. 72–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cialdini, R. B., Demaine, L. J., Sagarin, B. J., Barrett, D. W., Rhoads, K., & Winter, P. L. (2006). Managing social norms for persuasive impact. Social Influence, 1(1), 3–15. doi:10.1080/15534510500181459
   Google Scholar
• Cope, J. (2003). Entrepreneurial learning and critical reflection: Discontinuous events as triggers for ‘higher-level’ learning. Management Learning, 34(4), 429–450. doi:10.1177/1350507603039067
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crick, A. (2003). Internal marketing of attitudes in Caribbean tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 15(3), 161–166. doi:10.1108/09596110310470202
   Google Scholar
• Darling, M., Parry, C., & Moore, J. (2005). Learning in the thick of it. Harvard Business Review, 83(7/8), 84–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Albuquerque, K., & McElroy, J. L. (2001). Tourist harassment: Barbados survey results. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(2), 477–492. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00057-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirkx, J. M. (1999). Invited reaction: Managers as facilitators of learning in learning organizations. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 10(2), 127–134. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1532-1096
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, H., & Dunn, L. (2002). People and tourism. Kingston, Jamaica: Arawak Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Edmondson, A. C. (2002). The local and variegated nature of learning in organizations: A group-level perspective. Organization Science, 13(2), 128–146. doi:10.1287/orsc.13.2.128.530
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellerman, D. P. (1999). Global institutions: Transforming international development agencies into learning organizations. Academy of Management Executive, 13(1), 25–35.
   Google Scholar
• Ellinger, A. D., Ellinger, A. E., Yang, B., & Howton, S. W. (2002). The relationship between the learning organization concept and firms’ financial performance: An empirical assessment. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 13(1), 5–21. doi:10.1002/hrdq.1010
   Google Scholar
• Falk, I., & Harrison, L. (1998). Community learning and social capital: “Just having a little chat.” Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 50(4), 609–627. doi:10.1080/13636829800200063
   Google Scholar
• Finfgeld, D., Wongvatunyu, S., Conn, V., Grando, V., & Russell, C. (2003). Health belief model and reversal theory: A comparative analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 43(3), 288–297. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02712.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardiner, P., & Whiting, P. (1997). Success factors in learning organizations: An empirical study. Industrial & Commercial Training, 29(2), 41–48. doi:10.1108/00197859710165001
   Google Scholar
• Gayle, S. (2012, May 2). Tourist harassment in Negril at all-time high. Retrieved from http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20120502/news/news2.html
   Google Scholar
• Gephart, M. A., Marsick, V. J., Van Buren, M., & Spiro, M. (1996). Learning organizations come alive. Training & Development, 50(12), 34.
   Google Scholar
• Giesecke, J., & McNeil, B. (2004). Transitioning to the learning organization. Library Trends, 53(1), 54–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjelsvik, M. (2002). Hotels as learning arenas. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality & Tourism, 2(1), 31–48. doi:10.1080/150222502760347527
   Google Scholar
• Glynn, M. A. (1996). Innovative genius: A framework for relating individual and organizational intelligences to innovation. Academy of Management Review, 21(4), 1081–1111.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goh, S. C. (1998). Toward a learning organization: The strategic building blocks. SAM Advanced Management Journal (07497075), 63(2), 15.
   Google Scholar
• Griffin, C. (2003). The Caribbean Tourism Integrated Standards Project: Analysis and policy recommendations re harassment of and crime committed by and against tourists in the Caribbean. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Caribbean Hotel Association.
   Google Scholar
• Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250–279. doi:10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardeman, W., Johnston, D., Bonetti, D., Wareham, N., & Kinmonth, A. L. (2002). Application of the theory of planned behavior in behavior change interventions: A systematic review. Psychology and Health, 17(2), 123–158. doi:10.1080/08870440290013644a
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, L. C. (2012). ‘Ripping off’ tourists: An empirical evaluation of tourists’ perceptions and service worker (mis)behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 1070–1093. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2011.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heap, N. (1996). The design of learning events. Industrial & Commercial Training, 28(2), 10. doi:10.1108/00197859610109239
   Google Scholar
• Hogan, R., & Warrenfeltz, R. (2003). Educating the modern manager. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 2(1), 74–84. doi:10.5465/AMLE.2003.9324043
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamaica Tourism Board. (1973). Jamaica Tourist Board annual report 1972/73. Jamaica Tourist Board.
