When Treatment Pressures Become Coercive: A Context-Sensitive Model of Informal Coercion in Mental Healthcare

REFERENCES

• Allison, R., and K. Flemming. 2019. Mental health patients’ experiences of softer coercion and its effects on their interactions with practitioners: A qualitative evidence synthesis. Journal of Advanced Nursing 75 (11):2274–84. doi: 10.1111/jan.14035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, S. 2023. Coercion. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2023 Edition), edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman. Accessed May 21, 2023. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2023/entries/coercion/.
   Google Scholar
• Bindman, J., Y. Reid, G. Szmukler, J. Tiller, G. Thornicroft, and M. Leese. 2005. Perceived coercion at admission to psychiatric hospital and engagement with follow-up–a cohort study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 40 (2):160–6. doi: 10.1007/s00127-005-0861-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumenthal-Barby, J. S., L. B. McCullough, H. Krieger, and J. Coverdale. 2013. Methods of influencing the decisions of psychiatric patients: An ethical analysis. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 21 (5):275–9. doi: 10.1097/HRP.0b013e3182a75d4f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canvin, K., J. Rugkasa, J. Sinclair, and T. Burns. 2013. Leverage and other informal pressures in community psychiatry in England. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 36 (2):100–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2013.01.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis, L. C., and R. Diamond. 1997. Power and Coercion in Mental Health Practice. In Treatment compliance and the therapeutic alliance, edited by Barry Blackwell, 97–122. Australia: Harwood Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Dunn, M., D. Maughan, T. Hope, K. Canvin, J. Rugkasa, J. Sinclair, and T. Burns. 2012. Threats and offers in community mental healthcare. Journal of Medical Ethics 38 (4):204–9. doi: 10.1136/medethics-2011-100158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmer, T., F. Rabenschlag, D. Schori, G. Zuaboni, B. Kozel, S. Jaeger, C. Mahlke, K. Heumann, A. Theodoridou, and M. Jaeger. 2018. Informal coercion as a neglected form of communication in psychiatric settings in Germany and Switzerland. Psychiatry Research 262:400–6. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksson, K. I., and C. G. Westrin. 1995. Coercive Measures in Psychiatric-Care - Reports and Reactions of Patients and Other People Involved. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 92 (3):225–30. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09573.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadamer, H.-G. 1975. Truth and Method. Translated by Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G. Marshall. London, New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Gault, I. 2009. Service-user and carer perspectives on compliance and compulsory treatment in community mental health services. Health & Social Care in the Community 17 (5):504–13. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2524.2009.00847.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gather, J., M. Scholten, T. Henking, J. Vollmann, and G. Juckel. 2019. Wodurch wird die geschlossene Tür ersetzt? Konzeptionelle und ethische Überlegungen zu offenen Unterbringungsformen und psychologischem Druck [What replaces the locked door? Conceptual and ethical considerations regarding open door policies, formal coercion, and the use of treatment pressures]. Der Nervenarzt 90 (7): 690–94. doi: 10.1007/s00115-019-0717-3.
   Google Scholar
• Grimen, H. 2009. Power, Trust, and Risk: Some Reflections on an Absent Issue. Medical Anthropology Quarterly 23 (1):16–33. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-1387.2009.01035.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hempeler, C., J. Gather, A. M. Kleditzsch, and M. Scholten. 2022. Selbstbestimmung im Rahmen pflegerischer Versorgung: Die Bedeutung von Einwilligungsfähigkeit und Freiwilligkeit. Psychiatrische Pflege Heute 28 (6):290–295. doi: 10.1055/a-1925-6213.
