References
- Adebayo, C. T., Parcell, E. S., Mkandawire-Valhmu, L., & Olukotun, O. (2021). African American women’s maternal healthcare experiences: A critical race theory perspective. Health Communication, 37(9), 1135–1146. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1888453
- Agudelo, F. I., & Olbrych, N. (2022). It’s not how you say it, it’s what you say: Ambient digital racism and racial narratives on Twitter. Social Media + Society, 8(3), 205630512211224. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051221122441
- Alang, S., McAlpine, D. D., & Hardeman, R. (2020). Police brutality and mistrust in medical institutions. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 7(4), 760–768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00706-w
- Alang, S., McAlpine, D., McCreedy, E., & Hardeman, R. (2017). Police brutality and Black Health: Setting the agenda for public health scholars. American Journal of Public Health, 107(5), 662–665. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2017.303691
- Alang, S., VanHook, C., Judson, J., Ikiroma, A., & Adkins-Jackson, P. B. (2022). Police brutality, heightened vigilance, and the mental health of black adults. Psychology of Violence, 12(4), 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000418
- Albrecht, J. F. (2017). Understanding police deviance. Police Brutality, Misconduct, and Corruption, 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64438-7_2
- Anderson, L. A., Caughy, M. O. B., & Owen, M. T. (2021). “The talk” and parenting while black in America: Centering race, resistance, and refuge. Journal of Black Psychology, 48(3–4), 475–506. https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984211034294
- Arango, T., & Dewan, S. (2021, September 30). More Than Half of Police Killings are Mislabeled, New Study Says. The New York Times. Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/30/us/police-killings-undercounted-study.html
- Bates, J. (2021, October 1). New Study Shows Police Killings Have Been Underreported. Time. Retrieved January 15, 2023, from https://time.com/6102324/study-police-killings-significantly-underreported/
- Bent-Goodley, T., St. Vil, C., Cuevas, C. A., & Abbey, A. (2022). Police, violence, and Social Justice: A call for research and introduction to the special issue. Psychology of Violence, 12(4), 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000438
- Bhattar, K. (2021, November 30). The History of Policing in the US and Its Impact on Americans Today. UAB Institute for Human Rights. Retrieved January 15, 2023, from https://sites.uab.edu/humanrights/2021/12/08/the-history-of-policing-in-the-us-and-its-impact-on-americans-today/
- Bonilla, Y., & Rosa, J. (2015). #ferguson: Digital Protest, hashtag ethnography, and the racial politics of social media in the United States. American Ethnologist, 42(1), 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/amet.12112
- Bor, J., Venkataramani, A. S., Williams, D. R., & Tsai, A. C. (2018). Police killings and their spillover effects on the mental health of Black Americans: A population-based, quasi-experimental study. The Lancet, 392(10144), 302–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31130-9
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Brunson, R. K. (2007). “Police don’t like black people”: African-American young men’s accumulated police experiences*. Criminology &public Policy, 6(1), 71–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2007.00423.x
- Burton, L. M., Bonilla-Silva, E., Ray, V., Buckelew, R., & Hordge Freeman, E. (2010). Critical race theories, colorism, and the decade’s research on families of color. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72(3), 440–459. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00712.x
- Carbado, D. W., & Richardson, L. S. (2018). Book Review: The Black Police: Policing Our Own. Harvard Law Review, 131, 2018–2042. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3184015
- Cooper, H. L. F. (2015). War on drugs policing and police brutality. Substance Use & Misuse, 50(8–9), 1188–1194. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2015.1007669
- Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
- Creswell, J. W., & Miller, D. L. (2000). Determining validity in Qualitative Inquiry. Theory into Practice, 39(3), 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip3903_2
- Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2017). Critical race theory: An introduction (3rd ed.). New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1ggjjn3
- DeVylder, J. E., Anglin, D. M., Bowleg, L., Fedina, L., & Link, B. G. (2022). Police violence and public health. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 18(1), 527–552. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072720-020644
- Durr, M. (2015). What is the difference between slave patrols and modern-day policing? institutional violence in a community of color. Critical Sociology, 41(6), 873–879. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920515594766
- Eveland, W. P., Jr., & Nathanson, A. I. (2020). Contexts for family talk about racism: Historical, Dyadic, and geographic. Journal of Family Communication, 20(4), 267–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2020.1790563
- Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O. (2010). Critical race theory, race equity, and Public Health: Toward antiracism praxis. American Journal of Public Health, 100(S1), S30–S35. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2009.171058
- Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (2017). The discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Routledge.
