Association between ACE (rs4343 and rs1799752), AGTR1 (rs5186), and PAI-1 (rs2227631) polymorphisms in the host and the severity of Covid-19 infection

References

• Wu, Z.; McGoogan, J. M. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020, 323, 1239–1242. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.2648.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, M.; Chen, S.; Huang, B.; Zhong, J. M.; Su, H.; Chen, Y. J.; Cao, Q.; Ma, L.; He, J.; Li, X.; F.; et al. Pathological Findings in the Testes of COVID-19 Patients: Clinical Implications. Eur. Urol. Focus. 2020, 6, 1124–1129. DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2020.05.009.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, T.; Wu, D.; Chen, H.; Yan, W.; Yang, D.; Chen, G.; Ma, K.; Xu, D.; Yu, H.; Wang, H.; et al. Clinical Characteristics of 113 Deceased Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: Retrospective Study. BMJ 2020, 368, m1091. DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m1091.
   Google Scholar
• Heffernan, D. S.; Evans, H. L.; Huston, J. M.; Claridge, J. A.; Blake, D. P.; May, A. K.; Beilman, G. S.; Barie, P. S.; Kaplan, L. J. Surgical Infection Society Guidance for Operative and Peri-Operative Care of Adult Patients Infected by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Surg. Infect. (Larchmt). 2020, 21, 301–308. DOI: 10.1089/sur.2020.101.
   Google Scholar
• Miesbach, W.; Makris, M. COVID-19: Coagulopathy, Risk of Thrombosis, and the Rationale for Anticoagulation. Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost. 2020, 26, 1076029620938149. DOI: 10.1177/1076029620938149.
   Google Scholar
• Torres-Carrillo, N. M.; Torres-Carrillo, N.; Vázquez-Del Mercado, M.; Delgado-Rizo, V.; Oregón-Romero, E.; Parra-Rojas, I.; Muñoz-Valle, J. F. The 844 G/A PAI-1 Polymorphism is Associated with mRNA Expression in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Rheumatol. Int. 2008, 28, 355–360. DOI: 10.1007/s00296-007-0453-z.
   Google Scholar
• Tan, W. S. D.; Liao, W. P.; Zhou, S.; Mei, D.; Wong, W. S. F. Targeting the Renin-Angiotensin System as Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Pulmonary Diseases. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2018, 40, 9–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2017.12.002.
   Google Scholar
• Aziz, M. A.; Islam, M. S. Association of ACE1 I/D rs1799752 and ACE2 rs2285666 Polymorphisms with the Infection and Severity of COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis. Mol. Genet. Genomic Med. 2022, 10, e2063. DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2063.
   Google Scholar
• El-Arif, G.; Khazaal, S.; Farhat, A.; Harb, J.; Annweiler, C.; Wu, Y.; Cao, Z.; Kovacic, H.; Abi Khattar, Z.; Fajloun, Z.; et al. Angiotensin II Type I Receptor (AT1R): The Gate Towards COVID-19-Associated Diseases. Molecules 2022, 27, 2048. DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072048.
   Google Scholar
• Rigat, B.; Hubert, C.; Alhenc-Gelas, F.; Cambien, F.; Corvol, P.; Soubrier, F. An Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism in the Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Gene Accounting for Half the Variance of Serum Enzyme Levels. J. Clin. Invest. 1990, 86, 1343–1346. DOI: 10.1172/JCI114844.
   Google Scholar
• Sheikhian, F.; Sadeghi Mofrad, S.; Tarashi, S.; Ghazanfari Jajin, M.; Sakhaee, F.; Ahmadi, I.; Anvari, E.; Sheikhpour, M.; Fateh, A. The Impact of ACE2 Polymorphisms (rs1978124, rs2285666, and rs2074192) and ACE1 rs1799752 in the Mortality Rate of COVID-19 in Different SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Hum. Genomics. 2023, 17, 54. DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00501-8.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta, K.; Kaur, G.; Pathak, T.; Banerjee, I. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Human Genetic Variants Contributing to COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity. Gene 2022, 844, 146790. DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146790.
   Google Scholar
• Abboud, N.; Ghazouani, L.; Saidi, S.; Ben-Hadj-Khalifa, S.; Addad, F.; Almawi, W. Y.; Mahjoub, T. Association of PAI-1 4G/5G and -844G/A Gene Polymorphisms and Changes in PAI-1/Tissue Plasminogen Activator Levels in Myocardial Infarction: A Case-Control Study. Genet. Test. Mol. Biomark. 2010, 14, 23–27. DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2009.0039.
   Google Scholar
• Rigat, B.; Hubert, C.; Corvol, P.; Soubrier, F. PCR Detection of the Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism of the Human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene (DCP1) (Dipeptidyl Carboxypeptidase 1). Nucleic Acids Res. 1992, 20, 1433–1433. DOI: 10.1093/nar/20.6.1433-a.
   Google Scholar
• Herrera, C. L.; Castillo, W.; Estrada, P.; Mancilla, B.; Reyes, G.; Saavedra, N.; Guzmán, N.; Serón, P.; Lanas, F.; Salazar, L. A. Association of Polymorphisms within the Renin-Angiotensin System with Metabolic Syndrome in a Cohort of Chilean Subjects. Arch. Endocrinol. Metab. 2016, 60, 190–198. DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000134.
   Google Scholar
• Ghafil, F. A.; Mohammad, B. I.; Al-Janabi, H. S.; Hadi, N. R.; Al-Aubaidy, H. A. Genetic Polymorphism of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptors and Their Impact on the Outcome of Acute Coronary Syndrome. Genomics 2020, 112, 867–872. DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.05.028.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao, F.; Song, M.; Wang, Y.; Wang, W. Genetic Model. J. Cell. Mol. Med. 2016, 20, 765–765. DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12751.
   Google Scholar
• Genomes Project, C.; Abecasis, G. R.; Altshuler, D.; Auton, A.; Brooks, L. D.; Durbin, R. M.; Gibbs, R. A.; Hurles, M. E.; McVean, G. A, 1000 Genomes Project Consortium. A Map of Human Genome Variation from Population-Scale Sequencing. Nature 2010, 467, 1061–1073. DOI: 10.1038/nature09534.
   Google Scholar
• Matise, T. C.; Ambite, J. L.; Buyske, S.; Carlson, C. S.; Cole, S. A.; Crawford, D. C.; Haiman, C. A.; Heiss, G.; Kooperberg, C.; Marchand, L. L.; et al. The Next PAGE in Understanding Complex Traits: Design for the Analysis of Population Architecture Using Genetics and Epidemiology (PAGE) Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2011, 174, 849–859. DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr160.
   Google Scholar
• Tadaka, S.; Katsuoka, F.; Ueki, M.; Kojima, K.; Makino, S.; Saito, S.; Otsuki, A.; Gocho, C.; Sakurai-Yageta, M.; Danjoh, I.; et al. 3.5KJPNv2: An Allele Frequency Panel of 3552 Japanese Individuals Including the X Chromosome. Hum. Genome Var. 2019, 6, 28. DOI: 10.1038/s41439-019-0059-5.
   Google Scholar
• Boomsma, D. I.; Wijmenga, C.; Slagboom, E. P.; Swertz, M. A.; Karssen, L. C.; Abdellaoui, A.; Ye, K.; Guryev, V.; Vermaat, M.; van Dijk, F.; et al. The Genome of The Netherlands: Design, and Project Goals. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 2014, 22, 221–227. DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.118.
   Google Scholar
• Gudmundsson, S.; Singer-Berk, M.; Watts, N. A.; Phu, W.; Goodrich, J. K.; Solomonson, M.; Genome Aggregation Database, C.; Rehm, H. L.; MacArthur, D. G.; O’Donnell-Luria, A, Genome Aggregation Database Consortium. Variant Interpretation Using Population Databases: Lessons from gnomAD. Hum. Mutat. 2022, 43, 1012–1030. DOI: 10.1002/humu.24309.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, J.; Li, S.; Liu, J.; Liang, B.; Wang, X.; Wang, H.; Li, W.; Tong, Q.; Yi, J.; Zhao, L.; et al. Longitudinal Characteristics of Lymphocyte Responses and Cytokine Profiles in the Peripheral Blood of SARS-CoV-2 Infected Patients. EBioMedicine 2020, 55, 102763. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102763.
   Google Scholar
• Yu, H. H.; Qin, C.; Chen, M.; Wang, W.; Tian, D. S. D-Dimer Level is Associated with the Severity of COVID-19. Thromb. Res. 2020, 195, 219–225. DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2020.07.047.
   Google Scholar
• Figliozzi, S.; Masci, P. G.; Ahmadi, N.; Tondi, L.; Koutli, E.; Aimo, A.; Stamatelopoulos, K.; Dimopoulos, M. A.; Caforio, A. L. P.; Georgiopoulos, G. Predictors of Adverse Prognosis in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 2020, 50, e13362. DOI: 10.1111/eci.13362.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, Y. D.; Ding, M.; Dong, X.; Zhang, J. J.; Kursat Azkur, A.; Azkur, D.; Gan, H.; Sun, Y. L.; Fu, W.; Li, W.; et al. Risk Factors for Severe and Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Review. Allergy 2021, 76, 428–455. DOI: 10.1111/all.14657.
   Google Scholar
• Tipnis, S. R.; Hooper, N. M.; Hyde, R.; Karran, E.; Christie, G.; Turner, A. J. A Human Homolog of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme. Cloning and Functional Expression as a Captopril-Insensitive Carboxypeptidase. J. Biol. Chem. 2000, 275, 33238–33243. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M002615200.
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh, S.; Klein, R. S. Sex Drives Dimorphic Immune Responses to Viral Infections. J. Immunol. 2017, 198, 1782–1790. DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601166.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, S. L.; Flanagan, K. L. Sex Differences in Immune Responses. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2016, 16, 626–638. DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.90.
   Google Scholar
• Horstman, A. M.; Dillon, E. L.; Urban, R. J.; Sheffield-Moore, M. The Role of Androgens and Estrogens on Healthy Aging and Longevity. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2012, 67, 1140–1152. DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gls068.
   Google Scholar
• Quax, T. E. F.; Claassens, N. J.; Söll, D.; van der Oost, J. Codon Bias as a Means to Fine-Tune Gene Expression. Mol. Cell. 2015, 59, 149–161. DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.05.035.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, Z. P.; Dang, Y. K.; Zhou, M.; Li, L.; Yu, C. H.; Fu, J. J.; Chen, S.; Liu, Y. Codon Usage is an Important Determinant of Gene Expression Levels Largely through Its Effects on Transcription. P Natl Acad Sci USA 2016, 113, E6117–E6125.
   Google Scholar
• Gard, P. R. Implications of the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism in Health and Disease: A Snapshot Review. Int. J. Mol. Epidemiol. Genet. 2010, 1, 145–157.
   Google Scholar
• Cordaux, R.; Batzer, M. A. The Impact of Retrotransposons on Human Genome Evolution. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2009, 10, 691–703. DOI: 10.1038/nrg2640.
   Google Scholar
• Ayarpadikannan, S.; Lee, H. E.; Han, K.; Kim, H. S. Transposable Element-Driven Transcript Diversification and Its Relevance to Genetic Disorders. Gene 2015, 558, 187–194. DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.01.039.
   Google Scholar
• Sorek, R.; Ast, G.; Graur, D. Alu-Containing Exons Are Alternatively Spliced. Genome Res. 2002, 12, 1060–1067. DOI: 10.1101/gr.229302.
   Google Scholar
• Amrani, N.; Ganesan, R.; Kervestin, S.; Mangus, D. A.; Ghosh, S.; Jacobson, A. A Faux 3’-UTR Promotes Aberrant Termination and Triggers Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay. Nature 2004, 432, 112–118. DOI: 10.1038/nature03060.
   Google Scholar
• Nury, D.; Chabanon, H.; Levadoux-Martin, M.; Hesketh, J. An Eleven Nucleotide Section of the 3′-Untranslated Region is Required for Perinuclear Localization of Rat Metallothionein-1 mRNA. Biochem. J. 2005, 387, 419–428. DOI: 10.1042/BJ20040630.
   Google Scholar
• Morange, P. E.; Saut, N.; Alessi, M. C.; Yudkin, J. S.; Margaglione, M.; Di Minno, G.; Hamsten, A.; Humphries, S. E.; Tregouet, D. A.; Juhan-Vague, I. Association of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor (PAI)-1 (SERPINE1) SNPs with Myocardial Infarction, Plasma PAI-1, and Metabolic Parameters: The HIFMECH Study. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2007, 27, 2250–2257. DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.149468.
   Google Scholar
• Gunal, O.; Sezer, O.; Ustun, G. U.; Ozturk, C. E.; Sen, A.; Yigit, S.; Demirag, M. D. Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-1 Gene Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism May Be Associated with COVID-19 Clinical Severity: A Prospective Cohort Study. Ann. Saudi Med. 2021, 41, 141–146. DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2021.141.
   Google Scholar
• Chaudhry, F.; Lavandero, S.; Xie, X.; Sabharwal, B.; Zheng, Y. Y.; Correa, A.; Narula, J.; Levy, P. Manipulation of ACE2 Expression in COVID-19. Open Heart. 2020, 7, e001424. DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2020-001424.
   Google Scholar
• Geng, S.; Mei, Q.; Zhu, C.; Yang, T.; Yang, Y.; Fang, X.; Pan, A. High Flow Nasal Cannula is a Good Treatment Option for COVID-19. Heart Lung. 2020, 49, 444–445. DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2020.03.018.
   Google Scholar
• Bocchile, R. L. R.; Cazati, D. C.; Timenetsky, K.; T.; Serpa Neto, A. The Effects of High-Flow Nasal Cannula on Intubation and Re-Intubation in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Trial Sequential Analysis. Rev. Bras. Ter. Intensiva. 2018, 30, 487–495. DOI: 10.5935/0103-507X.20180070.
   Google Scholar
• Ou, M.; Zhu, J.; Ji, P.; Li, H.; Zhong, Z.; Li, B.; Pang, J.; Zhang, J.; Zheng, X. Risk Factors of Severe Cases with COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis. Epidemiol. Infect. 2020, 148, e175. DOI: 10.1017/S095026882000179X.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, L.; Shi, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, C.; Do Vale Moreira, N. C.; Zuo, H.; Hussain, A. Comorbid Diabetes and the Risk of Disease Severity or Death among 8807 COVID-19 Patients in China: A Meta-Analysis. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2020, 166, 108346. DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108346.
   Google Scholar
• Shi, Q.; Zhang, X.; Jiang, F.; Zhang, X.; Hu, N.; Bimu, C.; Feng, J.; Yan, S.; Guan, Y.; Xu, D.; et al. Clinical Characteristics and Risk Factors for Mortality of COVID-19 Patients with Diabetes in Wuhan, China: A Two-Center, Retrospective Study. Diabetes Care. 2020, 43, 1382–1391. DOI: 10.2337/dc20-0598.
   Google Scholar
• Chan, N. C.; Weitz, J. I. COVID-19 Coagulopathy, Thrombosis, and Bleeding. Blood 2020, 136, 381–383. DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007335.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, E. J.; Walker, A. J.; Bhaskaran, K.; Bacon, S.; Bates, C.; Morton, C. E.; Curtis, H. J.; Mehrkar, A.; Evans, D.; Inglesby, P.; et al. Factors Associated with COVID-19-Related Death Using OpenSAFELY. Nature 2020, 584, 430–436. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4.
   Google Scholar
• Gibertoni, D.; Reno, C.; Rucci, P.; Fantini, M. P.; Buscaroli, A.; Mosconi, G.; Rigotti, A.; Giudicissi, A.; Mambelli, E.; Righini, M.; et al. COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. PLoS One. 2021, 16, e0254525. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254525.
   Google Scholar
• Forouzanfar, M. H.; Alexander, L.; Anderson, H. R.; Bachman, V. F.; Biryukov, S.; Brauer, M.; Burnett, R.; Casey, D.; Coates, M. M.; Cohen, A.; et al. Global, Regional, and National Comparative Risk Assessment of 79 Behavioural, Environmental and Occupational, and Metabolic Risks or Clusters of Risks in 188 Countries, 1990-2013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2015, 386, 2287–2323. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00128-2.
   Google Scholar
• Kearney, P. M.; Whelton, M.; Reynolds, K.; Muntner, P.; Whelton, P. K.; He, J. Global Burden of Hypertension: Analysis of Worldwide Data. Lancet 2005, 365, 217–223. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70151-3.
   Google Scholar
• Li, R.; Tian, J.; Yang, F.; Lv, L.; Yu, J.; Sun, G.; Ma, Y.; Yang, X.; Ding, J. Clinical Characteristics of 225 Patients with COVID-19 in a Tertiary Hospital near Wuhan, China. J. Clin. Virol. 2020, 127, 104363. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104363.
   Google Scholar
• Lippi, G.; Wong, J.; Henry, B. M. Hypertension in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Pooled Analysis. Pol. Arch. Intern. Med. 2020, 130, 304–309. DOI: 10.20452/pamw.15272.
   Google Scholar
• Li, X.; Xu, S.; Yu, M.; Wang, K.; Tao, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Shi, J.; Zhou, M.; Wu, B.; Yang, Z.; et al. Risk Factors for Severity and Mortality in Adult COVID-19 Inpatients in Wuhan. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2020, 146, 110–118. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.006.
   Google Scholar
• Liang, C. D.; Zhang, W. J.; Li, S. Z.; Qin, G. Coronary Heart Disease and COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis. Med. Clin. (Barc) 2021, 156, 547–554. DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.12.017.
   Google Scholar
• Sisti, N.; Valente, S.; Mandoli, G. E.; Santoro, C.; Sciaccaluga, C.; Franchi, F.; Cameli, P.; Mondillo, S.; Cameli, M. COVID-19 in Patients with Heart Failure: The New and the Old Epidemic. Postgrad. Med. J. 2021, 97, 175–179. DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-138080.
   Google Scholar
• Rey, J. R.; Caro-Codón, J.; Rosillo, S. O.; Iniesta, Á. M.; Castrejón-Castrejón, S.; Marco-Clement, I.; Martín-Polo, L.; Merino-Argos, C.; Rodríguez-Sotelo, L.; García-Veas, J. M.; et al. Heart Failure in COVID-19 Patients: Prevalence, Incidence and Prognostic Implications. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2020, 22, 2205–2215. DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1990.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S. C.; Son, K. J.; Han, C. H.; Park, S. C.; Jung, J. Y. Impact of COPD on COVID-19 Prognosis: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in South Korea. Sci. Rep. 2021, 11, 3735. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83226-9.
   Google Scholar
• Gerayeli, F. V.; Milne, S.; Cheung, C.; Li, X.; Yang, C. W. T.; Tam, A.; Choi, L. H.; Bae, A.; Sin, D. D. COPD and the Risk of Poor Outcomes in COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Eclinicalmedicine 2021, 33, 100789. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100789.
   Google Scholar
• Attaway, A. A.; Zein, J.; Hatipoğlu, U. S. SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the COPD Population is Associated with Increased Healthcare Utilization: An Analysis of Cleveland Clinic’s COVID-19 Registry. Eclinicalmedicine 2020, 26, 100515. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100515.
   Google Scholar
• Valdenebro, M.; Martín-Rodríguez, L.; Tarragón, B.; Sánchez-Briales, P.; Portolés, J. Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Patients with Acute Kidney Injury: 2020 Nephrologist’s Perspective. Nefrologia (Engl Ed) 2021, 41, 102–114. DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2021.05.003.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, F.; Yu, T.; Du, R.; Fan, G.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Z.; Xiang, J.; Wang, Y.; Song, B.; Gu, X.; et al. Clinical Course and Risk Factors for Mortality of Adult Inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Lancet 2020, 395, 1054–1062. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, X.; Yu, Y.; Xu, J.; Shu, H.; Xia, J.; Liu, H.; Wu, Y.; Zhang, L.; Yu, Z.; Fang, M.; et al. Clinical Course and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A Single-Centered, Retrospective, Observational Study. Lancet. Respir. Med. 2020, 8, 475–481. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5.
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch, J. S.; Ng, J. H.; Ross, D. W.; Sharma, P.; Shah, H. H.; Barnett, R. L.; Hazzan, A. D.; Fishbane, S.; Jhaveri, K. D.; Northwell, C.-R. C.; et al. Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020, 98, 209–218. DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.05.006.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, H.; Daoud, A.; Mohamed, M. M.; Salim, S. A.; Yessayan, L.; Baharani, J.; Murtaza, A.; Rao, V. N.; Soliman, K. M. Survival Rate in Acute Kidney Injury Superimposed COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ren. Fail. 2020, 42, 393–397. DOI: 10.1080/0886022X.2020.1756323.
   Google Scholar