   Google Scholar
• Hotzy, F., and M. Jaeger. 2016. Clinical Relevance of Informal Coercion in Psychiatric Treatment-A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychiatry 7:197. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iversen, K. I., G. Hoyer, H. Sexton, and O. K. Gronli. 2002. Perceived coercion among patients admitted to acute wards in Norway. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 56 (6):433–9. doi: 10.1080/08039480260389352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger, M., D. Ketteler, F. Rabenschlag, and A. Theodoridou. 2014. Informal coercion in acute inpatient setting–knowledge and attitudes held by mental health professionals. Psychiatry Research 220 (3):1007–11. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.08.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsakou, C., S. Marougka, J. Garabette, F. Rost, K. Yeeles, and S. Priebe. 2011. Why do some voluntary patients feel coerced into hospitalisation? A mixed-methods study. Psychiatry Research 187 (1-2):275–82. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.01.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingemann, J., P. Świtaj, A. Lasalvia, and S. Priebe. 2022. Behind the screen of voluntary psychiatric hospital admissions: A qualitative exploration of treatment pressures and informal coercion in experiences of patients in Italy, Poland and the United Kingdom. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry 68 (2):457–64. doi: 10.1177/00207640211003942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen, I. B., and T. B. Terkelsen. 2014. Coercion in a locked psychiatric ward: Perspectives of patients and staff. Nursing Ethics 21 (4):426–36. doi: 10.1177/0969733013503601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidz, C. W., S. K. Hoge, W. Gardner, N. S. Bennett, J. Monahan, E. P. Mulvey, and L. H. Roth. 1995. Perceived coercion in mental hospital admission. Pressures and process. Archives of General Psychiatry 52 (12):1034–9. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240052010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidz, C. W., E. P. Mulvey, S. K. Hoge, B. L. Kirsch, J. Monahan, M. Eisenberg, W. Gardner, and L. H. Roth. 1998. Factual sources of psychiatric patients’ perceptions of coercion in the hospital admission process. The American Journal of Psychiatry 155 (9):1254–60. doi: 10.1176/ajp.155.9.1254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lidz, C. W., E. P. Mulvey, R. P. Arnold, N. S. Bennett, and B. L. Kirsch. 1993. Coercive Interactions in a Psychiatric Emergency Room. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 11 (3):269–80. doi: 10.1002/bsl.2370110305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovell, A. M. 1996. Coercion and Social Control. A Framework for Research on Aggressive Strategies in Community Mental Health. In Coercion and Aggressive Community Treatment. The Springer Series in Social Clinical Psychology, edited by D.L. Dennis and J. Monahan, 147–166. Boston: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Machery, E. 2017. The Method of Cases. In Philosophy Within Its Proper Bounds, 11–44. Oxford: Oxford Academic.
   Google Scholar
• Maung, H. H. 2019. The Functions of Diagnoses in Medicine and Psychiatry. In The Bloomsbury Companion to Philosophy of Psychiatry, edited by Şerife Tekin and Robyn Bluhm, 507–526. London: Bloomsbury Academic.
   Google Scholar
• McGuinness, D., M. Dowling, and T. Trimble. 2013. Experiences of involuntary admission in an approved mental health centre. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 20 (8):726–34. doi: 10.1111/jpm.12007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monahan, J., A. D. Redlich, J. Swanson, P. C. Robbins, P. S. Appelbaum, J. Petrila, H. Steadman, M. Swartz, B. Angell, and D. E. McNiel. 2005. Use of leverage to improve adherence to psychiatric treatment in the community. Psychiatric Services 56 (1):37–44. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.56.1.37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norvoll, R., and R. Pedersen. 2016. Exploring the views of people with mental health problems’ on the concept of coercion: Towards a broader socio-ethical perspective. Social Science & Medicine 156:204–11. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nozick, R. 1969. Coercion. In Philosophy, Science, and Method. Essays in Honor of Ernest Nagel, edited by Sydney Morgenbesser, Patrick Suppes and Morton White. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• O'Donoghue, B., E. Roche, S. Shannon, J. Lyne, K. Madigan, and L. Feeney. 2014. Perceived coercion in voluntary hospital admission. Psychiatry Research 215 (1):120–6. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.10.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen, D. P. 2003. Influence and coercion: Relational and rights-based ethical approaches to forced psychiatric treatment. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 10 (6):705–12. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2850.2003.00659.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pelto-Piri, V., L. Kjellin, U. Hylen, E. Valenti, and S. Priebe. 2019. Different forms of informal coercion in psychiatry: A qualitative study. BMC Research Notes 12 (1):787. doi: 10.1186/s13104-019-4823-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potthoff, S., J. Gather, C. Hempeler, A. Gieselmann, and M. Scholten. 2022. “Voluntary in quotation marks”: A conceptual model of psychological pressure in mental healthcare based on a grounded theory analysis of interviews with service users. BMC Psychiatry 22 (1):186. doi: 10.1186/s12888-022-03810-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, M. 2000a. The Nature of Coercion. The Journal of Value Inquiry 34 (2/3):369–81. doi: 10.1023/A:1004716627533.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes, M. 2000b. Coercion. A Nonevaluative Approach. Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi.