- Hattery, A., & Smith, E. (2021). Policing black bodies how black lives are surveilled and how to work for change. Rowman & Littlefield.
- Hawkins, D. S. (2021). “After Philando, I had to take a sick day to recover”: Psychological distress, trauma and police brutality in the Black Community. Health Communication, 37(9), 1113–1122. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1913838
- Hawkins, D. S. (2023). “When you search a #hashtag, it feels like you’re searching for death:” black twitter and communication about police brutality within the Black Community. Social Media + Society, 9(2), 9(2. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231179705
- Henry, J. (2021, March 22). “Stranger fruit”: Black Mothers and the Fear of Police Brutality. The Marshall Project. Retrieved January 14, 2023, from https://www.themarshallproject.org/2021/03/22/stranger-fruit-black-mothers-and-the-fear-of-police-brutality
- Hjelmgaard, K. (2020, July 1). ‘I’m Leaving, and I’m Just Not Coming back’: Fed Up with Racism, Black Americans Head Overseas. USA Today. Retrieved May 1, 2023, from https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2020/06/26/blaxit-black-americans-leave-us-escape-racism-build-lives-abroad/3234129001/
- Hutchins, D., & Nelson, L. R. (2021). Setting the agenda: Black families matter. Journal of Family Communication, 21(4), 322–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2021.1954649
- Kramer, R., & Remster, B. (2018). Stop, Frisk, and assault? racial disparities in police use of force during investigatory stops. Law & Society Review, 52(4), 960–993. https://doi.org/10.1111/lasr.12366
- Krieger, N. (2014). Police killings, political impunity, racism and the People’s Health: Issues for Our Times. HPHR Journal, 2014(3). https://doi.org/10.54111/0001c/3
- Krieger, N., Chen, J. T., Waterman, P. D., Kiang, M. V., & Feldman, J. (2015). Police killings and police deaths are public health data and can be counted. PLOS Medicine, 12(12), e1001915. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001915
- Lasley, J. R. (1994). The impact of the rodney king incident on citizen attitudes toward police. Policing and Society, 3(4), 245–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.1994.9964673
- Lawless, B., & Chen, Y.-W. (2018). Developing a method of critical thematic analysis for qualitative communication inquiry. Howard Journal of Communications, 30(1), 92–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2018.1439423
- Lebron, C. J. (2017). The making of black lives matter: A brief history of an idea. Oxford University Press.
- Lofstrom, M., Hayes, J., Martin, B., & Premkumar, D. (2021, October 13). Racial Disparities in Law Enforcement Stops. Public Policy Institute of California. Retrieved January 15, 2023, from https://www.ppic.org/publication/racial-disparities-in-law-enforcement-stops/
- Malone Gonzalez, S. (2022). Black girls and the talk? policing, parenting, and the politics of protection. Social Problems, 69(1), 22–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spaa032
- Mehra, R., Alspaugh, A., Franck, L. S., McLemore, M. R., Kershaw, T. S., Ickovics, J. R., Keene, D. E., & Sewell, A. A. (2022). “Police shootings, now that seems to be the main issue” – black pregnant women’s anticipation of police brutality towards their children. BMC Public Health, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12557-7
- Miller, J. (2004). Public opinions of the police: The influence of friends, family and news media. Vera Institute of Justice.
