Getting Closely Attached to It: The Role of Destination Personality and Emotional Experience in tourists’ Attachment to a Tourist Destination

References

• Aaker, J. L. (1997). Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(3), 347–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224379703400304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adinehfar, A. R., & Gayem, A. (2016). Impact of brand personality on satisfaction and loyalty of consumers (Case study: Luxury brands of watches in the city Isfahan). Journal of Fundamental & Applied Sciences, 8(3), 462–477. https://doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v8i3s.193
   Google Scholar
• Ainsworth, M. D., & Bell, S. M. (1970). Attachment, exploration, and separation: Illustrated by the behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation. Child Development, 41(1), 49–67. https://doi.org/10.2307/1127388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexandris, K., Kouthouris, C., & Meligdis, A. (2006). Increasing customers’ loyalty in a skiing resort: The contribution of place attachment and service quality. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 18(5), 414–425. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110610673547
   Google Scholar
• Ali, F., Ryu, K., & Hussain, K. (2016). Influence of experiences on memories, satisfaction and behavioral intentions: A study of creative tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(1), 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2015.1038418
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Okaily, N. S., Alzboun, N., Alrawedieh, Z., & Slehat, M. (2023). The impact of eudaimonic well-being on experience and loyalty: A tourism context. Journal of Services Marketing, 37(2), 216–231. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-08-2021-0282
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apostolopoulou, A., & Papadimitriou, D. (2015). The role of destination personality in predicting tourist behaviour: Implications for branding mid-sized urban destinations. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(12), 1132–1151. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.878319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atay, L., Türkmen, S., & Carus, M. (2020). Destination personality impacts on the satisfaction and behavioral intentions: A case of Pamukkale – Hierapolis site. Acta turistica, 32(1), 75–102. https://doi.org/10.22598/at/2020.32.1.75
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auemsuvarn, P., & Ngamcharoenmongkol, P. (2022a). Destination personality: A dimensions analysis and a new scale development in Thailand. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 8(4), 1019–1041. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-07-2021-0144
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auemsuvarn, P., & Ngamcharoenmongkol, P. (2022b). A destination personality and its antecedents and consequences: An application of product branding to destination branding. ABAC Journal, 42(3), 180–198.
   Google Scholar
• Blain, C., Levy, S. E., & Richie, B. (2005). Destination branding: Insights and practices from destination management organizations. Journal of Travel Research, 43(4), 328–338. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505274646
   Google Scholar
• Blešić, I., Pivac, T., Kovačić, S., Cimbaljević, M., Lukić, T., Bubalo Živković, M., Đerčan, B., & Bjelajac, D. (2022). Place attachment, cultural involvement, and residents’ attitudes towards tourism development: The case of Novi Sad, the European Capital of Culture 2022. Sustainability, 14(15), 9103. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14159103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Volume 1. Attachment. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss: Volume 2. Separation. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1980). Attachment and loss: Volume 3. Loss, sadness and depression. Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bretherton, I. (1992). The origins of attachment theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology, 28(5), 759. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.28.5.759
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81–105. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0046016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, W., Yu, W., Xu, J., & Almeida-García, F. (2021). City vs. Town residents’ place attachment, perceptions and support for tourism development in a linear World Cultural Heritage Site. PLoS One, 16(10), e0258365. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvache-Franco, O., Carvache-Franco, M., & Carvache-Franco, W. (2021). Coastal and marine topics and destinations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Twitter’s tourism hashtags. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 22(1), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358421993882
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvache-Franco, M., Carvache-Franco, W., Carvache-Franco, O., Hernández-Lara, A. B., & Buele, C. V. (2020). Segmentation, motivation, and sociodemographic aspects of tourist demand in a coastal marine destination: A case study in Manta (Ecuador). Current Issues in Tourism, 23(10), 1234–1247. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1600476
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, N., Dwyer, L., & Firth, T. (2014). Conceptualization and measurement of dimensionality of place attachment. Tourism Analysis, 19(3), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354214X14029467968529
   Google Scholar
• Chen, C. F., & Phou, S. (2013). A closer look at destination: Image, personality, relationship and loyalty. Tourism Management, 36, 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.11.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C., & Tsai, D. (2007). How destination image and evaluative factors affect behavioural intentions. Tourism Management, 28(4), 1115–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2006.07.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang, Y.-J. (2016). Examining the relationships between destination image, place attachment, and destination loyalty in the context of night markets. International Journal of Business & Management, 11(2), 11–21. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n2p11
   Google Scholar
• Chi, C. G. Q., Pan, L., & Del Chiappa, G. (2018). Examining destination personality: Its antecedents and outcomes. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 9, 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi, C. G. Q., & Qu, H. (2008). Examining the structural relationships of destination image, tourist satisfaction and destination loyalty: An integrated approach. Tourism Management, 29(3), 624–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.06.007
   Google Scholar
• Chiu, W., Zeng, S., & Cheng, P. S.-T. (2016). The influence of destination image and tourist satisfaction on tourist loyalty: A case study of Chinese tourists in Korea. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 10(2), 223–234. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-07-2015-0080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. B., & Areni, C. S. (1991). Affect and consumer behavior. In T. S. Robertson & H. H. Kassarjian (Eds.), Handbook of consumer behavior (pp. 188–240). Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Del Bosque, I. R., & San Martín, H. (2008). Tourist satisfaction a cognitive-affective model. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 551–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2008.02.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer, L., Chen, N., & Lee, J. (2019). The role of place attachment in tourism research. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 36(5), 645–652. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2019.1612824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ednie, A. J., Daigle, J. J., & Leahy, J. E. (2010). The development of recreation place attachment on the Maine coast: User characteristics and reasons for visiting. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 28(1), 36–51.
   Google Scholar
• Ekinci, Y., & Hosany, S. (2006). Destination personality: An application of brand personality to tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 45(2), 127–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287506291603
   Google Scholar
• Ekinci, Y., Sirakaya-Turk, E., & Baloglu, S. (2007). Host image and destination personality. Tourism Analysis, 12(5–6), 433–446. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354207783227885
   Google Scholar
• Fan, J., & Qiu, H.-L. (2014). Examining the effects of tourist resort image on place attachment: A case of Zhejiang, China. Public Personnel Management, 43(3), 340–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026014535180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farber, M. E., & Hall, T. E. (2007). Emotion and environment: Visitors’ extraordinary experiences along the Dalton Highway in Alaska. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(2), 248–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2007.11950107
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freling, T. H., & Forbes, L. P. (2005). An empirical analysis of the brand personality effect. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 14(7), 404–413. https://doi.org/10.1108/10610420510633350
   Google Scholar
• Frydman, S., & Tena, M. A. M. (2023). Attachment styles and customers’ long-term relationships in a service context. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 47(1), 267–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12834
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez-Suárez, M., & Veloso, M. (2020). Brand experience and brand attachment as drivers of WOM in hospitality. Spanish Journal of Marketing – ESIC, 24(2), 231–246. https://doi.org/10.1108/SJME-12-2019-0106
   Google Scholar
• Gretzel, U., Fesenmaier, D. R., Formica, S., & O’Leary, J. T. (2006). Searching for the future: Challenges faced by destination marketing organizations. Journal of Travel Research, 45(2), 116–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287506291598
   Google Scholar
• Gross, M. J., & Brown, G. (2008). An empirical structural model of tourists and places: Progressing involvement and place attachment into tourism. Tourism Management, 29(6), 1141–1151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.02.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpenny, E. (2006). Environmental behavior, place attachment and park visitation: A case study of visitors to Point Pelee National park ( Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Waterloo.
   Google Scholar
• Hammit, W. E., Kyle, G. T., & Oh, C. O. (2009). Comparison of place bonding models in recreation resource management. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(1), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2009.11950159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, J. H., Kim, J. S., Lee, C. K., & Kim, N. (2019). Role of place attachment dimensions in tourists’ decision-making process in Cittáslow. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 11, 108–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.12.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, P. B., Brown, B. B., & Werner, C. M. (1996). Privacy regulation and place attachment: Predicting attachments to a student family housing facility. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 16(4), 287–301. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1996.0025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan, M. K., Abdullah, S. K., Lew, T. Y., & Islam, M. F. (2020). Determining factors of tourists’ loyalty to beach tourism destinations: A structural model. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing & Logistics, 32(1), 169–187. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-08-2018-0334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollebeek, L., & Rather, R. (2019). Service innovativeness and tourism customer outcomes. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(11), 4227–4246. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2018-0256
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosany, S., Ekinci, Y., & Uysal, M. (2006). Destination image and destination personality: An application of branding theories to tourism places. Journal of Business Research, 59(5), 638–642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosany, S., Ekinci, Y., & Uysal, M. (2007). Destination image and destination personality. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1(1), 62–81. https://doi.org/10.1108/17506180710729619
   Google Scholar
• Hosany, S., & Gilbert, D. (2010). Measuring tourists’ emotional experience toward hedonic holiday destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 49(4), 513–526. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509349267
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosany, S., Hunter-Jones, P., & McCabe, S. (2020). Emotions in tourist experiences: Advancing our conceptual, methodological and empirical understanding. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 16, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100444
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosany, S., & Prayag, G. (2013). Patterns of tourists’ emotional responses, satisfaction, and intention to recommend. Journal of Business Research, 66(6), 730–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.09.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosany, S., Prayag, G., Deesilatham, S., Causevic, S., & Odeh, K. (2015). Measuring tourists’ emotional experiences: Further validation of the destination emotion scale. Journal of Travel Research, 54(4), 482–495. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514522878
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosany, S., Prayag, G., Van Der Veen, R., Huang, S. (., & Deesilatham, S. (2017). Mediating effects of place attachment and satisfaction on the relationship between tourists’ emotions and intention to recommend. Journal of Travel Research, 56(8), 1079–1093. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287516678088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou, J. S., Lin, C. H., & Morais, D. B. (2005). Antecedents of attachment to a cultural tourism destination: The case of Hakka and non-Hakka Taiwanese visitors to Pei-Pu, Taiwan. Journal of Travel Research, 44(2), 221–233. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505278988
   Google Scholar
• Huang, C. C., Wang, Y. M., Wu, T. W., & Wang, P. A. (2013). An empirical analysis of the antecedents and performance consequences of using the Moodle platform. International Journal of Information and Education Techology, 3(2), 217–221. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJIET.2013.V3.267
   Google Scholar
• Huang, Z., Zhang, C., & Hu, J. (2017). Destination brand personality and destination brand attachment-the involvement of self-congruence. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34(9), 1198–1210. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2017.1330171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultman, M., Skarmeas, D., Oghazi, P., & Beheshti, H. M. (2015). Achieving tourist loyalty through destination personality, satisfaction, and identification. Journal of Business Research, 68(11), 2227–2231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izard, E. E. (1977). Human Emotions. Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2209-0
   Google Scholar
• Jager, J., Putnick, D. L., & Bornstein, M. H. (2017). Ii. more than just convenient: The scientific merits of homogeneous convenience samples. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 82(2), 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorgensen, B. S., & Stedman, R. C. (2001). Sense of place as an attitude: Lakeshore owners’ attitudes toward their properties. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21(3), 233–248. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.2001.0226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jovanović, T., Božić, S., Dinić, B., & Majstorović, N. (2017). Serbian adaptation of the brand personality scale (BPS): An application to tourism destinations. Primenjena psihologija, 10(1), 37–61. https://doi.org/10.19090/pp.2017.1.37-61
   Google Scholar
• Kang, J., Manthiou, A., Sumarjan, N., & Tang, L. (2017). An investigation of brand experience on brand attachment, knowledge, and trust in the lodging industry. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 26(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2016.1172534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastenholz, E., Marques, C. P., & Carneiro, M. J. (2020). Place attachment through sensory-rich, emotion-generating place experiences in rural tourism. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 17, 100455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100455
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kijima, K., Novani, S., Widiana, R., Palumian, Y., & Cintyawati, C. (2020). What influences tourist’ visit decision to coastal area? A lesson learned from Southern Beaches of West Java. The Asian Journal of Technology Management (AJTM), 13(1), 63–81. https://doi.org/10.12695/ajtm.2020.13.1.5
   Google Scholar
• Kiliç, B., & Sop, S. A. (2012). Destination personality, self-congruity and loyalty. Journal of Hospitality Management and Tourism, 3(5), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.5897/JHMT12.024
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S., Lee, Y. K., & Lee, C. K. (2017). The moderating effect of place attachment on the relationship between festival quality and behavioral intentions. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(1), 49–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2016.1176060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S., & Lehto, X. Y. (2013). Projected and perceived destination brand personalities: The case of South Korea. Journal of Travel Research, 52(1), 117–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287512457259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, W., Malek, K., Kim, N., & Kim, S. K. (2017). Destination personality, destination image, and intent to recommend: The role of gender, age, cultural background, and prior experiences. Sustainability, 10(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovačić, S., Jovanović, T., & Dinić, B. M. (2020). Development and validation of a new measure of travel destination personality. Psihologija, 53(1), 65–85. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI190423016K
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovačić, S., Jovanović, T., & Šagovnović, I. (2019). Exploring the gap in destination image and destination personality perception between tourists and stakeholders: Case of Roman heritage sites in Serbia. Turizam, 23(3), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.5937/turizam23-22773
   Google Scholar
• Kovačić, S., Jovanović, T., Vujičić, M. D., Morrison, A. M., & Kennell, J. (2022). What shapes activity preferences? The role of tourist personality, destination personality and destination image: Evidence from Serbia. Sustainability, 14(3), 1803. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovačić, S., & Šagovnović, I. Exploring the relationship between tourists’ emotional experience, destination personality perception, satisfaction and behavioral intentions. (2023). Psihologija, 56(3), 371–398. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI210626025K
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, V., & Nayak, J. K. (2018). Destination personality: Scale development and validation. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 42(1), 3–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348014561027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai, P., Hsu, Y., & Nepal, S. (2013). Representing the landscape of Yushan National park. Annals of Tourism Research, 43, 37–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2013.03.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, C. C., & Allen, L. (1999). Understanding individuals’ attachment to selected destinations: An application of place attachment. Tourism Analysis, 4(3/4), 173–185.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S., Busser, J., & Yang, J. (2015). Exploring the dimensional relationships among image formation agents, destination image, and place attachment from the perspectives of pop star fans. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 32(6), 730–746. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2014.934947
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. J., & Kyle, G. T. (2013). The measurement of emotions elicited within festival contexts: A psychometric test of a Festival Consumption Emotions (FCE) scale. Tourism Analysis, 18(6), 635–649. https://doi.org/10.3727/108354213X13824558188541
   Google Scholar
• Le, H. B. H., & Le, T. B. (2020). Impact of destination image and satisfaction on tourist loyalty: Mountain destinations in Thanh Hoa Province, Vietnam. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics & Business, 7(4), 185–195. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no4.185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S., Scott, N., & Walters, G. (2014). Current and potential methods for measuring emotion in tourism experiences: A review. Current Issues in Tourism, 18(9), 805–827. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2014.975679
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, L., Zhang, X., & Cheng, L. (2022). Antecedents and impacts of the pilgrimage destination personality in the Tibetan region: Case from Larong Wuming Buddhist Academy. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 28(4), 469–485. https://doi.org/10.1177/13567667211070013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loker, L., & Perdue, R. (1992). A benefit segmentation of a non-resident summer travel market. Journal of Travel Research, 31(1), 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759203100107
   Google Scholar
• Manurung, R. J., & Wahyono. (2018). Impact of destination image, service quality, and location on visitor satisfaction through visitor decision on global waterboom in Pati Central Java. KnE Social Sciences, 3(10), 1195–1207. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i10.3202
   Google Scholar
• Manzo, L. C. (2003). Relationships to non-residential places: Towards a reconceptualization of attachment to place. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 23(1), 47–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(02)00074-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marković, I., Rabasović, B., & Stojanović, N. (2022). The influence of the brand personality concept on consumer satisfaction and loyalty. Management: Journal of Sustainable Business and Management Solutions in Emerging Economies, 27(2), 13–23. https://doi.org/10.7595/management.fon.2022.0001
   Google Scholar
• Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. A. (1974). An approach to environmental psychology. MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, R. L., & Graefe, A. R. (1994). Attachments to recreation settings: The case of rail trail users. Leisure Sciences, 16(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409409513214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowatt, R., & Chancellor, C. (2011). Visiting death and life: Dark tourism and slave castles. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1410–1434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.03.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ningrum, N. K., Kusumawardani, R., & Kurniawan, I. S. (2020). University branding: Different roles of brand personality and satisfaction. Jurnal Siasat Bisnis, 24(1), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.20885/jsb.vol24.iss1.art5
   Google Scholar
• Oh, H., Fiore, A. M., & Jeoung, M. (2007). Measuring experience economy concepts: Tourism applications. Journal of Travel Research, 46(2), 119–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507304039
   Google Scholar
• Orth, U. R., Limon, Y., & Rose, G. (2010). Store-evoked affect, personalities, and consumer emotional attachments to brands. Journal of Business Research, 63(11), 1202–1208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2009.10.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, L., Zhang, M., Gursoy, D., & Lu, L. (2017). Development and validation of a destination personality scale for mainland Chinese travelers. Tourism Management, 59, 338–348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.08.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patwardhan, V., Ribeiro, M. A., Woosnam, K. M., Payini, V., & Mallya, J. (2020). Visitors’ loyalty to religious tourism destinations: Considering place attachment, emotional experience and religious affiliation. Tourism Management Perspectives, 36, 100737. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100737
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pestana, M., Parriera, A., & Moutinho, L. (2020). Motivations, emotions and satisfaction: The keys to a tourism destination choice. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 16, 100332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2018.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, M. R., & House, C. (2009). An evaluation of priorities for beach tourism: Case studies from South Wales, UK. Tourism Management, 30(2), 176–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.05.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plunkett, D., Fulthorp, K., & Paris, C. M. (2019). Examining the relationship between place attachment and behavioral loyalty in an urban park setting. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 25, 36–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2018.11.006
   Google Scholar
• Plutchik, R. (1980). Emotion: A psychoevolutionary synthesis. Harper and Row.
   Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of method bias in social science research and recommendations on how to control it. Annual Review of Psychology, 63(1), 539–569. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prayag, G., Hosany, S., Muskat, B., & Del Chiappa, G. (2017). Understanding the relationships between tourists’ emotional experiences, perceived overall image, satisfaction, and intention to recommend. Journal of Travel Research, 56(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287515620567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prayag, G., Hosany, S., & Odeh, K. (2013). The role of tourists’ emotional experiences and satisfaction in understanding behavioral intentions. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 2(2), 118–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2013.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prayag, G., & Ryan, C. (2012). Antecedents of tourists’ loyalty to Mauritius: The role and influence of destination image, place attachment, personal involvement, and satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 51(3), 342–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287511410321
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proshansky, H. M. (1978). The city and self-identity. Environment and Behavior, 10(2), 147–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916578102002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu, H.-L. (2014). Impacts of tourist destination image on place attachment and tourist loyalty. Computer Modelling & New Technologies, 18(11), 651–656.
   Google Scholar
• Quynh, N. H., Hoai, N. T., & Loi, N. V. (2021). The role of emotional experience and destination image on ecotourism satisfaction. Spanish Journal of Marketing – ESIC, 25(2), 308–328. https://doi.org/10.1108/SJME-04-2020-0055
   Google Scholar
• Rackić, T., & Chambers, D. (2012). Rethinking the consumption of places. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(3), 1612–1633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramkissoon, H., & Mavondo, F. T. (2015). The satisfaction-place attachment relationship: Potential mediators and moderators. Journal of Business Research, 68(12), 2593–2602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Seyfi, S., Rather, R. A., & Hall, C. M. (2022). Investigating the mediating role of visitor satisfaction in the relationship between memorable tourism experiences and behavioral intentions in heritage tourism context. Tourism Review, 77(2), 687–709. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-02-2021-0086
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rather, R. A. (2017). Investigating the impact of customer brand identification on hospitality brand loyalty: A social identity perspective. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 27(5), 487–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2018.1404539
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rather, R. A., & Hollebeek, L. (2021). Customers’ service-related engagement, experience, and behavioral intent: Moderating role of age. Journal of Retailing & Consumer Services, 60, 102453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102453
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rather, R. A., Hollebeek, L. D., & Islam, J. U. (2019). Tourism-based customer engagement: The construct, antecedents, and consequences. The Service Industries Journal, 39(7/8), 519–540. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2019.1570154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rather, R. A., Hollebeek, L. D., & Rasoolimanesh, S. (2022). First-time versus repeat tourism customer engagement, experience, and value co-creation: An empirical investigation. Journal of Travel Research, 61(3), 549–564. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287521997572
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rather, R. A., Najar, A. H., & Jaziri, D. (2020). Destination branding in tourism: Insights from social identification, attachment and experience theories. Anatolia – an International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research, 31(2), 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2020.1747223
   Google Scholar
• Reitsamer, B. F., & Brunner-Sperdin, A. (2021). It’s all about the brand: Place brand credibility, place attachment, and consumer loyalty. Journal of Brand Management, 28(3), 291–301. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-020-00229-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas-Méndez, J. I., & Hine, M. J. (2016). Countries’ positioning on personality traits: Analysis of 10 South American national tourism websites. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 23(30), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766716649227
   Google Scholar
• Rollero, C., & Piccoli, N. (2010). Place attachment, identification, and environment perception: An empirical study. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(2), 198–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saayman, M., Slabbert, E., & Van Der Merwe, P. (2009). Travel motivations: A tale of two marine destinations in South Africa. South Africa Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 31(1), 81–94. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajrs.v31i1.43794
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Šagovnović, I., & Kovačić, S. (2021). Influence of tourists’ sociodemographic characteristics on their perception of destination personality and emotional experience of a city break destination. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 7(1), 200–223. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-05-2020-0105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanell, L., & Gifford, R. (2010). Defining place attachment: A tripartite organizing framework. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreyer, R., Jacob, G., & White, R. (1981). Environmental meaning as a determinant of spatial behavior in recreation. In J. Frazier & B. Epstein (Eds.), Proceedings of the applied geography conferences (pp. 294–300). Kent State University.