   Google Scholar
• Jamaica Tourism Board. (2007). Visitor opinion survey September - December 2007. Kingston: Jamaica Tourist Board.
   Google Scholar
• Jonsson, A., & Elg, U. (2006). Knowledge and knowledge sharing in retail internationalization: IKEA’s entry into Russia. International Review of Retail, Distribution & Consumer Research, 16(2), 239–256. doi:10.1080/09593960600572316
   Google Scholar
• Keaveney, S. M. (1995). Customer switching behavior in service industries: An exploratory study. Journal of Marketing, 59(2), 71–82. doi:10.2307/1252074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keong Tan, T., & Heracleous, L. (2001). Teaching old dogs new tricks: Implementing organizational learning in an Asian national police force. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 37(3), 361–380. doi:10.1177/0021886301373007
   Google Scholar
• Kimberly, J., & Evanisko, M. (1981). Organizational innovation: The influence of individual, organizational, and contextual factors on hospital adoption of technological and administrative innovations. The Academy of Management Journal, 24(4), 689–713. doi:10.2307/256170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, P., & Saunders, B. (1993). Ten steps to a learning organization. Arlington, VA: Great Ocean Publishers, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Knowles, M. (1973). The adult learner: A neglected species. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Kozak, M. (2007). Tourist harassment: A marketing perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(2), 384–399. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2006.10.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levesque, C., & Brown, K. (2007). Mindfulness as a moderator of the effect of implicit motivational self-concept on day-to-day behavioral motivation. Motivation and Emotion, 31(4), 284–299. doi:10.1007/s11031-007-9075-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewin, K. (1947). Frontiers in group dynamics: Concept, method, and reality in social science; social equilibria and social change. Human Relations, 1(5), 5–40. doi:10.1177/001872674700100103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohman, M. C. (2005). A survey of factors influencing the engagement of two professional groups in informal workplace learning activities. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 16(4), 501–527. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1532-1096
   Google Scholar
• London, M., & Smither, J. W. (1999). Empowered self-development and continuous learning. Human Resource Management, 38(1), 3–15. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-050X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddux, J. E., & Rogers, R. W. (1983). Protection motivation and self-efficacy: A revised theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19(5), 469–479. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(83)90023-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsick, V. J., & Watkins, K. E. (2001). Informal and incidental learning. New Directions for Adult & Continuing Education, 2001(89), 25–34. doi:10.1002/ace.5
   Google Scholar
• Mathison, R. (2011, April 5). Stop harassing tourists. Jamaica Gleaner. Retrieved from http://jamaica-gleaner.com/power/27760
   Google Scholar
• McElroy, J., Tarlow, P., & Carlisle, K. (2007). Tourist harassment: Review of the literature and destination responses. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1(4), 305–314. doi:10.1108/17506180710824190
   Google Scholar
• McElroy, J. L., Tarlow, P., & Carlisle, K. (2007). Tourist harassment and responses. Oxfordshire, UK: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, T. R. (1976). Expectancy models of job satisfaction, occupational preference and effort: A theoretical, methodological, and empirical appraisal. Psychological Bulletin, 81(12), 1053. doi:10.1037/h0037495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohr, L. B. (1969). Determinants of innovation in organizations. American Political Science Review, 63(1), 111–126. doi:10.1017/S0003055400261510
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moor, A., & Brooks, R. (2000). Learning communities and community development: Describing the process. Journal of Adult and Vocational Learning, 1, 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, M., Bessant, J., & Barnes, J. (2006). Using learning networks to enable industrial development: Case studies from South Africa. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 26(5), 532–557. doi:10.1108/01443570610659892
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netemeyer, R. G., Maxham, J. G., & Pullig, C. (2005). Conflicts in the work–family interface: Links to job stress, customer service employee performance, and customer purchase intent. Journal of Marketing, 69(2), 130–143. doi:10.1509/jmkg.69.2.130.60758