- Miller, C., & Vittrup, B. (2020). The indirect effects of police racial bias on African American families. Journal of Family Issues, 41(10), 1699–1722. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513x20929068
- Minniear, M., & Soliz, J. (2019). Family communication and messages about race and identity in black families in the United States. Journal of Family Communication, 19(4), 329–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/15267431.2019.1593170
- Mundt, M., Ross, K., & Burnett, C. M. (2018). Scaling social movements through social media: The case of black lives matter. Social Media + Society, 4(4), 205630511880791. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118807911
- Owen, W. F. (1984). Interpretive themes in relational communication. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 70(3), 274–287. https://doi.org/10.1080/00335638409383697
- Palmer, T., Tate, S. M. G., Ashley, C. A., & Monterrosa, M. (2021, September 7). Families of People Killed by Police Violence: Reform is Not the Answer. Uproot the System. USA Today. Retrieved January 15, 2023, from https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/policing/2021/09/07/floyd-taylor-jefferson-monterrosa-police-violence-families/5652653001/
- Pazzanese, C. (2021, May 14). How Unjust Police Killings Damage the Mental Health of Black Americans. Harvard Gazette. Retrieved May 1, 2023, from https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2021/05/how-unjust-police-killings-damage-the-mental-health-of-black-americans/
- Peeples, L. (2020, June 19). What the Data Say About Police Brutality and Racial Bias - and Which Reforms Might Work. Nature News. Retrieved January 15, 2023, from https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01846-z
- Pierson, E., Simoiu, C., Overgoor, J., Corbett-Davies, S., Jenson, D., Shoemaker, A., Ramachandran, V., Barghouty, P., Phillips, C., Shroff, R., & Goel, S. (2020). A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(7), 736–745. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0858-1
- Pitner, R., & Sakamoto, I. (2016). Cultural competence and critical consciousness in Social Work Pedagogy. Encyclopedia of Social Work. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.888
- Potter, G. (2022, November 2). The History of Policing in the United States, Part 1. EKU Online. Retrieved January 15, 2023, from https://ekuonline.eku.edu/blog/police-studies/the-history-of-policing-in-the-united-states-part-1/
- Ralph, L. (2019). The logic of the slave patrol: The fantasy of black predatory violence and the use of force by the police. Palgrave Communications, 5(1), 5(1. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0333-7
- Rogerts, T. (2020, June 22). I Am a Black Mother of Three Boys and I Feel Powerless. MetroFamily Magazine. Retrieved May 1, 2023, from https://www.metrofamilymagazine.com/black-mother-of three-boys/
- Sargeant, E., & Bond, C. E. W. (2013). Keeping it in the family: Parental influences on Young People’s attitudes to police. Journal of Sociology, 51(4), 917–932. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783313482817
- Schwartz, G. L., Jahn, J. L., & Jackson, J. (2020). Mapping fatal police violence across U.S. metropolitan areas: Overall rates and racial/ethnic inequities, 2013-2017. PLoS ONE, 15(6), e0229686. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229686
- Sharma, S. (2013). Black twitter? racial hashtags, networks and contagion. New Formations, 78(78), 46–64. https://doi.org/10.3898/newf.78.02.2013
- Solis, G. (2021, March 10). For Black Parents, ‘The talk’ Binds Generations, Reflects Changes in America. USC News. Retrieved January 15, 2023, from https://news.usc.edu/183102/the-talk-usc-black-parents-children-racism-america/
- Statista. (2023, January 2). People Shot to Death by U.S. Police, by Race 2022. Retrieved January 15, 2023, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/585152/people-shot-to-death-by-us-police-by-race/
- Tuch, S. A., & Weitzer, R. (1997). Trends: Racial differences in attitudes toward the police. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(4), 642. https://doi.org/10.1086/297822
- Urell, A. (2022, June 3). Black and Hispanic Children are Significantly More Likely to Be Killed by Police. Equal Justice Initiative. Retrieved January 15, 2023, from https://eji.org/news/black-children-are-six-times-more-likely-to-be-shot-to-death-by-police/
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. (2023, May). Social Media and youth mental health - hhs.Gov. https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2023/05/23/surgeon-general-issues-new-advisory-about-effects-social-media-use-has-youth-mental-health.html
- Webb, L., Jackson, D. B., Jindal, M., Alang, S., Mendelson, T., & Clary, L. K. (2022). Anticipation of racially motivated police brutality and Youth Mental Health. Journal of Criminal Justice, 83, 101967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2022.101967
- Whitaker, T. R., & Snell, C. L. (2016). Parenting while powerless: Consequences of “The talk. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 26(3–4), 303–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2015.1127736
- Williamson, V., Trump, K.-S., & Einstein, K. L. (2018). Black lives matter: Evidence that police-caused deaths predict protest activity. Perspectives on Politics, 16(2), 400–415. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1537592717004273