   Google Scholar
• Shang, W., Qiao, G., & Chen, N. (2019). Tourist experience of slow tourism: From authenticity to place attachment – a mixed-method study based on the case of slow city in China. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 25(2), 170–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2019.1683047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang, W., Yuan, Q., & Chen, N. (2020). Examining structural relationships among brand experience, existential authenticity, and place attachment in slow tourism destinations. Sustainability, 12(7), 2784. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072784
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, P., & Nayak, J. K. (2018). Testing the role of tourists’ emotional experiences in predicting destination image, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions: A case of wellness tourism. Tourism Management Perspectives, 28, 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, H.-M., Kim, K.-S., & Yim, B. H. (2017). The mediating effect of place attachment on the relationship between golf tourism destination image and revisit intention. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(11), 1182–1193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1377740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souiden, N., Ladhari, R., & Chiadmi, N. E. (2017). Destination personality and destination image. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Management, 32, 57–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2017.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokols, D., & Shumaker, S. A. (1981). People and Places: A Transactional View of Settings. In J. Harvey (Ed.), Cognition, Social Behavior and the Environment (pp. 441–488). Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Stylidis, D. (2020). Using destination image and place attachment to explore support for tourism development: The case of tourism versus non-tourism employees in EILAT. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 44(6), 951–973. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348020919157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su, J., & Tong, X. (2016). Brand personality, consumer satisfaction, and loyalty: A perspective from denim jeans brands. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 44(4), 427–446. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcsr.12171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasci, A. D. A., Uslu, A., Stylidis, D., & Woosnam, K. M. (2022). Place-oriented or people-oriented concepts for destination loyalty: Destination image and place attachment versus perceived distances and emotional solidarity. Journal of Travel Research, 61(2), 430–453. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520982377
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson, M., MacInnis, D. J., & Park, C. W. (2005). The ties that bind: Measuring the strength of consumers’ emotional attachments to brands. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 15(1), 77–91. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp1501_10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tlili, H. T., & Amara, D. (2016). Towards emotional experiences and place attachment as tourist satisfaction attributes. Journal of Business and Economic Policy, 3(3), 108–119.
   Google Scholar
• Tuan, Y. F. (1980). Rootedness versus sense of place. Landscape, 24, 3–8.
   Google Scholar
• Tung, V. W. S., & Ritchie, J. R. B. (2011). Exploring the essence of memorable tourist experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1367–1386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.03.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usakli, A., & Baloglu, S. (2011). Brand personality of tourism destinations: An application of self-congruity theory. Tourism Management, 32(1), 114–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Merwe, P., Slabbert, E., & Saayman, M. (2010). Travel motivations of tourists to selected marine destinations. International Journal of Tourism Research, 13(5), 457–467. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.820
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volo, S. (2021). The experience of emotion: Directions for tourism design. Annals of Tourism Research, 86(C), 103097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103097
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C., & Hsu, M. K. (2010). The relationships of destination image, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions: An integrated model. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(8), 829–843. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2010.527249
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The Panas Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063–1070. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D., Patterson, M., Roggenbuck, J., & Watson, A. (1992). Beyond the commodity metaphor: Examining emotional and symbolic attachment to place. Leisure Sciences, 14(1), 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409209513155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., & Roggenbuck, J. W. (1989, October). Measuring place attachment: Some preliminary results. Paper presented at the NRPA Symposium on Leisure Research, San Antonio, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, D. R., & Vaske, J. J. (2003). The measurement of place attachment: Validity and generalizability of a psychometric approach. Forest Science, 49(6), 830–840.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaiţ, A., & Bertea, P. S. P. E. (2011). Methods for testing discriminant validity. Management & Marketing Journal, 9(2), 217–224.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, C., Huang, Z., Cao, F., & Chen, X. (2019). Recognise me from outside to inside: Learning the influence chain of urban destination personalities. Tourism Management, 70, 390–403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, S., Kim, K., Yim, B. H., Hyun, B., & Chai, W. (2022). Destination personality and behavioral intention in Hainan’s golf tourism during COVID-19 pandemic: Mediating role of destination image and self-congruity. Sustainability, 14(11), 6528. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116528
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zografos, G., & Deffner, A. (2009). Dramatic changes in the continuously evolving tourist destinations: The case of Paralia in Pieria. Tourismos: An International Multidisciplinary Journal of Tourism, 4(2), 129–147.
   Google Scholar