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicely, A., Day, J., Sydnor, S., & Mohd Ghazali, R. (2015). Sustainably changing small traders’ harassment behaviors—a theoretical framework. Tourism Management, 47, 273–285. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicely, A., & Mohd Ghazali, R. (2014). Demystifying visitor harassment. Annals of Tourism Research, 48, 266–269. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2014.05.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, A. L. (1997). On the nexus of organizations and professions: Networking through trust. Sociological Inquiry, 67(2), 227–245. doi:10.1111/soin.1997.67.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, D., Stradling, S. G., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1996). Modifying beliefs and attitudes to exceeding the speed limit: An intervention study based on the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26(1), 1–19. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb01835.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathirana, D. P. U., & Athula Gnanapala, W. K. (2015). Tourist harassment at cultural sites in Sri Lanka. Tourism, Leisure and Global Change, 2, 42–56.
   Google Scholar
• Pierce, J., & Delbecq, A. (1977). Organization structure, individual attitudes and innovation. The Academy of Management Review, 2(1), 27–37.
   Google Scholar
• Reineck, C. (2002). Create a learning organization. Nursing Management, 33(10), 42–43. doi:10.1097/00006247-200210000-00019
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosenstock, I., Strecher, V., & Becker, M. (1988). Social learning theory and the health belief model. Health Education Quarterly, 15(2), 175–183. doi:10.1177/109019818801500203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salomon, G., & Perkins, D. N. (1998). Individual and social aspects of learning. Review of Research in Education, 23, 1–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schianetz, K., Kavanagh, L., & Lockington, D. (2007). The learning tourism destination: The potential of a learning organisation approach for improving the sustainability of tourism destinations. Tourism Management, 28(6), 1485–1496. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2007.01.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schragenheim, E., & Passal, A. (2005). Learning from experience: A structured methodology based on TOC. Human Systems Management, 24(1), 95–104.
   Google Scholar
• Senge, P. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and science of the learning organization. New York: Doubleday/Currency.
   Google Scholar
• Skinner, B. F. (1948). ‘Superstition’ in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38(2), 168–172. doi:10.1037/h0055873
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York, NY: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Skinner, B. F. (1981). Selection by consequences. Science, 213(4507), 501–504. doi:10.1126/science.7244649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skipper, T. (2009). Understanding tourist-host interactions and their influence on quality tourism experiences. Ontario, Canada: Wilfred Laurier University.
   Google Scholar
• Tannenbaum, S. I. (1997). Enhancing continuous learning: Diagnostic findings from multiple companies. Human Resource Management, 36(4), 437–452. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1099-050X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Travel Foundation. (2013). All inclusive approach to improving livelihoods and reducing tourist hassle. Bristol, UK: The Travel Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Trumbo, C. W. (1999). Heuristic-systematic information processing and risk judgment. Risk Analysis, 19(3), 391–400. doi:10.1111/risk.1999.19.issue-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trumbo, C. W. (2002). Information processing and risk perception: An adaptation of the heuristic-systematic model. Journal of Communication, 52(2), 367–382. doi:10.1111/jcom.2002.52.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Weitz, B. A., Sujan, H., & Sujan, M. (1986). Knowledge, motivation, and adaptive behavior: A framework for improving selling effectiveness. The Journal of Marketing, 50(4), 174–191. doi:10.2307/1251294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiethoff, C. (2004). Motivation to learn and diversity training: Application of the theory of planned behavior. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 15(3), 263–278. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1532-1096
   Google Scholar
• Zook, C., & Rigby, D. (2001). How to think strategically in a recession. Harvard Management Update, 6(11).
   Google Scholar