   Google Scholar
• Robbins, P. C., J. Petrila, S. LeMelle, and J. Monahan. 2006. The use of housing as leverage to increase adherence to psychiatric treatment in the community. Administration and Policy in Mental Health 33 (2):226–36. doi: 10.1007/s10488-006-0037-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudy-Hiller, F. 2022. The Epistemic Condition for Moral Responsibility. In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman. Accessed May 21, 2023. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-responsibility-epistemic/
   Google Scholar
• Rugkåsa, J., K. Canvin, J. Sinclair, A. Sulman, and T. Burns. 2014. Trust, deals and authority: Community mental health professionals’ experiences of influencing reluctant patients. Community Mental Health Journal 50 (8):886–95. doi: 10.1007/s10597-014-9720-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholten, M. 2020. A Kantian quality of will account of excuses. Inquiry, 1–27. doi: 10.1080/0020174X.2020.1784784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schori, D., M. Jaeger, T. Elmer, S. Jaeger, C. Mahlke, K. Heumann, A. Theodoridou, G. Zuaboni, B. Kozel, and F. Rabenschlag. 2018. Knowledge on types of treatment pressure. A cross-sectional study among mental health professionals. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 32 (5):662–9. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2018.03.005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schramme, T. 2017. Interactive Paternalism in Psychiatry. In Beneficial coercion in psychiatry? Foundations and challenges, edited by Jakov Gather, Tanja Henking, Alexa Nossek and Jochen Vollmann, 39–55. Münster: Mentis Verlag GmbH.
   Google Scholar
• Sjöström, S. 2006. Invocation of coercion context in compliance communication – power dynamics in psychiatric care. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 29 (1):36–47. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2005.06.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjöström, S. 2016. Coercion contexts - how compliance is achieved in interaction. In Coercion in Community Mental Health Care. International Perspectives, edited by Andrew Molodynski, Jorun Rugkåsa and Tom Burns. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sorgaard, K. W. 2007. Satisfaction and coercion among voluntary, persuaded/pressured and committed patients in acute psychiatric treatment. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 21 (2):214–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2007.00458.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szmukler, G. 2018. Men in White Coats. Treatment Under Coercion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Szmukler, G., and P. S. Appelbaum. 2008. Treatment pressures, leverage, coercion, and compulsion in mental health care. Journal of Mental Health 17 (3):233–44. doi: 10.1080/09638230802052203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenti, E., and D. Giacco. 2022. Persuasion or coercion? An empirical ethics analysis about the use of influence strategies in mental health community care. BMC Health Services Research 22 (1):1273. doi: 10.1186/s12913-022-08555-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbeke, E., S. Vanheule, J. Cauwe, F. Truijens, and B. Froyen. 2019. Coercion and power in psychiatry: A qualitative study with ex-patients. Social Science & Medicine 223:89–96. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, R. J. 1994. Responsibility and the Moral Sentiments. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman, D., G. Apter, C. Baeken, S. Bailey, J. Balazs, C. Bec, P. Bienkowski, J. Bobes, M. F. B. Ortiz, H. Brunn, et al. 2020. Compulsory admissions of patients with mental disorders: State of the art on ethical and legislative aspects in 40 European countries. European Psychiatry 63 (1):e82. doi: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertheimer, A. 1993. A philosophical examination of coercion for mental health issues. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 11 (3):239–58. doi: 10.1002/bsl.2370110303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wertheimer, A. 1987. Coercion. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Westrin, C. G., and T. Nilstun. 2000. Psychiatric ethics and health services research. Concepts and research strategies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 101 (399):47–50. doi: 10.1111/j.0902-4441.2000.007s020[dash]11.x.
   Google Scholar
• Wittgenstein, L. 2009. Philosophical Investigations. Translated by Joachim Schulte. 4 ed., edited by P.M.S. Hacker. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Yeeles, K. 2016. Informal coercion: Current evidence. In Coercion in Community Mental Health Care. International Perspectives, edited by Andrew Molodynski, Jorun Rugkåsa, and Tom Burns Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar