Parity Arguments for ‘Physician Aid-in-Dying’ (PAD) for Psychiatric Disorders: Their Structure and Limits

References

• Appelbaum, P. S. 2018. Physician-assisted death in psychiatry. World Psychiatry 17(2): 145–156. doi: 10.1002/wps.20548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett and Finder. 2019. “When the fall is all there is…”: refocusing on the crucial characteristic of “dying” in physician-aid-in-dying. American Journal of Bioethics 19(10): 43–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blikshavn, T., T. L. Husum, and M. Magelssen. 2017. Four reasons why assisted dying should not be offered for depression. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 14(1): 151–157. doi: 10.1007/s11673-016-9759-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broome, M. R., and A. de Cates. 2015. Choosing death in depression: A commentary on ‘treatment-resistant major depressive disorder and assisted dying’. Journal of Medical Ethics 41(8): 586–587. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2015-102812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calkins, B. C., and K. M. Swetz. 2019. Physician aid-in-dying and suicide prevention in psychiatry: A moral imperative over a crisis. American Journal of Bioethics 19(10): 29–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, C. S. 2019. Moral crisis or ethics sideshow? American Journal of Bioethics 19(10): 46–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cholbi, M. J. 2013. The terminal, the futile, and the psychiatrically disordered. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 36(5–6): 498–505. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.06.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowley, C. 2013. Euthanasia in psychiatry can never be justified. A reply to wijsbek. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 34(3): 227–338. doi: 10.1007/s11017-013-9252-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries, R. G. 2019. Moralities of method: Putting normative arguments in their (social and cultural) place. American Journal of Bioethics 19(10): 40–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dembo, J. S. 2010. Addressing treatment futility and assisted suicide in psychiatry. Journal of Ethics in Mental Health 5(1): 1–3.
   Google Scholar
• Dembo, J., U. Schuklenk, and J. Reggler. 2018. For their own good”: A response to popular arguments against permitting medical assistance in dying (MAID) where mental illness is the sole underlying condition. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 63(7): 451–456. doi: 10.1177/0706743718766055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• den Hartogh, G. 2015. Why extra caution is needed in the case of depressed patients. Journal of Medical Ethics 41(8): 588–589. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2015-102814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• den Hartogh, G. 2019. Why normative judgment is inescapable. American Journal of Bioethics 19(10): 48–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin, R., T. Nagel, R. Nozick, J. Rawls, and J. J. Thompson. 1997. Assisted suicide: The philosophers’ brief. The New York Review of Books (March 27).
   Google Scholar
• Foster, C. 2019. Kious and Battin’s dilemma resolved: Outlaw physician aid-in-dying. American Journal of Bioethics 19(10): 50–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaignard, M. E., and S. Hurst. 2019. A qualitative study on existential suffering and assisted suicide in Switzerland. BMC Medical Ethics 20(1): 34. doi: 10.1186/s12910-019-0367-9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirsch, J. 2016. The wish to die: Assisted suicide and mental Illness. Journal of Social Work in End-of-Life & Palliative Care 12(3): 231–235. doi: 10.1080/15524256.2016.1200516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho  and Norman . 2019. Social determinants of mental health and physician aid-in-dying: The real moral crisis. American Journal of Bioethics 19(10): 52–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen, L. A., S. Wall, and F. G. Miller. 2019. Drawing the line on physician-assisted death. Journal of Medical Ethics 45(3): 190–197. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2018-105003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, D. A. 2011. Is there a logical slippery slope from voluntary to nonvoluntary euthanasia? Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 21(4): 379–404. doi: 10.1353/ken.2011.0018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, B. D. 2017. Invited commentary on … when unbearable suffering incites psychiatric patients to request euthanasia. British Journal of Psychiatry 211(4): 248–249. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.117.199695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, B. D., and D. M. McLoughlin. 2002. Euthanasia, assisted suicide and psychiatry: A pandora’s box. British Journal of Psychiatry 181(4): 278–279. doi: 10.1192/bjp.181.4.278.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kendler, K. S. 2019. From many to one to many-the search for causes of psychiatric illness. JAMA Psychiatry. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keown, J. 2002. Euthanasia, ethics and public policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S. Y., and T. Lemmens. 2016. Should assisted dying for psychiatric disorders be legalized in Canada? Canadian Medical Association Journal 188(14): E337–E339. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.160365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S. Y. H. 2016. Capacity assessments as a safeguards for psychiatric patients requesting euthanasia. Journal of Ethics in Mental Health. Available at: https://jemh.ca/issues/v9/theme2.html
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S. Y. H. 2019. Lives not worth living in modern euthanasia regimes. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities 16(2): 134–136. doi: 10.1111/jppi.12300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kious, B., and M. P. Battin. 2019. Physician aid-in-dying and suicide prevention in psychiatry: A moral crisis? American Journal of Bioethics 19(10): 68–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kissane, D. W., and B. J. Kelly. 2000. Demoralisation, depression and desire for death: Problems with the dutch guidelines for euthanasia of the mentally ill. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34(2): 325–333. doi: 10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00692.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Glaz, A., S. Berrouiguet, K. Deok-Hee, M. Walter, and C. Lemey. 2019. Euthanasia for mental suffering could reduce stigmatization but may lead to an extension of this practice without safeguards. American Journal of Bioethics 19(10): 57–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemmens, T. 2019. When a theoretical commitment to broad physician aid-in-dying faces the reality of its implementation. American Journal of Bioethics 19(10): 65–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, F. G. 2015. Treatment-resistant depression and physician-assisted death. Journal of Medical Ethics 41(11): 885–886. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2015-103060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, F. G., and P. S. Appelbaum. 2018. Physician-assisted death for psychiatric patients – misguided public policy. New England Journal of Medicine 378(10): 883–885. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1709024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naudts, K., C. Ducatelle, J. Kovacs, K. Laurens, F. Van Den Eynde, and C. Van Heeringen. 2006. Euthanasia: The role of the psychiatrist. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science 188(MAY): 405–409. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.105.010256.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olié, E., and P. Courtet. 2016. The controversial issue of euthanasia in patients with psychiatric illness. JAMA 316(6): 656–657. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.9883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, G. 2016. Commentary on “Decision-Making capacity to consent to medical assistance in dying for persons with mental disorders. Journal of Ethics in Mental Health. Available at: https://jemh.ca/issues/v9/theme2.html
   Google Scholar
• Parker, M. 2013. Defending the indefensible? Psychiatry, assisted suicide and human freedom. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 36(5–6): 485–497. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.06.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce, S. 2017. Invited commentary on … when unbearable suffering incites psychiatric patients to request euthanasia: A qualitative study. British Journal of Psychiatry 211(4): 246–247. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.117.199687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provencher-Renaud, G., S. Larivée, and C. Sénéchal. 2018. Access to medical assistance in dying for people with mental disorders. Annales Medico-Psychologiques. doi: 10.1016/j.amp.2018.08.022
   Google Scholar
• Rooney, W., U. Schuklenk, and S. van de Vathorst. 2018. Are concerns about irremediableness, vulnerability, or competence sufficient to justify excluding all psychiatric patients from medical aid in dying? Health Care Analysis 26(4): 326–343. doi: 10.1007/s10728-017-0344-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagan, A. 2015. Equal in the presence of death? Journal of Medical Ethics 41(8): 584. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2015-102810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoevers, R. A., F. P. Asmus, and W. Van Tilburg. 1998. Physician-assisted suicide in psychiatry: Developments in The Netherlands. Psychiatric Services 49(11): 1475–1480. doi: 10.1176/ps.49.11.1475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuklenk, U., and S. van de Vathorst. 2015. Treatment-resistant major depressive disorder and assisted dying. Journal of Medical Ethics 41(8): 577–583. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2014-102458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, A. I. F. 2018. Medical assistance in dying and mental health: A legal, ethical, and clinical analysis. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 63(2): 80–84. doi: 10.1177/0706743717746662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbock, B. 2017. Physician-assisted death and severe, treatment-resistant depression. The Hastings Center Report 47(5): 30–42. doi: 10.1002/hast.768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanner, R. 2018. An ethical- legal analysis of medical assistance in dying for those with mental illness. Alberta Law Review 56(1): 149–175. doi: 10.29173/alr2500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Os, J., S. Guloksuz, T. W. Vijn, A. Hafkenscheid, and P. Delespaul. 2019. The evidence-based group-level symptom-reduction model as the organizing principle for mental health care: Time for change? World Psychiatry 18(1): 88–96. doi: 10.1002/wps.20609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Veen, S. M. P., and J. J. M. van Delden. 2019. Irremediability is key. American Journal of Bioethics 19(10): 59–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenberghe, J. 2018. Physician-Assisted suicide and psychiatric illness. New England Journal of Medicine 378(10): 885–887. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1714496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varelius, J. 2016. On the moral acceptability of physician-assisted dying for non-autonomous psychiatric patients. Bioethics 30(4): 227–233. doi: 10.1111/bioe.12182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuradzki  and Nowak . 2019. Deep uncertainties in criteria for physician aid-in-dying for psychiatric patients. American Journal of Bioethics 19(10): 54–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar